From Renaissance to Napoleon (1300-1815)
Revolutions & Nationalism (1815-1848)
Colonialism & Imperialism (1848-1914)
The World Wars (1914-1945)
The Cold War (1945-2000)
Thematic Study Guides (See Comparison of Periods, Religions, Political & Social Changes)

I also want to add some other AP European History websites from other High Shools:

1-List the economic, social, and political achievements of the Renaissance (V C).

2-Identify the major artistic works and schools of the Renaissance and the masters who created them.

3-Describe and explain the importance of the scientific discoveries and inventions during the 1400’s - 1600’s.

Contrasting the Renaissance and Later Middle Ages

Renaissance

Later Middle Ages

Philosophy: Humanism – Emphasis on secular concerns due to rediscovery and study of ancient Greco-Roman culture.

Religion dominates Medieval thought.

Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas – reconciles Christianity with Aristotelian science.

Ideal:

· Virtù – Renaissance Man should be well-rounded (Castiglione)

Ideal:

· Man is well-versed in one subject.

Literature:

· Humanism; secularism

· Northern Renaissance focuses also on writings of early church fathers

· Vernacular (e.g. Petrarch, Boccacio)

· Covered wider variety of subjects (politics, art, short stories)

· Focused on the individual

· Increased use of printing press; propaganda

Literature:

· Based almost solely on religion.

· Written in Latin

· Church was greatest patron of arts and literature.

· Little political criticism.

· Hand-written

Religion:

· The state is supreme to the church.

· “New Monarchs” assert power over national churches.

· Rise of skepticism

· Renaissance popes worldly and corrupt

Religion:

· Dominated politics; sought unified Christian Europe.

· Church is supreme to the state.

· Inquisition started in 1223; dissenters dealt with harshly

Sculpture:

· Greek and Roman classical influences.

· Free-standing (e.g. Michelangelo’s David)

· Use of bronze (e.g. Donatello’s David)

Sculpture:

· More gothic; extremely detailed.

· Relief

Art:

· Increased emphasis on secular themes.

· Classic Greek and Roman ideals.

· Use of perspective.

· chiaroscuro

· Increased use of oil paints.

· Brighter colors

· More emotion

· Real people and settings depicted.

· Patronized largely by merchant princes

· Renaissance popes patronized renaissance art

Art:

· Gothic style

· Byzantine style dominates; nearly totally religious.

· Stiff, 1-dimentional figures.

· Less emotion

· Stylized faces (faces look generic)

· Use of gold to illuminate figures.

· Lack of perspective.

· Lack of chiaroscuro

· Patronized mostly by the church

Architecture:

· Rounded arches, clear lines; Greco-Roman columns

· Domes (e.g. Il Duomo by Brunelleschi)

· Less detailed

· Focus on balance and form

Architecture:

· Gothic style

· Pointed arches; barrel vaults, spires

· Flying buttresses

· Elaborate detail

Technology:

· Use of printing press

· New inventions for exploration

Technology:

· Depended on scribes

Marriage and Family:

· Divorce available in certain cases

· More prostitution

· Marriages based more on romance.

· Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castiglione)

· Sexual double standard

· Increased infanticide

Marriage and Family:

· Divorce nonexistent

· Marriages arranged for economic reasons.

· Prostitution in urban areas

· Ave. age for men: mid-late twenties

· Avg. age for women: less than 20 years old.

· Church encouraged cult of paternal care.

· Many couples did not observe church regulations on marriage.

· Manners shaped men to please women.

· Relative sexual equality

Status of Women:

· Legal status of women declined.

· Most women not affected by Renaissance

· Educated women allowed involvement but subservient to men.

· Rape not considered serious crime.

Status of Women:

· Legal status better than in Renaissance

Politics:

· State is supreme over the church.

· New Monarchs assert control over national churches.

· Machiavelli

Politics:

· Church is supreme over the state.

African slavery introduced.

Few blacks lived in Europe.

Exploration and expansion.

Crusades

2-RENAISSANCE: REBIRTH IN FRENCH. THE DISCOVERY BY SCHOLARS (HUMANISTS), ARTISTS, EXPLORERS, AND SCIENTISTS OF MANY NEW LAWS, FORMS OF ART AND LITERATURE, NEW RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL IDEAS, NEW LANDS (AMERICA). THE CLASSICAL STYLES AND THEMES WERE USED IN ARCHITECTURE AND ART: REBIRTH OF CLASSICAL CULTURE. RARE PERIOD OF GENIUS.

3-HUMANISM: INTEREST IN THE LIFE AND ACTIVITIES OF HUMAN BEINGS. IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND ACHIEVE HAPPINESS ON THIS EARTH INSTEAD OF IN HEAVEN AFTER DEATH.

5-KNOWLEDGEABLE: HAVING KNOWLEDGE OR UNDERSTANDING IN/OF MANY DIFFERENT AREAS (GREEK, LATIN, ART, SCIENCE), HAVING FINE MANNERS, SOCIAL SKILLS, AND BEING PHYSICALLY STRONG AND ATHLETIC. IDEALLY EDUCATED PERSON.

16-SCIENTIFIC METHOD: THE SEARCH FOR THE TRUTH USING EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS.

3-MICHELANGELO (1475-1564): SCULPTOR, PAINTER, AND ARCHITECT. TUSCANY, FLORENCE, AND ROME.

10-DE MEDICI FAMILY: THE MOST IMPORTANT AND RICH FAMILY IN FLORENCE DURING THE RENAISSANCE. PATRONS OF ART AND SCIENCE. SEVERAL POPES WERE MEDICI.

11- LORENZO DE MEDICI, "THE MAGNIFICENT": POLITICIAN AND PATRON IN FLORENCE ACCUSED OF TYRANT. FAMOUS MEETINGS.

