UNITS OF AMERICAN HISTORY (SECOND SEMESTER)

1-African Americans.
2-A Nation of Immigrants
3-Miami: The Magic City.
4-The Reforming Spirit.
5-History of the American Family
6-Race and Gender in America: A Summary
7-America Looks Overseas.
8-World War I.
9-The Roaring Twenties.
10-The Great Depression.
11-World War II.
12-The Cold War.
13-The World Today.

Horace Greeley HS, New York, Ms. Susan Pojer

Bishop Verot HS, Florida, Mr. Jim Hamann

American Senior HS, Florida, Mr. Anthony Perno

Murray HS, Utah, Mr. Keith Wood

Churchill HS, Oregon, Mr. Grant Conway

Orange HS, Florida, Mr. Terry Jordan

APStudent.com

Corona Del Mar HS, California, Mr. Jim Tomlin

Polytechnic School, California, Mr. Greg Feldmeth

Hempfield Area HS, Pennsylvania, Mr. Tom Traynor

Stevenson HS, Illinois, Mr. Steve Armstrong

Roosevelt H.S., Mr. Horowitz

Alexander Hamilton HS, Wisconsin, Mr. Jim Nelson

AP U.S. History, Mr. Venkat Gangadharan

Benet Academy, Ms. L. Brown
Oswego City School District Regents Exam Prep Center

1-Describe the scientific, technological, artistic, and literary contributions made by African Americans to united States’ society (V A/B).

2-Examine the status of African Americans during and immediately following Reconstruction (V C).

3-Trace the origins and development of the Civil Rights Movement, describing its goals, methods, and achievements (V C).

I HAVE A DREAM

"I SAY TO YOU TODAY, MY FRIENDS THAT IN SPITE OF THE DIFFICULTIES AND FRUSTRATIONS OF THE MOMENT I STILL HAVE A DREAM.

IT IS A DREAM DEEPLY ROOTED IN THE AMERICAN DREAM.

I HAVE A DREAM THAT ONE DAY THIS NATION WILL RISE UP AND LIVE OUT THE TRUE MEANING OF ITS CREED: "WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS TO BE SELF-EVIDENT, THAT ALL MEN ARE CREATED EQUAL".

I HAVE A DREAM THAT MY FOUR LITTLE CHILDREN WILL ONE DAY LIVE IN A NATION WHERE THEY WILL NOT BE JUDGED BY THE COLOR OF THEIR SKIN BUT BY THE CONTENT OF THEIR CHARACTER.

WHEN WE LET FREEDOM RING, WHEN WE LET IT RING FROM EVERY VILLAGE AND EVERY HAMLET, FROM EVERY STATE AND EVERY CITY, WE WILL BE ABLE TO SPEED UP THAT DAY WHEN ALL OF GOD'S CHILDREN, BLACK MEN AND WHITE MEN, JEWS AND GENTILES, PROTESTANTS AND CATHOLICS, WILL BE ABLE TO JOIN HANDS AND SING IN THE WORDS OF THE OLD NEGRO SPIRITUAL, "FREE AT LAST! FREE AT LAST! .

THANKS GOD ALMIGHTY, WE ARE FREE AT LAST! " .

DR. KING’S SIX PRINCIPLES OF NONVIOLENCE.*

“VIOLENCE IS IMMORAL BECAUSE IT THRIVES ON HATRED RATHER THAN LOVE. VIOLENCE IS IMPRACTICAL BECAUSE IT IS A DESCENDING SPIRAL ENDING IN DESTRUCTION FOR ALL. IT IS IMMORAL BECAUSE IT SEEKS TO HUMILIATE THE OPPONENT RATHER THAN WIN HIS UNDERSTANDING. IT SEEKS TO ANNIHILATE RATHER THAN CONVERT. VIOLENCE ENDS UP DEFEATING ITSELF. IT CREATES BITTERNESS IN THE SURVIVOR AND BRUTALITY IN THE DESTROYERS.”

“FROM VIOLENCE COMES MORE VIOLENCE”

MARTIN LUTHER KING, Jr.

PRINCIPLE #1: NONVIOLENCE IS A WAY OF LIFE FOR COURAGEOUS PEOPLE.

PRINCIPLE #2: NONVIOLENCE SEEKS TO WIN FRIENDSHIP AND UNDERSTANDING.

PRINCIPLE #3: NONVIOLENCE SEEKS TO DEFEATS INJUSTICE, NOT PEOPLE.

PRINCIPLE #4: NONVIOLENCE HOLDS THAT SUFFERING CAN EDUCATE AND TRANSFORM.

PRINCIPLE #5: NONVIOLENCE CHOOSES LOVE INSTEAD OF HATE.

PRINCIPLE #6: NONVIOLENCE BELIEVES THAT THE UNIVERSE IS ON THE SIDE OF JUSTICE.

*Read “Pilgrimage to Nonviolence” in Dr. King’s Stride Toward Freedom”, Harper & Row, 1958.

AFRICAN AMERICANS’ HISTORY. A PANORAMIC APPROACH

1619: THE FIRST 20 SLAVES ARRIVED IN JAMESTOWN, Va.

1619-1859: DURING 240 YEARS OF SLAVE TRADE, THOUSANDS OF AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT TO AMERICA: THE MIDDLE

PASSAGE (20% DIED DURING THE JOURNEY).

1691: VIRGINIA LEGISLATURE PASSED SEVERAL LAWS AGAINST INTERRACIAL MARRIAGES. HOWEVER, MANY

SLAVE OWNERS USED THEM AS SEXUAL TOYS OR TO BREED MORE SLAVES FOR SALE.

1700’S: THE BLACK CODES: PUNISH DISOBEDIENT SLAVES. THE QUAKERS WERE THE FIRST AMERICANS TO OPPOSE

THE TRADE, SLAVERY, AND THE BLACK CODES.

1774: JEAN BAPTISTE DuSABLE, A BLACK FRONTIERSMAN BORN IN HAITI, FOUNDED THE CITY OF CHICAGO.

1770: THE BOSTON MASSACRE. CRISPUS ATTUCKS BECAME THE FIRST MARTYR OF THE REVOLUTION.

1776: THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE: “...all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with

certain inalienable rights ... life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

1775-81: THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONARY WAR: Many of the forefathers owned slaves. Double standards? Five thousand blacks

fought for the independence of America.

1787: THE CONSTITUTION: The word slave was not used, but “other persons” and “persons held to service or labor”.

* The 3/5 Compromise.

* Allow the Slave Trade for 20 more years.

1816-1822: THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CREATED AND FUNDED THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY,

ORGANIZATION FOR THE SENDING OF FREE BLACKS BACK TO AFRICA: LIBERIA WAS CREATED BY 20,000

FORMER AMERICAN SLAVES.

1830’S: THE CHRISTIAN CHURCHES IN AMERICA DIVIDED BECAUSE OF SLAVERY. ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT.

THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD.

1850: THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT.

1851-52: “UNCLE TOM’S CABIN” BY HARRIET BEECHER STOWE.

1857: DRED SCOTT'S DECISION (MISSOURI-WISCONSIN).

1859: JOHN BROWN AND THE ARSENAL OF HARPERS FERRY

1861-65: THE CIVIL WAR:

* MORE THAN 1/2 MILLION AMERICANS DIED.

* 156,000 BLACKS FOUGHT AS UNION SOLDIERS

* THE 54th. MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENT.

1863: THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION: Slaves in the rebellious states must be emancipated.

1865: THE 13th. AMENDMENT: END OF SLAVERY.

* The Freedmen Bureau: Help ex-slaves to become normal persons, create schools for them, give federal land to them.

* The South established the Black Codes (No guns, no vote, no right to own land, only work as servants and farmers, no

interracial marriages, restricted areas to live, forced to sign contracts).

1866: THE 14th. AMENDMENT: RIGHT OF CITIZENSHIP. THE K.K.K. IS CREATED IN TENNESSEE.

1869: THE 15th. AMENDMENT: RIGHT TO VOTE.

* 17 BLACKS BECAME U.S. CONGRESSMEN & 2 U.S. SENATORS.

1870’S: THE JIM CROW LAWS:

* SEGREGATION

* GRANDFATHER CLAUSE

* LITERACY TEST

* POLL TAXES

1881: BOOKER T. WASHINGTON FOUNDED THE TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE, THE FIRST VOCATIONAL SCHOOL FOR

BLACK STUDENTS (IN ALABAMA). W. E. B. Du Bois: The Controversy (Different Visions).

1882-1928: THE KLAN LYNCHED 3,397 BLACKS IN THE SOUTH.

1883: THE AFRO-AMERICAN LEAGUE: Unite efforts to fight for the civil rights.

1896: PLESSY vs. FERGUSON: Separate but Equal.

1900: MORE THAN 150 NEWSPAPERS OWNED BY BLACKS.

1909: N.A.A.C.P.: THE MOST IMPORTANT ORGANIZATION.

1880-1920: IMMIGRANTS (20 millions) vs. BLACKS (Jobs, ghettos).

1914-18: WW I (400,000 BLACKS IN THE ARMY).

1914: THE UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION. BACK TO AFRICA MOVEMENT (MARCUS GARVEY).

1915: CARTER G. WOODSON CREATED THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF NEGRO LIFE AND HISTORY.

1920’S: THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE (JAZZ, BLUES, ART). GOING NORTH FOR REAL OPPORTUNITIES.

BLACK HIGH AND MIDDLE CLASS.

1921: DESTRUCTION OF THE BLACK WALL STREET (Tulsa, Ok.)

* Many rich black businessmen, nice black neighborhoods, well educated blacks, artists.

* A black man was accused of raping a white woman.

* The KKK with the support of the police, in just 12 hours, destroyed 600 black owned business, burned 21 black churches

and many schools, libraries, and residences of black people. More than 3,000 blacks were killed during the attack.

1926: CARTER G. WOODSON ESTABLISHED THE NEGRO HISTORY WEEK (TODAY IS A MONTH).

1936: Pres. ROOSEVELT ESTABLISHED A “BLACK CABINET”.

1939-45: WW II: ONE MILLION BLACKS IN THE ARMY.

1950’S: PAN-AFRICAN MOVEMENT (FREE THE COLONIES).

1954: BROWN vs. THE BOARD OF EDUCATION OF TOPEKA, Ks. SEPARATE BUT EQUAL IS UNCONSTITUTIONAL.

1955: ROSA PARKS AND THE MONTGOMERY BOYCOTT. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT.

1957: Pres. EISENHOWER SENT THE NATIONAL GUARD TO PROTECT BLACK STUDENTS IN A LITTLE ROCK, ARK.

HIGH SCHOOL.

1961: THE CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY (CORE) AND “THE FREEDOM RIDES”: DESEGREGATE THE

SOUTHERN INTERSTATE BUS SYSTEM.

1962: Pres. KENNEDY ASSIGNED 123 FEDERAL MARSHALS, 316 PATROLMEN, AND 97 FEDERAL PRISON GUARDS TO

ESCORT JAMES MEREDITH, A BLACK STUDENT WHO WAS TO REGISTER IN THE UNIVERSITY OF

MISSISSIPPI. A MOB OF OVER 2,000 RACISTS ATTACKED. MANY PEOPLE WAS INJURED. THE PRESIDENT

SENT 16,000 TROOPS TO RESTORE THE ORDER AND PROTECT THE BLACK STUDENT.

1963: -Dr. MARTIN LUTHER KING Jr. LED A MARCH IN BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA, TO INTEGRATE PUBLIC

FACILITIES & STORES. POLICE AND THE KLAN WERE WAITING FOR HIM (BRUTALITY, KING WAS SENT TO

JAIL: NATIONAL PROTESTS).

-THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON:

* 250,000 PEOPLE

* I HAVE A DREAM: A UNITED SOCIETY

* THE NON-VIOLENCE STRATEGY (See 6 Principles)

-THE 16th. STREET CHURCH BOMBING IN BIRMINGHAM:

* 4 GIRLS DIED & 20 PEOPLE WERE INJURED

* THE TERRORIST WAS NOT PROSECUTED UNTIL 14 YEARS LATER.

EARLY 1960’S: THE BLACK POWER:

* MALCOM X AND THE BLACK MUSLIMS: SEPARATION.

* THE BLACK PANTHERS: CONFRONTATION,  ANTI-WHITE, ARM THE BLACKS & FIGHT BACK.

RIOTS IN NEW YORK, L.A., CHICAGO.

1964: THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT

1964: MALCOM X IS KILLED IN HARLEM.

1965: SELMA, ALABAMA. THE MARCH FOR THE RIGHT TO VOTE (ONLY 355 OUT OF 135,000 ELIGIBLE BLACKS

WERE ALLOWED TO VOTE IN THE CITY). GOVERNOR WALLACE ORDERED THE POLICE TO ATTACK THE

MARCHERS (EXTREME BRUTALITY, THE NATIONAL TV SHOWED THE MASSACRE TO THE NATION).

THOUSANDS OF CITIZENS FROM ALL THE COUNTRY WENT TO SELMA TO SUPPORT THE MARCHERS.

1965: THE VOTING RIGHTS ACT (ELIMINATED THE LITERACY TESTS).

1966: THE 24th. AMENDMENT (PROHIBITED POLL TAXES).

1967: THE DETROIT RIOT: THE POLICE ATTACKED A BLACK CLUB AND BLACK CITIZENS FLOODED THE STREETS

TO PROTEST FOR THE POLICE BRUTALITY. LOOTERS, KKK SNIPERS, POLICE OFFICERS, FIREMEN,

AND RESIDENTS FOUGHT IN THE STREETS FOR MORE THAN 24 HOURS. HUNDREDS OF BUILDINGS WERE

BURNED, 43 PEOPLE DIED, 7,200 WERE ARRESTED.

1967: THURGOOD MARSHALL BECAME THE FIRST BLACK MEMBER OF THE SUPREME COURT.

1968: Dr. KING STATED HIS OPPOSITION TO THE WAR IN VIETNAM AND ANNOUNCED HIS PLAN TO FIGHT

AGAINST POVERTY IN THE U.S. HE WAS INVESTIGATED, FOLLOWED, AND TAPED BY THE F.B.I.

JAMES EARL RAY, AN ESCAPED CONVICT, KILLED Dr. KING IN MEMPHIS, TENNESSEE. BEFORE HIS DEATH

RECENTLY, HE STATED HIS WISH OF SAYING "THE TRUTH " ???

1969: COMPELLED BUSING TO DESEGREGATE SCHOOLS.

EARLY 1970’S: DRUGS STORMED BLACK GHETTOS, LIBERAL UNIVERSITIES, AND ANTI-WAR / HIPPIE GROUPS:

* WHY IN THOSE GROUPS ?

* TACTIC TO UNDERMINE THE GROWING BLACK POWER ? THE KKK AND THE MAFIA?

* PLAN OF THE FBI, & THE CIA TO NEUTRALIZE BLACKS, PACIFISTS, & COMMUNISTS ?

* THE SAME FORCES THAT KILLED KENNEDY, ORDERED Dr. KING’S MURDER, AND PLANNED TO

KILL CASTRO ?

END OF 1970’S: THE CIVIL RIGHTS’ MOVEMENT WAS DEAD.

1980’S: AFFIRMATIVE ACTION PROGRAMS.

1986: THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT MARKS ITS FIRST OFFICIAL CELEBRATION OF THE MARTIN LUTHER

KING DAY HOLIDAY.

1990’S: REVERSE DISCRIMINATION ?

TODAY’S PROBLEMS:

1-STEREOTYPES: ALL BLACKS ARE ATHLETES, PUBLIC WORKERS (POSTAL SERVICE, COLLECTION OF GARBAGE,

FEDERAL OFFICERS), MUSICIANS, MOVIE STARS, OR CRIMINALS.

2-CONCEALED DISCRIMINATION & RACISM. See also RACIAL PROFILING.

3-UNEMPLOYMENT, SINGLE MOTHERS, POVERTY & GHETTOS.

4-GANGS, DRUGS, AND CRIME.

2-A Nation of Immigrants

Objectives

1-Explain the nature, effects, & importance of trans-boundary flows in the social, political, and economic development of the U. S. (I A).

2-Describe demographic changes that resulted from immigration, urbanization, and industrialization (II A).

3-Explain the relationship among industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and the labor movement during the late 19th. century (IV B).

4-Cite examples which demonstrate the uniqueness and diversity of the United States’ population (V A).

5-Describe aspects of United States’ culture which represent the blending of various immigrant cultures (V A).

6-Describe the scientific, technological, artistic, and literary contributions made by members of various ethnic and minority groups to United States’ society (V A/B).

7-Describe the characteristics of selected immigrant groups and the conditions they faced upon arrival in the U.S. (V B).

8-Compare and contrast the experiences of immigrants 100 years ago with immigrants who have arrived in the U.S. during the past 25 years (V B).

9-Compare the assimilation experiences of various ethnic groups in the U.S., past and present (V B).

10-Explain the relationship between immigration and the rise of intolerance toward various ethnic/racial groups (V C).

11-Assess the social, political, and economic status of various ethnic and minority groups (V C).

VOCABULARY

IMMIGRATION

1-ASSIMILATION / THE MELTING POT
2-ACCOMODATION
3-ACCULTURATION
3-ETHNIC GROUP
4-ETHNOCENTRISM
5-RACE / RACISM
6-MINORITY GROUP
7-NATIVISTS
8-YMCA
9-POGROM
10-FAMINE
11-BIAS
12-DISCRIMINATION
13- EUGENICS  (1890-1945)
14-PLURALISM
15-IQ TESTS
16-SETTLEMENT HOUSES
17-THE SALVATION ARMY
18-ENCLAVE

THE WAVES

1-NATIVE AMERICANS (70,000 YEARS AGO); FROM ASIA

2-FIRST SETTLERS: FROM SPAIN (1500's); FROM BRITAIN, FRANCE, SWEDEN, THE NETHERLANDS (1600's)

3-SLAVES: FROM AFRICA (1600's-1800's)

4-THE OLD IMMIGRANTS (1830-80): NORTHERN EUROPE (BRITISH, IRISH, GERMANS)

5-THE NEW IMMIGRANTS (1880-1920): SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPE (RUSSIANS, ITALIANS, POLES, GREEKS)

6-OTHER GROUPS: CHINESE, JAPANESE & LATIN AMERICANS.

ASSIMILATION THEORIES

1-The Cycle of Race Relations (Robert E. Park)

-First contacts (language, culture, competition for resources: jobs, houses, education)

-Conflicts

-Dominance of one group over the other

-Accommodation / Coexistence

-Progressive merging

-Assimilation (not external differences)

2-Assimilation Sub-processes (Milton M. Gordon).

-Cultural Assimilation (food, language, beliefs, habits).

-Secondary or Social Assimilation (education, jobs, housing).

-Primary or Personal assimilation (friends).

-Marital Assimilation (wife, husband).

IDEOLOGIES OF ASSIMILATION

1-Anglo Conformity

2-The Melting Pot

3-Cultural Pluralism

CAUSES OF IMMIGRATION

1-PUSHING FACTORS: LACK OF POLITICAL OR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM, POVERTY, WAR, EPIDEMICS

2-PULLING FACTORS: FREEDOM, FREE LAND, GOLD, JOBS, HIGHER SALARIES, BETTER EDUCATION

IMPORTANT ELEMENTS IN THE LIFE OF IMMIGRANTS

1-LEAVE HOME TO START A NEW LIFE IN A BETTER LAND

2-A DIFFICULT JOURNEY

3-ADAPT TO A DIFFERENT LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

4-ACCEPT THE HARDEST AND WORST PAID JOBS

5-DISCRIMINATION

6-IMMIGRANT NEIGHBORHOODS. THE ENCLAVES. TRYING TO SURVIVE & FIGHTING TO KEEP THEIR ROOTS.

7-THE COMMON GOAL: BECOMING PERMANENT RESIDENTS AND FULL AMERICAN CITIZENS

THE ROLE OF IMMIGRANTS FOR THE US

1-SETTLE THE WEST

2-PROVIDE A SOURCE OF FRESH ENERGY FOR THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

3-SUPPLY NEW PROFESSIONALS AND SCIENTISTS

4-ENRICH AND DIVERSIFY THE AMERICAN CULTURE

5-CONTRIBUTE TO THE GROWTH OF THE CITIES

SOME GROUPS OF IMMIGRANTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY

1-Irish (1820’s-80’s): Catholic and democrat farmers (potato famine); got involved in politics (ethnic vote); the expansion to the west (land) and Boston, Mass.

2-Germans (1820’s-80’s): Largest minority group; enclave (economy, language, schools); did not become assimilated until more than 3 generations; Amish today; Pennsylvania.

3-Jews: NYC (bankers, businessmen, enclave)

Sephardic Jews (from Spain): In colonial times.

German Jews (1850’s): Easier assimilation; reformers.

Russian Jews (1880’s): Pogroms; orthodox Jews (black clothes, beards, top hats); Yiddish; do not assimilated easily; they were discriminated by German Jews.

4-Italians (1880’s-1920’s): Farmers; pushed into the cities (NYC) as cheap labor (not more land to take); mafia stereotype; darker skin; theories of inferior races; the Eugenics Movement; laws restricting immigration from southern and eastern Europe (1921-24).

5-Chinese (1870’s-80’s): The railroad and the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882).

6-Japanese: Productivity, land ownership / citizenship, the concentration camps.

7-Hispanics:

Mexicans (largest group): “natives” and wet-backs (California and Texas).

Puerto Ricans: citizens (NYC)

Cubans: political privileged refugees (Miami). The Enclave.

Nicaraguans: political refugees.

8-Haitians: rejected refugees (racial bias?)

SOME SYMBOLS: THE STATUE OF LIBERTY & ELLIS ISLAND

CUBAN IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES (1959-2007)

I-FIRST WAVE (1959-1962): THE GOLDEN EXILE OR THE HISTORIC EXILE

200,000 Cubans; the high class (industrialists, aristocrats, landowners, bankers, govt. officials). They brought physical and cultural capital (money, contracts, connections, skills, and experience - know-how -) They built the “Enclave”.

1961-Program “Peter Pan”: 16,000 unaccompanied children came to the U.S.

1961-The Federal Government created the Cuban Refugee Program to relocate Cubans out of Miami and help them to initiate a new life in the U.S. (some money, house, job).

1962-The Missiles Crisis. Agreement between the Soviet Union and the U.S. A much longer permanence.

1962-Commercial flights between Cuba and the U.S. were canceled.

1962-65: Around 16,000 Cubans per year.

II-SECOND WAVE (1965-1973): THE MIDDLE CLASS EXILE

260,500 Cubans; the professionals (half of Cuban doctors, university professors, engineers, technicians, school teachers, lawyers).

1965-Camarioca

1966-The Cuban Adjustment Act is passed by congress (one year + one day = Permanent Residence status). A huge privilege.

1965-1973: The Freedom Flights (twice-daily direct flights).

1973-Dade County Commission passed an ordinance proclaiming the county Bilingual and Bicultural (Anglo elite welcomed Cuban elite).

1973-Castro canceled the flights.

1978-Dialogue between the Cuban exile and Castro. The Cuban Community visited Cuba.

III-THIRD WAVE (1980): MARIEL. THE “NEW MAN OF THE REVOLUTION”

125,000 Cubans; the common people (40% were blacks; 20% were mental ill persons, ex-prisoners, and homosexuals; many were single young males).

1980-Referendum: “English Only”. The Anglo community rejected the new comers.

1984-90: Agreement of 20,000 per year. Infringed by both nations.

