Contents ©James Eckman Last updated April 29th, 2008
There are several techniques for creating leaves, for this
painting a long thin brush was mostly used for much of the leaves. On
the cotton paper dots and dry, free lines are added to show different
kinds of leaves. Cypress and Oak are usually shown with small round
leaves while pines are shown with needles. The round leaves are added
with a very dry, light and slender raccoon hair brush and most of the
leaves are double lined.
Assorted
leaves
There are several different ways to do leaves, one method is to outline the leaf first then fill with wash or color after the outline is dry. The second method is a bit more critical when it comes to timing. First the leaf is shaped with the light ink generally using a side brush stroke. After this, you must wait a bit until the leaf is still somewhat wet, then the outline and the veins are added using a darker. Painting these while the leaf is still wet allows the dark ink to spread a little and fuzz the outlines a bit. This will require some practice to get right.
Cotton paper is used for this painting. First with a large
soft brush, the violet petals are stroked on to the paper. More water
is added to the brush and further petals are added with a side stroke.
It is very important when painting flowers that your brush is clean,
colors are easily contaminated with black. While the petals are still
wet, the veins and stamen details are added. Some darker spots and
stems were added to tie the composition together, the colors are kept
close in value to aid this. This type of picture works best with mostly
flowers showing and very few leaves.
Azalea
This is the first stroke that Mr. Hau recommends for his
students. Paint the stems first with a strong side brush stroke. Add
the joints with a black ink, make sure you leave a bit of white as a
highlight. Add some small stems coming of the joints, the artistic
convention is to alternate the side from which the stem comes from. Add
leafs using a vertical brush, don't push it! Add some dots to
taste.
Bamboo
Bamboo leaves can also be done in detailed outline style (gombei), when
painting gombei, the leaves are first outlines and then filled with
color or ink. Here are examples of free style (xiye) and gombei
style leaves for practice purposes.
Gombei
bamboo leaves
Practice
bamboo leaves
Using a small flexible brush the bamboo stalks are painted,
these were applied in an upwards direction as opposed to starting from
the top and painting down. Note while ideally the stem should be
painted in one stroke, Mr. Hau did retouch one segment he didn't like.
Indigo is used for the bamboo leafs. For the camellia flower, a large
flexible brush is used for the leaves, pushing and pulling with a side
brush stroke while a medium sized stiff brush is used for details. The
veins are drawn while the leaves are still damp but not wet.
The flowers are initially painted in monochrome and then red is
added as a highlight, golden yellow is also applied to some of the
lower leaves as well as some stems.
Bamboo
and camellia
This painting on cotton paper shows several styles of painting
plum blossoms as well as some smaller bamboo. There are colored plum
blossoms, ones made from thin ink and blossoms that are outlined. For
the blossoms that are painted in color or thin ink, it is important not
to use ink that is too wet or dry. If it's too wet it will run out and
not look good. If it's too dry it will not have a flower texture. When
applying color make sure you have washed your brush well and use clean
water. The stamen can be black or in color. When painting the outlined
blossoms a very dry brush with thin ink is used. Branches can be added
before or after the blossoms are painted. In this painting the bamboo
was added at the end.
Bamboo
and plum
Bamboo
with flowers
Bamboo
with fruit
A brown is used for the petals and the leaves are brushed with
wet ink.
Bird
of paradise
The flowers are first created by broad back and forth strokes.
Then the leaves are brushed on with a single stroke. Highlights and
dots are added as needed.
Canna
and Camellia
Outline the flowers first using a little dry brush, not too
wet and fast. Add the dark leaves under the flowers. Add a very strong
drybrushed stem, filling in some more branches. Finish up with some
'dots' and some more leaves. Now draw the leaf veins in dark ink. Fill
in the flowers with a light wash, for monochrome paintings, this can be
a light gray wash. Make sure to leave some unpainted white spaces for
highlights. You can now add in some smaller light leaves.
Monochrome
flower
Monochrome stem
For flowers in color, the technique is much the same, first paint a red
flower, adding some violet to it before the ink dries to allow the two
to blend together. A superior but slower way is to blend the colors
ahead of time in a dish. When painting the leaves, do strong, wet
leaves with only one coat of paint, multiple coats have a tendency to
look 'dirty'. Now add the flower center and 'dots'.