1990- U.S. Census showed the presence of 1,043,932 Cubans in the U.S.

1990-1993: 3,700 Rafters.

IV-FOURTH WAVE (1994): THE RAFTERS (BALSEROS). THE SPECIAL PERIOD’S VICTIMS.

30,000 Cubans; the young people. For the first time in American history, the U.S. govt. decided to deport Cuban refugees to their communist country (only those who did not step on American soil). Most of the rafters were intercepted in Florida Strait and sent to refugees’ camps in Guantanamo Base. Finally, the were allowed to enter in the U.S.

1995-2007: The Lottery of Visas. 20,000 Cubans per year.

3-Miami: The Magic City (1896-2007)

MIAMI : A UNIQUE CITY

1-A VERY YOUNG CITY

1896. Not deep roots. Easy to change. Weak downtown establishment (central power). Great immigrants’ impact.

2-THE CITY OF THE THEME PARKS

The developers and the municipalities

3-A MULTICULTURAL CITY

Not predominant culture:

-50% Hispanics: 60% Cubans & 40% other nationalities.

-20% Blacks: African Americans, Haitians, Cubans, Jamaicans, Bahamians.

-30% Anglos: Jews from NYC, other people from Midwest, and South.

-Some Native Americans (Miccosukee)

Bilingual city

4-A CITY WITH DEEP DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES

5-AN INTERNATIONAL CITY

Major tourist center.

International trade center: the gate to Latin America.

Second city in the nation with more foreign banks.

6-A BOOM AND BUST CITY. THE MAGIC CITY.

Hurricane of 1926

Economic Crisis during the 1930’s

Al Capone in Miami.

Mariel Exodus. Drugs and Crime. (1980’s)

Hurricane Andrew (1992)

Corruption (1992-98): 40 public officials indicted / convicted.

7-AN UNINCORPORATED CITY

Two-Tier System. The struggle for power. Taxes & Services.

More than 50% of the county is unincorporated.

The poorest territories are unincorporated areas.

The county has to provide metropolitan and city services.

8-THE CITY OF THE FUTURE

Multiethnic, multilingual, international, changing.

THE CUBAN ENCLAVE

Cuban bourgeoisie brought its physical and cultural capital (money, contracts, connections, skills, experience).

Huge amount of Cuban immigrants.

Settlement Pattern. High concentration.

Cheap labor force available (language, rejection by Anglo companies and unions)

Character loans for small business.

Market / demand for specific goods and services not available / not provided by Anglo / Black business.

Ethnic unity and solidarity. Common political agenda: the fall of Castro.

Economic help from the federal government: more than one billion dollars. Privileged treatment with regard to immigration status.

Institutional completeness is reached.

Naturalization and participation in politics; high rates in voting. Political empowerment. Defend economic achievements.

PEOPLE / LEADERS

1-OSCEOLA (1804-1838): SEMINOLE LEADER

2-TEQUESTAS : INDIAN VILLAGE CHIEF. NAME GIVEN BY THE SPANISH TO NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLE THEY FOUND IN THE PRESENT TERRITORY OF MIAMI CITY.

3-JUAN PONCE DE LEON (1460-1521): SPANISH EXPLORER.

4-PEDRO MENENDEZ DE AVILES (1519-1574): SPANISH COLONIZER.

5-FRANCIS LANGHORNE DADE : ARMY MAYOR KILLED BY SEMINOLES.

6-HENRY PERRINE : FATHER OF THE CITY WHICH BEARS HIS NAME.

7-WILLIAM BRICKELL : ONE OF THE MOST OUTSTANDING FOUNDERS OF MIAMI.

8-JULIA TUTTLE (1848-1898): LAND SPECULATOR. MOTHER OF MIAMI.

9-HENRY MORRISON FLAGLER (1830-1913): BUSINESS LEADER. FATHER OF MIAMI.

10-RALPH M. MUNROE : FOUNDER OF COCONUT GROVE.

11-SOLOMON MERRICK : FOUNDER OF CORAL GABLES.

12-JOHN S. COLLINS : FATHER OF MIAMI BEACH.

13-GLENN CURTIS : FATHER OF HIALEAH, MIAMI SPRINGS, AND OPA-LOCKA.

14-LEON KRONISH : RABBI AND PROMINENT JEWISH LEADER IN MIAMI BEACH.

15-HORACIO AGUIRRE : NICARAGUAN AMERICAN FOUNDER OF “DIARIO LAS AMERICAS”.

17-DANTE FASCELL : MIAMI’S FEDERAL CONGRESS REPRESENTATIVE FROM 1954 TO 1992.

18-DON SHULA): COACH OF THE MIAMI DOLPHINS FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS. RETIRED IN 1995.

19-CELIA CRUZ : FAMOUS CUBAN SINGER

20-LUIS BOTIFLOR: FOUNDER OF REPUBLIC NATIONAL BANK.

21-ILEANA ROS-LEHTINEN (1952- ): CUBAN AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVE OF MIAMI IN THE U.S. HOUSE SINCE 1988

22-LINCOLN DIAZ-BALART (1954- ): CUBAN AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVE OF MIAMI IN THE U.S. HOUSE SINCE 1992. Also See Mario Diaz-Balart

23-CARRIE MEEK (1929- ): AFRICAN AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVE OF MIAMI IN THE U.S. HOUSE SINCE 1992. Also See Kendrick Meek

24-BOB GRAHAM (1936- ):SON OF DADE COUNTY, HE WAS A MEMBER OF STATE LEGISLATURE AND GOVERNOR OF FLORIDA, HE BECAME U.S. SENATOR IN 1986.
Also See Bill Nelson & Mel Martinez (Current Senators)

25-MODESTO MAIDIQUE : FIU

26-EDUARDO PADRON : MDC

27-GLORIA & EMILIO ESTEFAN :

28-WILLY CHIRINO :

MAJOR EVENTS IN MIAMI’S HISTORY

????-THE TEQUESTAS, CALUSAS, APALACHEES, AND TIMUCANS, NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLES OF FLORIDA, ARRIVED IN THIS LAND.

1513-PONCE DE LEON, SEEKING THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH (EL DORADO, HOLY GRAIL), LANDED NEAR PRESENT ST. AUGUSTINE. IT WAS EASTER SUNDAY AND HE NAMED IT FLORIDA EITHER IN HONOR OF THE HOLIDAY OR FOR THE FLOWERS HE FOUND EVERYWHERE.

1528-1539-PANFILO DE NARVAEZ AND HERNANDO DE SOTO LANDED IN TAMPA BAY.

1565-PEDRO MENENDEZ DE AVILES ERECTED A FORT AT ST. AUGUSTINE, FIRST PERMANENT WHITE SETTLEMENT IN THE PRESENT TERRITORY OF THE U.S.

1567-A MISSION AND SETTLEMENT WAS CREATED ON THE MIAMI RIVER. TEQUESTA, THE VILLAGE CHIEF, HELPED THE SPANISH AT THE BEGINNING. A FEW YEARS LATER, THE TEQUESTAS REVOLTED AND THE SETTLEMENT WAS ABANDONED.

1628-PENSACOLA WAS FOUNDED.

1750-SEMINOLES INDIANS MOVED INTO FLORIDA FROM GEORGIA. THERE WERE OTHER TWO MIGRATIONS IN 1778 AND 1813-14. MANY ESCAPED SLAVES JOINED THIS INDIAN TRIBES.

1763-1783-FLORIDA WAS UNDER BRITISH RULE. SPAIN LOST FLORIDA AS A RESULT OF “THE WAR OF THE SEVEN YEARS” (FRENCH INDIAN WAR IN AMERICA). THE BRITISH HAD TAKEN HAVANA AND SPAIN TRADED IT FOR FLORIDA. DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, SPAIN SUPPORTED THE AMERICANS. AT THE END OF THE WAR, AS PART OF THE TREATY OF PARIS, BRITAIN HAD TO GIVE FLORIDA BACK TO SPAIN.

1812 / 1817 / 1835-42: SEMINOLES’ WARS (US-BRITISH WAR / AMERICAN PURPOSE OF OCCUPYING FLORIDA / INDIAN REMOVAL).

1821-TREATY OF ADAMS-ONIS: THE U.S. BOUGHT FLORIDA TO SPAIN.

1825-THE CAPE FLORIDA LIGHTHOUSE, IN KEY BISCAYNE, DADE COUNTY’S OLDEST AND MOST ENDURING STRUCTURE, WAS BUILT. WHAT WE SEE TODAY IS A REBUILT STRUCTURE AFTER THE DESTRUCTION OF 1836 CAUSED DURING THE SECOND SEMINOLE WAR.

1835-DADE MASSACRE. SEMINOLES WARRIORS AMBUSHED MAYOR DADE AND HIS 105 MEN. ALL WERE KILLED.

1836-RICHARD FITZPATRICK, OWNER OF A COTTON PLANTATION AND HEAD OF FLORIDA’S TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE, ESTABLISHED DADE COUNTY.

1838-HENRY PERRINE WAS GRANTED A FULL TOWNSHIP OF LAND IN SOUTH DADE. HE PUT A SETTLER ON EACH OF THE 36 SECTIONS IN WHICH HE DIVIDED HIS LAND. HE WAS KILLED BY THE SEMINOLES IN 1840.

1845-FLORIDA BECAME A STATE OF THE UNION.

1853-UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA FOUNDED AT GAINESVILLE.

1866-WILLIAM H. GLEASON, FROM NEW YORK, ARRIVED IN MIAMI AND TOOK OVER THE DORMANT DADE COUNTY GOVERNMENT. HE APPOINTED HIS FRIENDS TO PUBLIC OFFICES, INCLUDING SEVERAL AFRICAN AMERICANS (ANDREW PRICE, OCTAVIUS AIMER). GLEASON OPERATED A POST OFFICE NAMED BISCAYNE WHERE IS NOW MIAMI SHORES.

1870-WILLIAM AND MARY BRICKELL CAME TO MIAMI, BOUGHT ALL THE BAY FRONT LAND BETWEEN THE MIAMI RIVER AND COCONUT GROVE, AND OPENED AN INDIAN TRADING POST ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE MIAMI RIVER. HIS FAMILY WOULD HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON MIAMI’S FUTURE. THEY JOINED JULIA TUTTLE IN OFFERING LAND TO MR. FLAGLER TO BRING THE RAILROAD TO THE VILLAGE.

1886-CHARLES AND ISABELLA PEACOCK, WITH THE HELP OF RALPH MUNROE, OPENED A SMALL HOTEL IN COCONUT GROVE, “THE PEACOCK INN”, WHICH BECAME THE MIAMI’S FIRST TOURIST RESORT.

1867-CUBANS BROUGHT THE CIGAR INDUSTRY TO KEY WEST. ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL CUBAN BUSINESSMEN AT THIS TIME WAS MATEO ENCINOSA, NATIVE OF BEJUCAL, WHO CAME TO KEY WEST IN 1873. THIS INDUSTRY MOVED TO TAMPA DURING THE LABOR UNREST PERIOD OF 1890’s. THESE CUBANS PLAYED A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE HELPING JOSE MARTI DURING THE CUBAN WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE.

1888-1894-HENRY FLAGLER, OWNER OF THE FLORIDA EAST COAST RAILROAD, LINKED ST. AUGUSTINE WITH PALM BEACH AND BUILT A SERIES OF HOTELS ALONG THE ROUTE.

1891-RALPH MIDDLETON MUNROE, A NEW YORK BOAT DESIGNER WHO HAD ESTABLISHED A SMALL SETTLEMENT IN COCONUT GROVE IN 1881, BUILT “THE BARNACLE”, ONE OF THE AREA’S OLDEST HOUSES STILL IN EXISTENCE.

-JULIA TUTTLE, A CLEVELAND WIDOW, PURCHASED 640 ACRE TRACT ON THE NORTH BANK OF THE MIAMI RIVER AND MOVED TO THE AREA WITH HER TWO CHILDREN. BEGINNING IN 1892, SHE SPENT SEVERAL YEARS TRYING TO CONVINCE HENRY FLAGLER TO BRING HIS RAILROAD TO MIAMI, EVEN OFFERING HIM HALF OF HER LAND.

1896-FLAGLER ACCEPTED MS. TUTTLE OFFER AND BEGAN LAYING TRACKS BETWEEN PALM BEACH AND MIAMI. THIS SAME YEAR BEGAN THE BUILDING OF HIS ROYAL PALM HOTEL WHICH IS CONSIDERED THE BIRTH OF THE CITY OF MIAMI. IT OPENED IN 1897.

1896-MIAMI’S FIRST PUBLIC SCHOOLS - ONE WHITE AND ONE BLACK - OPENED ON OCTOBER 12. HENRY FLAGLER GAVE THE LAND FOR THE WHITE SCHOOL AND JULIA TUTTLE FOR THE BLACK ONE.

1898-SOLOMON MERRICK CAME TO MIAMI FROM MASSACHUSETTS AND BOUGHT 640 ACRES TO PLANT GRAPEFRUIT TREES. IN 1906, THE MERRICK FAMILY BUILT A HOUSE THEY CALLED CORAL GABLES, WHICH EVENTUALLY WOULD BECOME THE CENTER OF WHAT IS NOW THE CITY OF CORAL GABLES. MERRICK DIVIDED HIS PROPERTY AND BEGAN A PLAN TO ATTRACT LAND BUYERS. HE USED AS HIS SALE PROMOTION THE FOLLOWING SLOGAN: “THE PLACE WHERE YOUR CASTLES IN SPAIN ARE MADE REAL”. THE CITY WAS INCORPORATED TO THE COUNTY IN 1925. TODAY, THE HOUSE IS A MUSEUM.

1898-HENRY FLAGLER LOBBIED (HE SENT A LETTER TO SENATOR PLATT) FOR A TROOP ENCAMPMENT IN MIAMI. FLAGLER SAW THE WAR WITH SPAIN (USS MAINE) AS A WAY TO ATTRACT MORE PEOPLE TO MIAMI. VERY SOON, THERE WERE 7,200 TROOPS STATIONED IN THE YOUNG CITY, READY TO MARCH TO CUBA.

1899-MIAMI FIRST EMERGENCY HOSPITAL WAS CREATED TO RECEIVE PATIENTS DURING THE YELLOW FEVER EPIDEMIC.

1900-THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH WAS BUILT. THIS YEAR OPENED THE FIRST BANK AS WELL.

1902-MIAMI HIGH SCHOOL WAS CREATED WITH ONE CLASSROOM AND 15 STUDENTS. TWO YEARS LATER, THE CENTER WOULD HAVE ITS FIRST WHITE GRADUATION IN WHAT WAS THEN “A LARGE SCHOOL BUILDING WITH THE VERY BEST OF TEACHERS AND OVER 400 STUDENTS”, ACCORDING TO A NEWSPAPER’S ARTICLE.

1904-DURING THE SUMMER OF THIS YEAR, THE COUNTY BUILT ONE OF THE FINEST STEEL BRIDGES OVER THE MIAMI RIVER THAT WAS IN THE STATE.

1905-THE DRAINAGE PROCESS IN MIAMI BEGAN. BY 1913, THE MIAMI CANAL, WHICH LINKS LAKE OKEECHOBEE WITH MIAMI RIVER AND BISCAYNE BAY, WAS COMPLETED. SOME TIME LATER, THE TAMIAMI CANAL, WHICH LINKS NAPLES AND MIAMI WAS ALSO COMPLETED. BOTH CANALS JOIN TOGETHER WHERE NOW IS MIAMI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT AND SOME MILES AHEAD THEY JOIN THE MIAMI RIVER.

-THIS SAME YEAR BEGAN THE WORKS FOR A DEEPWATER PORT ON THE MIAMI RIVER MOUTH. IN 1964, ALL OPERATIONS MOVED TO DODGE ISLAND AND THE OLD PORT BECAME BICENTENNIAL PARK. TODAY, THE PORT OF MIAMI IS THE HOME OF 9 BIG CRUISE COMPANIES AND 12 PASSENGER TERMINALS AS WELL AS IT HAS BECAME THE BRIDGE THAT LINKS THE U.S. WITH LATIN AMERICA.

1906-THE FIRST AUTOMOBILE PARADE OCCURRED IN MIAMI.

1908-WHAT IS TODAY THE JACKSON MEMORIAL HOSPITAL WAS ERECTED IN A SMALL BUILDING. IT WAS CONCEIVED AS A CHARITY HOSPITAL.

1910-THE MIAMI HERALD WAS CREATED.

1913-A BRIDGE ACROSS BISCAYNE BAY IS BUILT THANKS COLLINS’ DETERMINATION. BECAUSE OF THIS, IN 1915, THE CITY OF MIAMI BEACH WAS INCORPORATED TO DADE. LATER, OTHER FIVE CAUSEWAYS WOULD BE BUILT.

1914-16-VILLA VIZCAYA IS BUILT BY JAMES DEERING IN AN AREA OF 180 ACRES. IT BECAME THE MOST MAGNIFICENT RESIDENCE EVER BUILT IN MIAMI. THE ESTATE INCLUDED A SEVENTY ROOM VILLA, A POOL, FORMAL GARDENS, FORESTS, AND A FARM. IN 1952, DADE COUNTY BOUGHT IT FOR ONE MILLION DOLLARS. TODAY, IT IS THE DADE COUNTY ART MUSEUM.

1915-CARL FISHER, A DEVELOPER WHOSE NAME WAS GIVEN TO ONE OF MIAMI’S ISLANDS, FINISHED DIXIE HIGHWAY. THIS MADE THE RAILROAD LOSE ITS PREEMINENT POSITION.

1917-HAZEL FILER, A STUDENT AT MIAMI HIGH, WROTE THE POEM “LOYALTY” CALLING HIS COUNTRYMEN TO SUPPORT AMERICA AND TO PARTICIPATE IN THE WW I.

1916-DURING MIAMI’S 20th. BIRTHDAY CELEBRATION, EV. SEWELL, WELL-KNOWN ADVERTISER, LAUNCHED HIS CLEVER SLOGAN: “MIAMI, WHERE SUMMER SPENDS THE WINTER”. THIS ACTUALLY BECAME THE FIRST NATIONAL ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN TO BRING TOURISTS TO THE CITY.

1923-“THE MIAMI TIMES”, THE STRONGEST AND MOST ENDURING BLACK NEWSPAPER, WAS FOUNDED BY HENRY E. SIGISMUND, A BAHAMIAN PRINTER WHO MOVED TO MIAMI IN 1919. `

1925-THE MIAMI JAI ALAI AND THE MIAMI JOCKEY CLUB BEGAN TO OPERATE IN HIALEAH. IN 1932, A BEAUTIFUL NEW HIALEAH RACE TRACK REPLACED THE OLD CLUB AND BECAME A MAJOR NATIONAL RACETRACK. GLENN CURTIS AND JAMES BRIGHT ARE THE FATHERS OF HIALEAH, MIAMI SPRINGS, AND OPA-LOCKA.

1925-THE MIAMI NEWS TOWER, HOME OF THE MIAMI DAILY NEWS WHICH BEGAN IN 1896, WAS BUILT. THIS BUILDING WOULD BECOME IN THE FREEDOM TOWER DURING THE CUBAN EXODUS OF 1960’s.

1925-THE MIAMI HIGH STINGAREES BASKETBALL TEAM BECAME STATE CHAMPIONS FOR THE FIRST TIME WHICH INITIATED A LONG ROW OF VICTORIES THAT HAVE LASTED FOR MORE THAN 70 YEARS.

1926-GLENN CURTIS BUILT THE MOORISH OPA-LOCKA CITY HALL

1926-ON SEPTEMBER 17-18, THE MOST DEADLY HURRICANE THAT EVER HIT MIAMI, KILLED MORE THAN 114 PEOPLE AND CAUSED DAMAGES OF BILLIONS OF DOLLARS, DESTROYING MUCH OF SOUTH FLORIDA.

1926-JUST TWO WEEKS AFTER THE HURRICANE PASSED, THE BRAND NEW UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI OPENED ITS DOORS.

1927-“BROOKER T. WASHINGTON HIGH SCHOOL”, THE FIRST HIGH SCHOOL FOR BLACK KIDS IN MIAMI, WAS CREATED IN WHAT IS NOW OVERTOWN.

1928-PAN AMERICAN AIRWAYS MOVED TO MIAMI. THIS SAME YEAR, EASTERN AIRLINES BEGAN FLYING FROM A FIELD THAT EVENTUALLY BECAME TODAY’S VAST MIAMI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT. DURING THE 1930’s, PAN AM BEGAN BRINGING TOURISTS TO MIAMI IN ITS “FLYING CLIPPERS”.

1928-THE DADE COUNTY COURTHOUSE WAS BUILT. THIS SAME YEAR, AL CAPONE BOUGHT A HOUSE ON PALM ISLAND AND MOVED TO MIAMI TO CONTROL THE CASINOS, GAME, AND SALE OF ILLEGAL ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES IN THE CITY.

1928-MIAMI HIGH SCHOOL MOVED TO ITS PRESENT BUILDING.

LATE 1920’s-BISCAYNE BOULEVARD AND THE BAY FRONT PARK WERE OPENED.

1933-A GROUP OF CIVIL LEADERS CREATED THE PALM FESTIVAL FOOTBALL GAME TO ATTRACT TOURISTS. IN 1935, IT WAS RE-NAMED THE ORANGE BOWL FESTIVAL AND BECAME ONE OF SOUTH FLORIDA’S MOST ENDURING SPECTACLES.

1933-DURING A VISIT TO MIAMI, FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT ATTENDED TO A MEETING IN THE BAYFRONT PARK. AN ANARCHIST SHOT AT HIM, BUT ONLY WOUNDED SOME MEMBERS OF HIS ENTOURAGE.

1935-FEDERAL MONEY PLAYED A CRUCIAL ROLE IN REVIVING MIAMI’S ECONOMY DURING THE NEW DEAL. ONE OF THE WORKS OF THIS TIME WAS THE 25,000 SEAT ORANGE BOWL STADIUM. SHENANDOAH JUNIOR HIGH AND CORAL WAY ELEMENTARY WERE ALSO NEW DEAL PROJECTS.

1938-OVERSEAS HIGHWAY TO KEY WEST COMPLETED.

1942-MORE THAN 147 HOTELS IN MIAMI BEACH BECAME BARRACKS TO HOUSE 70,000 SOLDIERS THAT WERE TRAINING TO PARTICIPATE IN THE WW II.

1944-RABBI LEON KRONISH CAME TO MIAMI BEACH FROM NEW YORK AND FOUNDED “THE TEMPLE BETH SHOLOM”, HELPING TO BUILD ONE OF THE MOST PROMINENT JEWISH CONGREGATIONS IN THE U.S.

1947-CRANDON PARK WAS CREATED IN MIAMI BEACH. THE FIRST CITY ZOO WAS ESTABLISHED HERE.

1947-EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK WAS ESTABLISHED.

1949-MOUNT SINAI HOSPITAL WAS FINISHED IN MIAMI BEACH.

1949-ON MARCH 21, TELEVISION DEBUTED IN MIAMI. MITCHEL WOLFSON WAS THE RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF LAUNCHING MIAMI INTO THE MODERN AGE.

1949-THE OWNER OF RALEIGH HOTEL IN MIAMI BEACH PURCHASED THE FIRST TWO CENTRAL SYSTEM AIR CONDITIONERS THAT BROUGHT A DRAMATIC CHANGE TO SOUTH FLORIDA. THIS MADE POSSIBLE THE COMING OF TOURISTS ALSO DURING THE SUMMER.