Red flower
Flowers
and pine
Chrysanthemum
Flower
using very wet ink
Flower
and calligraphy
After one of Mr. Hau's landscapes was complete, there was a
second sheet with indigo splotches on it. Mr. Hau rarely wastes paper
so he set to work creating a lotus. First red flowers were added,
somewhat wet with flying white for highlights. Some very free black
leaves were added as well to turn the scrap paper into a lotus. Some
very dry stems are added to the bottom of the painting and some rotted
flowers are added near the top. More blue is added to the leaves,
broken leaves are added to the bottom using a side brush stroke. Some
earthy brown tone is added as background. After the flowers have had a
bit of time to dry, some black stamen are added and the leaves are
outline in black as well as having veins drawn. An inscription from a
famous Tang poem is added to finish the work. This lotus will exercise
your side brush technique to its fullest.
Lotus
Lotus
flower detail
This lotus is painted on rice paper. First very thin ink is
used to outline the lotus blossoms with some thicker ink used for the
outline of the center pistil. Then outlines of the center stamen are
added as well as some further outlining of some of the lotus petals.
The lotus leaves are brought forth with a broad wet side brush, the
first layer is a thin indigo blue, further layers will be added while
the leaves are damp. At this stage veins are added to the leaves while
they are wet. This will cause them to spread quite a bit. Some thick
and heavy stems are then added after the basic leaves are done.
After the outline of the lotus flower is dry, red ink is applied to the
flower petals while the center is painted gold along with a touch of
dark green. The lotus flower is then outline again with a deep, dark
red. This same red is used to paint the veins as well.
Red
lotus flower
At this time some pale green leaves are added along with more stems and
the like. A bright green is now boldly brushed over the large indigo
leaves previously laid down. After the leaves have dried a bit, the
veins are redrawn in dark ink.
Lotus
leaves
Red
lotus complete
Don't make the base too tight together, make sure that if the
leaves cross that they meet at a narrow angle.
Orchid
Orchid
details #1
Orchid
details #2
The petals that are on top of the persimmon are first added
with a small brush and gray, dry ink. Then with a a larger brush, the
orange/red of the fruit is added using a side stroke in a circular
fashion. Leaves are then added with a very broad side stroke some red
is brushed over the leaves as well as some additional black. Veins in
red and black are added as well. Some very light leaves are added
around the individual persimmons, without these the contrast between
the fruit and the dark leaves would be too great. Some of these are
created by pressing as well as by side brush. Stems are added using
very dry ink and green is added to the tops of the fruit as well using
pressing strokes. Additional red is added to the persimmons to bring
out the roundness of the fruit.
Persimmon
Another
persimmon example
The plum is one of the four classic strokes taught by most if
not all brush painting schools.
Plum #1
Use a rough dry brush with thin ink for the flowers, they need a bit of
flying white in them. Add the black stamen. Branches must be rough and
free. Use a side brush for the large banana leaf.
Plum and banana leaf
Plum blossom details
More plum blossom examples
This painting is done on rice paper, initially the roses are
outlined with a dry gray ink using mostly a sidebrush stroke. After
that the leaves are added with a wet brush. Some of the leaves are
painted using side brush while others are created by a pressing brush
stroke. The veins are then drawn in with a tiny brush using a vertical
brush stroke with dark ink. Thorns are also added with a very dark ink.
At this point color is then added to the painting, this is done with a
fair amount of ink so the effect is rather wet. Remember to leave some
white when adding color to the petals to represent highlights. Petals
are painted with either a side stroke or a pressing stroke. After that
some golden yellow is added over the leaves followed by indigo and a
medium green. Once again leave some white to represent highlights,
without these your painting will appear rather flat. Add some dots to
represent stem ends and other flower bits. Finally some very thick
black ink is used to create pistils.
Rose,
orchid and bamboo
The fruits are painted with a circular stroke, the stems are
painted with a vertical stroke with very dry ink Leaves are painted
with a very damp side stroke using a large brush. The veins are added
while the leaves are very wet.
Small
fruit
Another
example of fruit and flowers
Garden
vegetables