1952-DADE COUNTY AUDITORIUM OPENED ITS DOORS.

1953-“DIARIO LAS AMERICAS” IS PUBLISHED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN MIAMI, BECOMING ONE OF THE MOST ENDURING AND THE ONLY DAILY EVENING NEWSPAPER IN THE CITY. ITS FOUNDER AND DIRECTOR IS Dr. HORACIO AGUIRRE, A WELL-KNOWN NICARAGUAN AMERICAN.

1954-MIAMI BEACH’S LARGEST (500 ROOMS) AND GRANDEST HOTEL, THE FONTAINBLEAU, OPENED FOR BUSINESS.

1955-THE MIAMI SEA AQUARIUM OPENED ITS DOORS FOR THE FIRST TIME.

1957-THE GOVERNMENT OF DADE COUNTY (METRO) WAS ESTABLISHED. IN THIS PERIOD, THERE WERE 27 CITIES AND AN INCREASING LARGE POPULATION IN THE UNINCORPORATED AREAS WITHOUT MUNICIPAL SERVICES.

1957-FLORIDA’S TURNPIKE BEGAN ITS OPERATIONS.

1957-THE SEMINOLES WERE RECOGNIZED AS A SEPARATE TRIBE. FIVE YEARS LATER, THE MICCOSUKEE PEOPLE WHO LIVE ALONG THE TAMIAMI TRAIL WERE ACCEPTED AS A SEPARATED GROUP FROM THE SEMINOLES.

1957-THE MIAMI BEACH AUDITORIUM WAS INAUGURATED. THIRTY YEARS LATER (1987) AND TO HONOR THE OUTSTANDING ENTERTAINER WHO MADE MIAMI FAMOUS NATIONALLY WITH HIS SHOW, THE PLACE WAS NAMED “THE JACKIE GLEASON THEATER”. THAT YEAR, MR. GLEASON DIED.

1950’s-60’s-“BEFORE I-95, BEFORE URBAN RENEWAL, BEFORE INTEGRATION, BEFORE CRACK...” OVERTOWN WAS AN IMPORTANT BLACK CULTURAL CENTER. THE AREA ALONG NW 2nd. Av. BETWEEN 6th. AND 20th STREETS WAS CALLED LITTLE BROADWAY, THE GREAT BLACK WAY, THE STRIP. THERE WERE SEVERAL CLUBS, HOTELS, THEATERS WHERE YOU COULD SEE NAT KING COLE, NINA SIMONE, ARETHA FRANKLIN, DUKE ELLINGTON, ETC.

1960-MIAMI DADE COMMUNITY COLLEGE OPENED ITS FIRST CAMPUS WITH 1,397 STUDENTS. TODAY, UNDER THE PRESIDENCY OF CUBAN-AMERICAN Dr. EDUARDO PADRON, IT IS ONE OF THE LARGEST SINGLE-DISTRICT COLLEGES IN THE NATION WITH ITS 5 CAMPUSES AND OVER 120,000 STUDENTS.

1960-62-OVER 14,000 UNACCOMPANIED CUBAN CHILDREN CAME TO MIAMI AS PART OF THE OPERATION PETER PAN.

1960’s-74-AS A RESULT OF THE CUBAN REVOLUTION BECOMING COMMUNIST, MORE THAN 400,000 CUBANS CAME TO MIAMI. MOST OF THEM WERE WELL-KNOWN BUSINESSMEN, VERY RICH POLITICIANS, AND OUTSTANDING PROFESSIONALS. THIS WAVE OF EXPERT AND SKILFUL IMMIGRANTS BROUGHT A HUGE DRIVE TO MIAMI’S DEVELOPMENT.

1961-AROUND 1,300 THOUSAND CUBANS WHO HAD EMIGRATED TO MIAMI AND WERE TRAINED BY THE C.I.A. TRIED TO FREE CUBA FROM THE CASTRO - COMMUNISM THROUGH A MILITARY ATTACK. MANY WERE KILLED AND THE REST WERE TAKEN PRISONERS BY CUBAN ARMY FORCES. IN 1962, THEY WERE EXCHANGED FOR FOOD AND MEDICINES. MIAMI RECEIVED THEM LIKE HEROES.

1962-74-THE FREEDOM TOWER WAS TURNED INTO THE CUBAN REFUGEE PROCESSING CENTER. TODAY, THIS BUILDING BELONGS TO THE MAS CANOSA FAMILY WHICH PLANS TO TRANSFORM IT IN A MUSEUM.

1965-THE MIAMI DOLPHINS WERE CREATED: MIAMI’S FOOTBALL TEAM.

1968-IN FEBRUARY AND MARCH, THOUSANDS OF DADE COUNTY TEACHERS PRESENTED A MASS RESIGNATION TO PRESSURE THE GOVERNOR TO PROVIDE MORE RESOURCES FOR TEACHERS' SALARY AND EDUCATIONAL BUDGETS.

1960’s-HIGHWAYS AND SHOPPING CENTERS EMERGED EVERYWHERE. THE 25 MILES PALMETTO EXPRESSWAY LINKED KENDALL WITH GOLDEN GLADES. I-95 SLICED THROUGH DOWNTOWN MIAMI LARGELY DESTROYING OVERTOWN.

1970-A JUDGE ORDERED THE INTEGRATION OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN MIAMI, ENDING THE RACIAL SEGREGATION.

1972-FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OPENED ITS DOORS WITH 6,000 STUDENTS. TODAY, UNDER THE PRESIDENCY OF CUBAN-AMERICAN MODESTO MAIDIQUE, FIU HAS GROWN TO 13 SCHOOLS AND OVER 28,000 STUDENTS FROM 120 DIFFERENT NATIONS AROUND ALL THE WORLD.

1972-THE DADE COUNTY YOUTH FAIR AND EXPOSITION WAS MOVED TO ITS PRESENT LOCATION, ON THE EAST SIDE OF TAMIAMI PARK. IT WAS ORIGINALLY FOUNDED IN 1952 IN DOWNTOWN MIAMI. THE FAIR RECEIVED 60 ACRES FROM THE COUNTY TO ESTABLISH ITS PERMANENT FAIRGROUNDS. SOME YEARS LATER, IN 1989, THE COUNTY GAVE AN ADDITIONAL 20 ACRES TO BUILT A SIGNATURE CORNER ON CORAL WAY AND SW 107th. Av., WITH A BRONZE STATUE AND A FOUNTAIN. THE FAIR IS A PRIVATE, SELF-SUPPORTING, NOT-FOR-PROFIT CORPORATION.

1973-DON SHULA AND THE MIAMI DOLPHINS MADE SPORTS HISTORY BY WINNING THE SUPER BOWL AND HAVING A PERFECT SEASON 17-0.

1973-THE COUNTY DECLARED ITSELF BI-LINGUAL, A STATUS THAT WAS RESCINDED IN A DIVISIVE 1980 REFERENDUM (FEAR TO NEW IMMIGRANTS FROM MARIEL, CUBA ?).

1975-THE KIWANIS CLUB OF LITTLE HAVANA WAS CREATED. THREE YEARS LATER, IN 1978, THEY ORGANIZED “THE CALLE 8 OPEN HOUSE”, WHICH EVENTUALLY WOULD BECOME “EL CARNAVAL DE LA CALLE 8”.

1975-THE “DOMINOES PARK” WAS CREATED. THIS PLACE BECAME VERY POPULAR FOR THE SENIOR CUBANS WHO ATTEND EVERYDAY TO PLAY THE GAME. TODAY, THE PARK IS FORMALLY CALLED “MAXIMO GOMEZ”, AFTER THE DOMINICAN PATRIOT WHO FOUGHT FOR THE INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA.

1977-THE BLACK ARCHIVES FOUNDATION WAS ESTABLISHED TO RESTORE SOME OF OVERTOWN’S HISTORIC TREASURES.

1977-SNOW IN MIAMI. FARMERS SUFFERED BIG LOSSES BECAUSE OF THE “KILLER FREEZE”, ACCORDING TO “THE MIAMI NEWS”.

1979-IN DECEMBER, FOUR WHITE POLICE OFFICERS BEAT TO DEATH BLACK MIAMI INSURANCE AGENT ARTHUR McDUFFIE. SOME MONTHS LATER, AN ALL-WHITE TAMPA JURY ACQUITTED THE MURDERS. THIS INFLAMED MIAMI’S BLACK COMMUNITY RESULTING IN THE WORST RIOTING IN LOCAL HISTORY. FOR 13 DAYS THE VIOLENCE SWIRLED IN BLACK NEIGHBORHOODS. 18 PEOPLE DIED, HUNDREDS RESULTED WOUNDED, 3 THOUSANDS LOST THEIR JOBS, AND PROPERTY DAMAGE EXCEEDED $80 MILLIONS.

1979-90-DURING THE GOVERNMENT OF THE “SANDINISTAS”, THOUSANDS OF NICARAGUANS AND SALVADORIANS FLED TO MIAMI. THERE WERE CIVIL WARS IN THOSE NATIONS. THOUSANDS OF HAITIANS ALSO CAME TO MIAMI IN THOSE YEARS.

1980-METRO ZOO WAS INAUGURATED AT ITS PRESENT LOCATION.

1980-IN APRIL, CASTRO ALLOWED MORE THAN 125,000 CUBANS TO LEAVE CUBA THROUGH THE PORT OF MARIEL. AROUND 25,000 OF THOSE CUBANS WERE CRIMINALS, PROSTITUTES, MENTAL SICK PEOPLE, AND OTHER UNDESIRABLE PERSONS ACCORDING TO THE CUBAN SOCIETY PATTERNS (HIPPIES, PIMPS, GAMBLERS, GAYS, AND LESBIANS). THIS HUGE NEW WAVE OF IMMIGRANTS MEANT: AN INJECTION OF CHEAP AND ANXIOUS TO WORK LABOR FORCE THAT PUSHED AHEAD THE CITY INDUSTRY, FEDERAL FUNDS TO HELP THE CITY TO BEAR THIS SITUATION, AN INCENTIVE TO THE BUILDING INDUSTRY AND TO THE WHOLE ECONOMY (MORE CONSUMERS), A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO TRANSFORM THE CITY IN A NATIONAL CENTER OF THE DRUG AND CRIME (BILLIONS OF DOLLARS FROM THE DRUG TRADE WITH SOME LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES AND THE REST OF THE U.S. FLOWED INTO THE CITY'S ECONOMY).

1981-THE CUBAN AMERICAN NATIONAL FOUNDATION WAS CREATED BY SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR AND PATRIOT JORGE MAS CANOSA. THIS ORGANIZATION BECAME THE MOST POWERFUL AND INFLUENTIAL IN THE CUBAN EXILE TO FIGHT THE COMMUNISM IN CUBA AND TO BRING TO MIAMI CUBANS DISPERSED ALL AROUND THE WORLD. ITS LEADER PASSED AWAY THREE YEARS AGO (1997).

1984-“AMELIA EARHART PARK”, A HUGE AND BEAUTIFUL PLACE FOR KIDS WAS CREATED IN HIALEAH. THIS SAME YEAR WAS INAUGURATED IN MIAMI THE “JOSE MARTI PARK” WITH A WONDERFUL POOL.

1985-THE COMPLETION OF METRO RAIL AND METRO MOVER INSPIRED MANY IN MIAMI.

1985-THE U.S.I.A. CREATED “RADIO MARTI” TO TRANSMIT THE TRUE TO CUBA. THE CUBAN AMERICAN NATIONAL FOUNDATION PLAYED A KEY ROLE IN THIS DECISION. THE NEW STATION OPENED OFFICES IN MIAMI. SOME YEARS LATER, IT WILL MOVE ITS HEADQUARTERS FROM WASHINGTON D.C. TO MIAMI.

1987-THE MIAMI HEAT JOINED THE NBA.

1987-THE PRO PLAYER STADIUM WAS INAUGURATED AND IT WOULD BECOME IN THE HOME OF THE FLORIDA MARLINS AND THE MIAMI DOLPHINS.

1987-PRESIDENT REAGAN AND POPE JOHN PAUL II VISITED MIAMI.

1987-THE MIAMI HERALD DECIDED TO PRINT A PARTIAL VERSION OF THE PAPER IN SPANISH: “EL NUEVO HERALD”. TODAY, IT BECAME A WHOLE NEWSPAPER BY ITSELF. ITS GENERAL DIRECTOR IS THE CUBAN AMERICAN BARBARA GUTIERREZ. UNIVISION AND TELEMUNDO, THE TWO SPANISH TV NETWORKS IN THE U.S., ESTABLISHED THEIR HEADQUARTERS IN MIAMI DURING THE LATE 1980’s AND EARLY 1990’s.

1988-MIAMI BUILT A NEW CULTURAL CENTER THAT INCLUDED THE HISTORICAL MUSEUM OF SOUTHERN FLORIDA, THE NEW METRO DADE MAIN LIBRARY, AND THE CENTER FOR THE FINE ARTS. THE MAIMI ARENA WAS ALSO INAUGURATED THIS YEAR.

1989-RIOTS ERUPTED IN MIAMI AFTER A POLICEMAN KILLED A BLACK MOTORCYCLIST SOUGHT FOR TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS.

1990-THE HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL WAS INAUGURATED IN MIAMI BEACH TO REMEMBER THOSE MURDERED DURING THE WW II.

1990-THE CUBAN CULTURE IN EXILE HISTORICAL BOULEVARD WAS CREATED ALONG TWO BLOCKS ON 44th STREET IN HIALEAH.

1990-THE MIAMI BEACH CONVENTION CENTER WAS CREATED.

1990-“TV MARTI” BEGAN ITS TRANSMISSIONS TO CUBA.

1992-AUGUST 24th., HURRICANE ANDREW HIT SOUTH FLORIDA. 15 PEOPLE DIED, THOUSANDS OF HOUSES WERE TOTALLY DESTROYED. A WONDERFUL SOLIDARITY SAVED MIAMI.

1993-THE FLORIDA MARLINS AND THE FLORIDA PANTHERS BEGAN THEIR FIRST SEASON. THE MARLINS BECAME WORLD CHAMPIONS IN 1997 WHICH MADE MIAMI RESIDENTS CRAZY OF JOY.

1994-96-A NEW WAVE OF 30,000 CUBAN IMMIGRANTS FLOODED MIAMI: THE RAFTERS.

1996-TWO UNARMED PLANES AND THEIR 4 TRIPULANTS FROM MIAMI, WHO BELONGED TO THE HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATION “BROTHERS TO THE RESCUE”, WERE SHOT DOWN BY CUBAN FIGHTER PLANES.

1996-THE MIAMI GRAND PRIX MOVED FROM BICENTENNIAL PARK TO THE NEW HOMESTEAD / DADE  MOTOR SPORTS COMPLEX.

1998-FEBRUARY 23rd., SEVERAL TORNADOES HIT CENTRAL FLORIDA KILLING TENS OF PEOPLE, WOUNDING THOUSANDS, AND DESTROYING HUNDREDS OF HOUSES. THE OSCEOLA COUNTY WAS DECLARED A ZONE OF NATIONAL DISASTER.

CLASS PROJECT

1-BIOGRAPHIES & PICTURES OF THE FOUNDING FATHERS

2-MAP OF MIAMI.

3-PICTURES OF MAJOR BUILDINGS, CULTURAL AND SPORTING EVENTS, KEY PLACES, CARNIVAL CALLE 8, YOUTH FAIR, THE CITY AT NIGHT, THE BEACHES, THEATERS, MUSEUMS, BAYSIDE.

4-STATISTICS / GRAPH (POPULATION, CRIME, ECONOMIC GROWTH)

5-KEY EVENTS / MILESTONES (PICTURES & INFORMATION THAT SHOW MIAMI MULTI-ETHNIC HISTORY AND POPULATION)

6-SPORTS (TEAMS, LOGOS, FAMOUS ATHLETES, STADIUMS)

7-MODEL OF TODAY’S MIAMI BEACH OR DOWNTOWN MIAMI.

4-The Reforming Spirit & Pogressivism. Creating an American Culture (1820-1920)

Objectives

1-Explain how the Populist movement was a response to problems of farmers in the late 19th. century (III B).

2-Compare and contrast the reform movements of Populism and Progressivism (III B).

3-Describe aspects of American political structures that exemplify the Progressive Era (III B).

4-Contrast the political attitudes and actions of the 1920’s with those of the Progressive Era (III B).

5-Describe the goals, methods, and achievements of reform movements; e.g. Women’s Movement (III B).

VOCABULARY

1-TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT: FIGHTERS AGAINST ALCOHOLIC DRINKS.

2-YELLOW JOURNALISM

3-CIVIL SERVICE: FEDERAL JOBS

4-MUCKRAKER: NICKNAME FOR JOURNALISTS WHO FOUGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION AND DEFENDING THE POOR.

5-PUBLIC INTEREST

6-REFERENDUM

7-SUFFRAGIST

8-TRUSTBUSTER: FIGHTER AGAINST BIG TRUSTS (MONOPOLIES).

9-THE OHIO DYNASTY: REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTS FROM OHIO: GRANT (1869-77), HAYES (1877-81), AND GARFIELD (1881).

10-THE POPULISTS: POLITICAL PARTY CREATED IN 1889 FOR WESTERNERS AND SOUTHERNERS ( POOR FARMERS).

11-PAPERBACK: POCKET BOOK, SMALL BOOK.

12-DIME NOVELS: POPULAR BOOKS.

13-NATIONAL PARKS: FEDERAL LANDS, WILDERNESS AND NATURAL RESOURCES DEDICATED TO PUBLIC ENJOYMENT.

14-PRESERVE / CONSERVATION:

15-PROGGRESSIVE ERA:

RIGHTS FOR WOMEN

-IN THE 1800’S WOMEN HAD FEW POLITICAL OR LEGAL RIGHTS:

.THEY COULD NOT VOTE

.THEY COULD NOT HOLD OFFICE

.WHEN A WOMAN MARRIED, HER PROPERTY PASSED TO HER HUSBAND

.IF A WOMAN HAD A JOB, HER EARNINGS BELONGED TO HER HUSBAND

.HUSBANDS HAD THE LEGAL RIGHT TO PUNISH PHYSICALLY THEIR WIVES

.WOMEN DID NOT STAND ON STAGES AND ADDRESS AN AUDIENCE THAT INCLUDED MEN

.YOUNG WOMEN WERE ONLY TAUGHT DANCING AND DRAWING (NOT MATH OR SCIENCE)

."WHEN A WOMAN ASSUMES THE PLACE AND TONE OF A MAN ... HER CHARACTER BECOMES UNNATURAL"

-THE GRIMKE SISTERS (ANGELINA & SARAH), FROM SOUTH CAROLINA, WROTE LETTERS AND PAMPHLETS DISCUSSING WOMEN’S RIGHTS.

-LUCRETIA MOTT WAS A QUAKER MINISTER AND MOTHER OF 5 CHILDREN. SHE FOUGHT FOR WOMEN’S RIGHTS AS A QUIET AND CONVINCED SPEAKER.

-ELIZABETH CADY STANTON WAS THE DAUGHTER OF A WELL-KNOWN NEW YORK JUDGE. SHE WAS A FIGHTER AGAINST INEQUALITY.

-SUSAN B. ANTHONY PLAYED A PIVOTAL ROLE IN 19th. CENTURY WOMEN RIGHT'S MOVEMENT IN THE USA

-MOTT AND STANTON DECIDED ORGANIZE A NATIONAL CONVENTION FOR WOMEN’S RIGHTS. IN 1848 THE CONVENTION MET IN SENECA FALLS, NEW YORK. THE LEADERS WHO ATTENDED APPROVED A PLAN OF ACTION CALLED "THE DECLARATION OF SENTIMENTS". THIS MARKED THE BEGINNING OF AN ORGANIZED MOVEMENT.

-EMMA WILLARD OPENED A HIGH SCHOOL FOR WOMEN IN NEW YORK. MARY LYON SPENT YEARS RAISING MONEY TO BUILD MOUNT HOLYOKE, THE FIRST WOMEN’S COLLEGE IN AMERICA, WHICH OPENED IN 1837.

-ELIZABETH BLACKWELL, AFTER 29 MEDICAL SCHOOLS REFUSED TO ADMIT HER, GRADUATED FIRST IN HER CLASS IN GENEVA COLLEGE, NEW YORK, BECOMING THE FIRST WOMAN DOCTOR WITH A MEDICAL DEGREE IN THE U.S. IN 1857 SHE SET UP A HOSPITAL FOR THE POOR AND THE FIRST NURSING SCHOOL IN AMERICA.

-NELLIE BLY BECAME THE FIRST REPORTER WOMAN IN THE PULITZER’S WORLD.

-THE "LADIES’ HOME JOURNAL", CREATED IN THE 1880’S, WAS THE FIRST MAGAZINE FOR WOMEN.

-IN 1869, MS. STANTON AND OTHER FEMINISTS FORMED THE NATIONAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION TO FIGHT TO AMEND THE CONSTITUTION TO GIVE WOMEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE.

-IN 1874, THE "WOMEN’S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION" WAS FOUNDED, AGAINST THE SALE OF ALCOHOL.

-IN 1877, BOSTON UNIVERSITY GRANTED THE FIRST Ph.D. TO A WOMAN

-CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT AND ALICE PAUL BECAME POWERFUL SPEAKERS FOR THE CAUSE OF VOTE. THEY ORGANIZED TO PICKET THE WHITE HOUSE. MANY WERE ARRESTED AND THEY REFUSED TO EAT IN PRISON.

-IN 1920, THE 19th. AMENDMENT BECAME PART OF THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NUMBER OF VOTERS DOUBLED.

EDUCATION

-HORACE MANN WAS PUT IN CHARGE OF EDUCATION IN MASS. IN 1837. HE FOUGHT TO CREATE NEW SCHOOLS, MAKE SCHOOLS FREE (TAX-SUPPORTED), EXTEND THE SCHOOL YEAR, PAY TEACHERS BETTER, OPEN COLLEGES TO TRAIN TEACHERS, ETC. OTHER STATES FOLLOWED HIS EXAMPLE.

-IN 1815, Rev. THOMAS GALLAUDET SET UP THE FIRST SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF IN HARTFORD, CONN. FEW YEARS LATER, Dr. SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE CREATED THE FIRST SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND.

-DURING 1851-52, DOROTHEA DIX, A MASSACHUSETTS TEACHER, VISITED MANY JAILS AND ASYLUMS IN HER STATE TO PROVE THE HORRIBLE CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH PRISONERS AND MENTALLY ILL PEOPLE LIVED. SHE REPORTED THAT TO THE LEGISLATURE AND THAT SITUATION WAS IMPROVED. THEN, SHE EXTENDED HER CRUSADE TO OTHER STATES.

-AFTER 1865, THE FREEDMEN’S BUREAU BUILT THOUSANDS OF SCHOOLS FOR BLACK PEOPLE.

-BY 1900, THE U.S. HAD 6,000 HIGH SCHOOLS. ANDREW CARNEGIE AND OTHER MILLIONAIRES DONATED LARGE AMOUNTS OF MONEY TO CREATE PUBLIC LIBRARIES.

-BY 1900, HALF THE NEWSPAPERS IN THE WORLD WERE PRINTED IN THE U.S. THIS SITUATION CONTRIBUTED TO PEOPLE EDUCATION. AMERICANS BECAME WELL INFORMED CITIZENS.

-IN 1919, WITH THE APPROVAL OF THE 18th. AMENDMENT, IT BECAME ILLEGAL TO PRODUCE AND SELL ALCOHOLIC DRINKS IN THE U.S.

CREATING AN AMERICAN CULTURE

-AFTER 1820, AMERICAN WRITERS AND ARTISTS BEGAN USING AMERICAN THEMES IN THEIR WORKS. NEW YORK AND BOSTON WERE THE HOME OF MANY OF THEM :

.WASHINGTON IRVING (NY., 1783-1859): "RIP VAN WINKLE" AND "THE LEGEND OF SLEEPY HOLLOW" (STORIES ABOUT THE REVOLUTION).

.JAMES FENNIMORE COOPER (NJ., 1789-1851): "THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS" AND "THE  DEERSLAYER" (THE THEME OF THE FRONTIER).

.NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE (MASS., 1804-1864): "THE SCARLET LETTER", "THE HOUSE OF THE SEVEN GABLES" (PURITAN LIFE).

.HERMAN MELVILLE (NY., 1819-1891): "TEPEE", "OMOO", "MOBY DICK", "JOHN MARR AND OTHER SAILORS" (NEW ENGLANDERS’ LIFE).

.WILLIAM WELLS BROWN (1814-84): "CLOTEL" (SLAVES’ LIFE). HE WAS THE FIRST BLACK NOVELIST WHO EARNED HIS LIVING AS A WRITER IN THE U.S.

.WALT WHITMAN (NY., 1819-1892): "LEAVES OF GRASS", A BOOK OF POEMS (AMERICA’S LAND AND PEOPLE).

.RALPH WALDO EMERSON (MASS., 1803-1882): ESSAYS AND POEMS. (THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL, THE "INNER LIGHT").

.HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW (ME., 1807-1882): "THE SONG OF HIAWATHA", "PAUL REVERE’S RIDE" (AMERICA’S HISTORY).

.HORATIO ALGER (1832-99): BOOKS FOR CHILDREN (RAGS TO RICH STORIES).

.STEPHEN CRANE (NJ., 1871-1900): "THE RED BADGE OF COURAGE", "AN EPISODE OF THE CIVIL WAR", "ACTIVE SERVICE" (THE THEME OF CIVIL WAR).

.JACK LONDON (CA., 1876-1916): "A DAUGHTER OF THE SNOW", "THE CALL OF THE WILD", "THE SEA WOLF", "WHITE FANG" (THE HARD LIFE OF MINERS AND SAILORS ON THE WEST COAST).

.EMILY DICKINSON (MASS.): POEMS.

.MARK TWAIN (MO., 1835-1910): "TOM SAWYER" AND "HUCKLEBERRY FINN" (LIFE ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER).

-IN 1883 JOSEPH PULITZER BOUGHT "THE NEW YORK WORLD". HE TRANSFORMED IT IN THE FIRST REAL MODERN NEWSPAPER: INTRODUCED SPORTS PAGES, COMIC STRIPS, USED PICTURES AND BOLD HEADLINES, COVERED CRIME STORIES AND POLITICAL SCANDALS IN A SENSATIONAL WAY, CREATED A SPECIAL SECTION FOR WOMEN, ETC. Also See William Randolph Hearst

-IN THE LATE 1800’S PAPERBACK BOOKS BECAME POPULAR. THE DIME NOVELS THAT TOLD ADVENTURE STORIES (THE WILD WEST) WERE AMONG THE BEST-SELLERS.

REFORMING THE GOVERNMENT

-BETWEEN 1877-81 PRESIDENTS HAYES, GARFIELD, AND CHESTER FOUGHT TO END THE SPOILS SYSTEM AND APPOINT ONLY QUALIFIED PUBLIC OFFICIALS ("THE OHIO DYNASTY") .

-IN 1883, CONGRESS SET UP THE CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION, WHICH WOULD BE RESPONSIBLE FOR FILLING VACANT JOBS IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. IT WAS MADE UP OF BOTH DEMOCRATS & REPUBLICANS. THE COMMISSION GAVE EXAMS TO PEOPLE SEEKING FEDERAL JOBS.

-IN 1890 CONGRESS PASSED THE SHERMAN ANTITRUST ACT TO REDUCE THE INFLUENCE OF BIG BUSINESS AND BREAK UP MONOPOLIES.

-MANY BIG CITIES REPORTERS BEGAN WRITING AND EXPOSING THE CORRUPTION OF POLITICIANS AND THE TERRIBLE CONDITIONS OF LIFE OF THE POOR. THOSE WRITERS WERE CALLED "THE MUCKRAKERS". AMONG THEM WERE UPTON SINCLAIR: "THE JUNGLE" AND JACOB RIIS: "HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES". THIS CHANGED THE MOOD OF THE MIDDLE CLASS THAT ASKED FOR REFORMS.

-THESE EFFORTS WERE CALLED THE "PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT" AND MAJOR POLITICAL PARTIES MADE ITS OBJECTIVES THEIRS.

(REFORM GOVERNMENT FOR THE PEOPLE’S BENEFIT).

-THE CONCEPT OF "PUBLIC INTEREST" WAS COINED.

-ROBERT LA FOLLETE, GOVERNOR OF WISCONSIN, INTRODUCED MANY "PROGRESSIVE" REFORMS, ADVISED BY A GROUP OF EXPERTS FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN. THOSE REFORMS IMPROVED THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF COMMON PEOPLE: "THE WISCONSIN IDEA". MANY POLITICIANS CAME TO WISCONSIN TO LEARN ABOUT THIS SYSTEM.

-TO GIVE MORE POWER TO VOTERS, WERE ESTABLISHED THE PRIMARY ELECTIONS (CHOOSE THEIR PARTY CANDIDATE BEFORE GENERAL ELECTIONS); THE "INITIATIVE" WAS CREATED TO GAVE VOTERS THE RIGHT TO INTRODUCE LAWS; REFERENDUMS WERE A STEP FURTHER TO GIVE VOTERS THE POWER TO MAKE A BILL BECOME LAW; THE "RECALL SYSTEM" WAS APPROVED TO GIVE VOTERS THE POWER TO REMOVE ELECTED OFFICIALS FROM OFFICE.

-IN 1913 PROGRESSIVES ACHIEVED A VERY IMPORTANT GOAL: THE 17th. AMENDMENT BECAME PART OF THE CONSTITUTION ( SENATORS HAVE TO BE ELECTED DIRECTLY BY PEOPLE INSTEAD OF BY STATE LEGISLATURES).

-IN 1906, UNDER TEDDY ROOSEVELT PRESIDENCY, CONGRESS PASSED THE "PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT", WHICH FORCED ALL FOOD AND DRUG MAKERS TO LIST ALL INGREDIENTS ON THEIR PRODUCTS. THIS TRIED TO DEFEND THE CONSUMERS RIGHTS AND END FALSE ADVERTISING.

-ROOSEVELT ALSO STATES THAT "THE RIGHTS OF THE PUBLIC TO NATURAL RESOURCES OUTWEIGH PRIVATE RIGHTS" AND FOUGHT TO PRESERVE THE FORESTS, MOUNTAINS, AND WILDERNESS IN GENERAL (CONSERVATION): NATIONAL PARKS.

THE PROHIBITION

1-THE 18th AMENDMENT WAS APPROVED

2-THE DRY LAW PERIOD: 1920-33: SMUGGLERS & GANGSTERS, THE MAFIA, GENERAL CORRUPTION.

3-THE 21st AMENDMENT REPELLED THE 18th.

5-History of the American Family
This unit was prepared using the following book as a major reference:

Stephanie Coontz, The Way We Never Were, (New York, Basic Books, 1992).

The Author:

Professor Coontz teaches history at The Evergreen State College in Olympia. Her outstanding works have promoted her progressive views nationally and internationally, helping to demystify many controversial issues about the history and the values of the American family.

The Book:

Professor Coontz states that her major objectives in this book are: “...to expose many of our “memories” of the traditional family as myths.” “Proving that there was no golden age of the (American) family...” (p. 2).

Some Myths:

1-The American family has always been self-sufficient. Family privacy and autonomy are some of the more valued attributes of the traditional American family. Now, it doesn’t need the interference of the government, but to regain its internal forces and values to get ahead. Only failed families require public assistance.

2-There was a “golden age” for the American family when proper gender roles, social commitment and individual responsibility promoted stability and happiness in America. We should rescue the values of our “traditional family”.

3-The primary cause of black (and other minority groups) poverty is neither economic nor racial inequality, but “disintegration of the family”. This is not anymore a matter of rights. They are responsible of their own problems.

4-The American family is collapsing; it must be saved restoring and promoting the right values in our society.

I-The Family of the Colonial Times.

1-All members of the family lived and worked together very hardly in order to survive, including the children; they had few time for academic activities, playing, or practicing sports.

2-Life was more corporate than individualistic. People operated within a tight web of social obligations, debts of gratitude, dependence, and mutual favors. The poor, old, and disabled without their own families were cared for in other people’s families, supported by allowances given by the government.

3-The family was based on a strict patriarchal authority; the opinion of the elders prevailed; life was ruled by many formalities and conventions. Grandparents, maiden aunts and in-laws had a major voice in childrearing decisions. Fathers and husbands had total control over their women and children. Disobedience was considered a serious fault and subjected to harsh punishment.

4-The average length of marriage was less than 12 years because of the high mortality rates. Around 30-50% of the children were orphans.

5-It was common practice that adults had conversations about “difficult” issues -including sex- in front of the children. During 1780’s and 1790’s, 33% of the brides in rural New England were pregnant at marriage. Drinking was prevalent in many families fighting cold winters, difficult conditions, and lack of entertainment.

6-Mothers and other adults had to relegate child care to older children or servants because they had to work the land or other important activities.

7-Pioneer’s families benefited from the preservation of the land, forests, and game that resulted from the practices of Native Americans. They “inherited” the work of others. However, they depended on a large network of neighbors, churches, and political institutions.

8-Pioneer families owned their existence to massive federal help: land grants, military support against the Native Americans, transportation, tools, water, subsidies, and many more. At this time, the boundaries between private and public life were permeable and fluid.

9-Colonial Americans assigned a lot of power to their political leaders. City officials, priests, and many others were very intrusive; they entered homes to tell people whom to associate with, what to wear, and how to teach their children. Families that did not comply were punished.

II-The Victorian Family (1800’s -1860’s)

1-Important changes in the economy affected the ways of the American family. Household production gave way to wage work and professional occupations outside the home. Self-employment and opportunities for economic prosperity were open for all “real men”.

2-Middle-class women’s roles were redefined in terms of domesticity. They should be the heart and the moral guardians of civilization and of their own homes. They had to take care of the children and the functioning of the household. Men were the “breadwinners”. “Real men”, in order to succeed socially and economically, and to fulfill their roles as leaders of the family, were supposed to be self-restrained, hard workers, honest, abstemious, strong, resolute, and courageous; to have a firm will and to control their sexual drives. Men were the protectors and representatives of the family. Austerity was considered a major virtue for every person.

3-The views about middle-class children during the first decades of the century were that they should receive an education instead of working. It was thought that they should begin learning academic subjects very early, even before the age of four. Later on, during the 1850’s, experts began to say that early schooling could cause children to burn out or become stupid in later years. Boys had to be taught to be virile and girls to be docile.

4-Between 1880 and 1850, the number of servants in middle-class white households doubled in order to allow women to fulfill their duties.

5-In poor white families (mostly recent immigrants) women had to work 12-18 hours a day, 6 days a week, in textile mills and workshops. Children under 11 years old constituted 50% of the labor force in many factories. Slave women and children in the South worked in cotton fields harder than animals. Families going to the west during these years experienced the same problems of those during Colonial Times.

6-During this period, around 20% of white American children lived in orphanages. Their parents had to give them up because they were not able to feed and take care of them.

7-It is estimated that there was one abortion for every five live births during the 1850’s and one every three during the 1870’s. In 1880, most women had an average of 4.24 children.

8-The middle-class created many fraternal organizations, evangelical groups, and maternal associations in this period. The working class required a network for mutual aid in order to survive. Blacks depended on sharing and mutual assistance beyond family networks. God-parenting was a way of institutionalizing obligations to help the children.

9-Social policies during this time were directed to free the middle-class nuclear family from its former entanglements with kin and neighbors. Courts established parental liability for minor children. If the family failed to create the proper environment (privacy, economic independence, and proper gender roles), social or governmental institutions were encouraged to remove poor children from their families.

III-The Family of the First Gilded Age or The Laissez-Faire Era (1870-90’s)

1-The 1870’s brought competitive capitalism and the consumer culture of pleasure and frivolity to America. This ended the Victorian values. The volume of advertising multiplied more than tenfold.

Even the word consumption lost its earlier connotations of destroying, wasting, or using up; now, it was seen in a positive way, as satisfying human needs and desires. For many middle-class men the possibilities for self-employment and individual success based on effort disappeared. The ideal of deferring rewards and satisfaction was eradicated

2-Immigrants began to compete in the marketplace and in politics for their share of the American dream. Women began to claim their right to receive an education. A “new” disease began to affect the middle-class: Neurasthenia (Exhaustion of nerve force / energy). It was thought that over-civilization and too much stress were the causes.

3-Many middle-class individuals entered a phase of political disengagement and economic reorientation. They turned away from social activism and focused on their own personal lives and material ambitions. This is the time of the “Crisis of Masculinity”, during which men had to redefine their roles in society. They had to fight against excessive femininity, over-civilization, and too much control and too many restrains over their primitive / natural individual drives.

4-The individualism promoted in the public sphere led to the family’s long slide toward disintegration. When obligation and solidarity were replaced by competition and consumerism in public life, the family began to change its role and set of values. The effective family member shares, cooperates, and sacrifices for the family. The effective businessman, modern worker or politician is independent, individualistic, rational, and calculative about the profits / benefits. The family and the public sphere developed a contradiction.

5-Some conservative scholars and politicians began to justify poverty and hunger as the natural result of lack of morality, improper private behavior, and low family standards, instead of the consequence of unemployment and low wages. They argued that building a moral oasis in the family and living a decent life would lead to prosperity.

6-Social Darwinism preached that millionaires are good examples of the “survival of the fittest” and the poor were labeled as “unfit”. During this period, social inequalities and repression against those fighting them increased. At this time, 40% of industrial workers lived below the poverty level.

7-By 1877, the US government withdrew its troops from the South. The KKK and the Jim Crow laws ruled the land of Dixie. Industrial production and social order were the major goals. Civil rights, social justice, and poverty were postponed. African Americans still had to suffer and wait much more.

8-It was thought that the government had the duty to protect the property of men and the honor of women. Most states created waiting periods for marriages and forbade interracial unions. Courts ruled that women were not entitled to the rights of citizens. Abortion and contraception were criminalized.

9-Private charities and moral reform societies grew in these years. Moralistic agencies practiced intrusive inquires about the lives of families that might receive some type of aid. The idea of taking away children from “failing homes” was reinforced. Frequently, “child savers” took poor children and auctioned them off to farmers as cheap labor.

10-Schools taught children that helping a friend in his / her academic assignments was cheating. The average age of menarche of girls was about 17 years.

11-Prostitution played an important role in the West during these years. Divorce was also more easily accepted in this region than in the East. In order to comply with the requirements (certain number of voters) for being accepted as a State in the Union, women were given the right to vote in some of these territories.

IV-The Family of the 1900’s, the WW I, and the Roaring Twenties (1900-1920’s)

1-Between 1900 and 1914 the percentage of children living in orphanages and other public institutions doubled. Poorhouses, orphanages, private charities, and government relief programs were not able to cope with the dislocations of industrial expansion, economic crisis, flow of new immigrants, and many other changes occurring in the American society in this period.

2-Mother’s Day was adopted on May 8, 1914, as a day to celebrate home life and privacy and to repudiate women’s social role beyond the household. The average number of children born to a woman was 3.56 in 1900.

3-Experts counseled parents against picking infants up when they cried and in favor of having rigid feeding and sleeping schedules. Experts also recommended that parents should not play with their babies.

4-The Progressive reformers promoted a new concept: even a bad family could be made a better place than the best institution to raise a child. Several laws were passed against child labor and to reduce the presence of women in the labor force, promoting female domesticity. Mother’s Pensions were created to help widows with their children. These new politicians advocated for collective solutions to fight social problems.

5-These are also the years of the eugenics crusade to save the purity of the race. The government promoted new restrictions on marriage, developed tests to demonstrate the inferiority of eastern and southern Europeans, and even passed laws establishing compulsory sterilization for some groups of racially inferior women. Immigration began to be regulated.

6-The WW I was a disruptive event for the American family. Millions were enrolled in the armed forces and many women became workers.

7-The 18th Amendment, ratified in 1919, prohibited the production and consumption of any type of alcoholic beverages. This was the result of a crusade of the American women to save the family. Instead of solving anything, this spread crime and illegal activities within the American society.

8-The 20’s were years of women rebellion in America. The 19th. Amendment gave women the right to vote. These are the years of the Flappers bobbing their hair, wearing short dresses, rouge, and bright red lipsticks, smoking in public and drinking in speakeasies. Many women entered in the labor force as professionals with a higher social status.

9-The first Sexual American Revolution occurred during the 20’s. Supervised courtship in the girl’s home was replaced by the Dating System, as part of which family surveillance was substituted for peer supervision. Young people, no longer depended on introductions by friends or relatives; now, they met at school, work, dance halls, restaurants, and cabarets. “Petting parties” became very popular. Boys began to have their first sexual experience with a girlfriend instead of with a prostitute. Sex with prostitutes declined over 50%.

V-The Family of the Depression, the New Deal, and the War (1929-45)

1-The Depression brought tensions and provoked the separation of millions of American families. Many lost their homes; some tried to find food and shelter in the rural areas. The rate of suicide committed by men soared; the number of homeless -adult and children- grew exponentially. Many married women sought employment to help their husbands many of which have been laid off or have taken wage cuts.

2-The government developed several programs to take the nation out of the depression. Massive federal support was directed to build roads and schools, to irrigate dry lands and electrify the country, to construct dams and many other projects. Many new agencies were created to help the needed and avoid this type of situation in the future. The interference of the government in the economy and private life was even challenged by the Supreme Court, but most of the programs received popular support.

3-The New Deal welfare legislation expanded government responsibility for helping the poor, creating jobs and supplementary wages. However, women only could receive federal aid through their husbands.

4-The WW II ended the crisis. Millions of women took the places of their men in the labor force, joined the unions, and fought against discrimination. Between 1940-45, the number of working women increased by more than 50%. More than 75% of these women were married and more than 50% were mothers. The government financed child care for mothers working in defense industries. For the first time, women experienced occupational mobility, rewards, and well-paid work. The average age for the first menstruation of girls was at this time around the13 years.

5-Foreclosures during the Depression and housing shortages during the WW II led to sharing houses by the extended family. Many blamed the existence of marital problems during this period to the contradictions provoked by generational differences and disagreements within the home.

VI-The Family of the Golden Age and the Boomers (1950’s)

1-These are years of economic prosperity. The U.S. emerged as the unquestionable superpower of the western world. On the other hand, this was the beginning of the Cold War. Many Americans received benefits and improvements after the war. Many working class white families moved into the middle-class. The government wanted peace and normality at home to face Communism outside.

2-This period is considered for many people as a time of innocence, consensus, and social peace. Marriage was almost universal; rates of divorce and illegitimacy were low; a massive baby boom took place among all social classes and ethnic groups. America became a “sexual charged and child-centered society”.

3-One of the most effective tools used by the government to promote a more prefect and quiet society was the creation of suburbia. Federal housing loans made possible that by 1960, 62% of the American families owned their homes. This is the time of the single-family home in which the nuclear family could find privacy and tranquillity. Education benefits, construction of highways, job training, and cheap energy were some of the other resources used to achieve the mentioned goal.

4-Government policies were directed to reinforce social conformity, commitment to family and stability. After men returned from war , women were asked to return to the home, back to the gender roles. Housework was considered an ideal medium to increase women femininity. Women also had to provide good sex to keep their husbands at home. Those resisting these changes were labeled as neurotic and unnatural. Men were encouraged to root their identity in familiar and parental roles. They belonged at home, not on the streets. Bachelors were categorized as immature, infantile, deviants, and pathological.

5-This is also the period of the biggest boom in consumer spending. The sales of household appliances and furniture climbed 240%. The American Way of Life included a nice house, with all the modern appliances, a station wagon, barbecues in the backyard during the weekends, and a dog. Formality was replaced by livability, comfort, and convenience. Advertising increased during these years by 400%.

6-Patriotism, family stability, democracy, and consumption were inseparable ideas, continually reinforced through the magic of television. Social and political repudiation of deviants struggled to keep everyone in line. Even homosexuals entered in senseless marriages to avoid repression.

Frustrated women with their new roles found refuge in therapists, tranquilizers, alcohol, and adultery. Home violence increased. “Battering” was not considered a crime. Playboy magazine was created in 1953 to address a “new” need of American males. This atypical period is considered by some people the product of social manipulation.

7-Teen marriages and pregnancies soared in these years. Parents and the government subsidized young married couples. Sexual aggressiveness of men was considered natural. Women were responsible for containing men sexual drives. Eventually, between 25-33% of the marriages of the 50’s ended in divorce; the 20% of the standing couples considered their marriages unhappy.

8-During this period, more permissive attitudes regarding how to raise babies and more strict family policies regarding how to educate adolescents were socially accepted. It was considered that breast milk was inferior to “scientific” artificial milk.

9-The National Defense Education Act promoted and funded a better teaching of math and science for the American children and also the Space Race.

VII-The Family of the Great Society and the Vietnam War (1960-70’s).

1-During these years, President Johnson declared war against poverty in America and decided to create a Great Society Government initiatives resulted in a substantial increase in the welfare rolls and a major extension of social insurance benefits. However, more than 75% of all resources went to the middle-class, instead to the poor. In 1974, 30% of the black population was still living in poverty compared with 9% of the white population. A significant part of the funds allocated for the welfare went not to create jobs for the poor or to help them with the problem of housing, but to pay the salaries of a new breed of “family experts” in charge of providing advice to “failing” families. Children’s health improved dramatically in this period.

2-Conservative scholars, journalists, business leaders, and politicians saw this period as a time in which America suffered an erosion of civic commitment and social responsibility; an “age of excess”, selfishness, political alienation, and “me-first” hedonism in which the “traditional” family morality collapsed.

3-Many reformers, minority group leaders, young people, liberals, people against the Vietnam War, university students and professors, and common people saw this period as a social explosion, as a time of rebellion, as a noble and moral struggle for the civil rights of many people in America. They saw these years as the time for fighting against formalities, hypocrisy, social injustice, and wrong foreign policies. For many, this was an opportunity to revolt against the masquerade they lived in their own families during the 50’s.

4-Feminist groups demanded equality with men both on and off the job, including the opportunity to seek fulfillment outside the family and to receive social gratification.

5-The Second Sexual Revolution occurred in this period. The growth of a culture of singles, the practice of “free love” or the free sexual activity between unmarried men and women, and the gay movement during the 70’s changed totally the way Americans saw sexual relations. The contraceptive pill -invented in 1960- and the IUD’s that appeared later were an important “technical” support to these social practices. The struggle in favor of abortion rights, against restrictions on the sexual behavior of consenting adults, and for the criminalization of rape and sexual harassment were part of this process too. Playgirl magazine is created in 1973 as a response to sexual double standards in the middle-class.

6-The rate of divorce tripled between 1960 and 1982. The proportion of teenage mothers who were unmarried rose during the period of 1960-86 from 15% to 61%. The number of children growing up with only one parent doubled.

7-New laws were passed against domestic violence and to protect women a