13-MIGUEL DE CERVANTES (1547-1616): SPANISH WRITER. THE ONE-HANDED OF LEPANTO.

14-JOHANN GUTENBERG (1400-1468): GERMAN INVENTOR (THE PRINTING PRESS - 1440 - USING MOVEABLE METAL TYPES).

16-ERASMUS (1469-1536): "THE PRINCE OF HUMANISTS". DUTCH PHILOSOPHER AND WRITER. "ADAGIA", "COLLOQUIA", "THE PRAISE OF FOLLY".

18-FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626): ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER WHO WORKED OUT THE BASICS STEPS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD:

19- PTOLEMY (2nd. CENTURY AD.): AUTHOR OF THE THEORY OF THE EARTH AS THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE. THIS LASTED 14 CENTURIES.

20-- NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543): POLISH ASTRONOMER WHO CHALLENGED PTOLEMY’S THEORY SAYING THAT THE EARTH REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN. HE DID NOT EXPERIMENTS BUT HE JUST USED LOGICAL THINKING AND GEOMETRY.

21-JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630): GERMAN ASTRONOMER. AFTER MANY EXPERIMENTS AND USING MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS, HE PROVED COPERNICUS’ THEORY.

22-GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642): THE MOST IMPORTANT SUPPORTER OF COPERNICUS’ THEORY. TEACHER OF MATHEMATICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PADUA. HE BUILT A TELESCOPE, DISCOVERED THE ROUGH SURFACE OF THE MOON, THE SUN SPOTS, AND JUPITER’S MOONS. HE EXPERIMENTED ON GRAVITY. THE MEDICIS SUPPORTED HIS WORK. GALILEO WAS FORCED BY THE INQUISITION TO DENY HIS DISCOVERY.

23-ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727): ENGLISH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHYSICIST. HE DISCOVERED THAT THE WHITE SUNLIGHT IS COMPOSED FOR ALL THE COLORS AND EXPLAINED WHY PLANETS REMAIN IN THEIR ORBITS: FORCE OF GRAVITY ( G = 9,75 M/SEG2 GF = Gm1.m2 GF: GRAVITY FORCE R2 R: DISTANCE BETWEEN THE OBJECTS).

24-ANDREAS VERSALIUS (1514-1564): FLEMISH DOCTOR WHO STUDIED HUMAN BODY USING CORPSES. HE VIOLATED THE CHURCH RULES.

25-WILLIAM HARVEY (1578-1657): ENGLISH DOCTOR WHO STUDIED THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND BLOOD CIRCULATION.

26-WILLIAM GILBERT (1544-1603): ENGLISH DOCTOR AND PHYSICIST WHO STUDIED MAGNETISM AND STATIC ELECTRICITY.

27-RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650): FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER. HE CREATED ANALYTIC GEOMETRY (REPRESENT POINTS IN SPACE USING A GRAPH. EVERY LINE ON A GRAPH COULD BE REPRESENTED BY AN EQUATION).

28-GABRIEL FAHRENHEIT (1686-1736): HE MADE THE FIRST MERCURY THERMOMETER IN 1714.

1-Identify the major reasons for world exploration and discuss its results (I C).

15- SCURVY: GUMS DISEASE BECAUSE LACK OF VITAMIN C (SAILORS - LONG VOYAGES).

1-PRINCE HENRY, THE NAVIGATOR (1394-1460): HE ESTABLISHED A SCHOOL FOR SAILORS TO PROMOTE EXPLORATIONS. (PORTUGAL).

5-THE PINZON BROTHERS: SAILORS FROM PALOS DE MOGUER, SPAIN, WHO CAME WITH COLUMBUS TO AMERICA: MARTIN ALONSO (LA PINTA), VICENTE YANEZ (LA NINA).

6-VASCO DE GAMA (1469-1524): PORTUGUESE SAILOR. IN 1497, HE ROUNDED THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE AND REACHED CALCUTTA, INDIA. THE JOURNEY TOOK 2 YEARS.

7-FERDINAND MAGELLAN (1480-1521): PORTUGUESE SAILOR. FIRST TO SAIL AROUND THE WORLD. HE NAMED THE STRAIT. (5 SHIPS, 256 CREWMEN / 1 SHIP, 18 SAILORS).

12-BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS (1474-1566): DOMINICAN PRIEST WHO TRIED TO PROTECT AND HELP THE INDIANS.

13-JOHN CABOT (1450-1498): ITALIAN EXPLORER WHO FOUNDED THE FIRST BRITISH COLONY IN NORTH AMERICA.

14-SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN (1567-1635): FRENCH EXPLORER WHO FOUNDED QUEBEC, THE FIRST FRENCH COLONY IN NORTH AMERICA.

15-AMERIGO VESPUCCI (1454-1512): ITALIAN GEOGRAPHER AND SAILOR. HIS NAME WAS GIVEN TO THE NEW CONTINENT.

-IN THE 1400’s PORTUGAL WAS THE FIRST EUROPEAN NATION TO SEARCH FOR NEW ROUTES TO THE EAST. PRINCE HENRY PROMOTE THE EXPLORATION OF THE WESTERN COAST OF AFRICA.

-BETWEEN 1405-1433 THE CHINESE EMPEROR SENT FLEETS OF UP TO 300 SHIPS TO VISIT THE LANDS IN THE INDIAN OCEAN AND THE EAST COAST OF AFRICA. THEY CARRIED EXPENSIVE GIFTS FOR THE PEOPLE THEY WOULD FIND TO SHOW THEM HOW WEALTHY CHINA WAS. CHINESE SHIPS WERE HUGE (400 l x 150 w FEET / 9 MASTS). THEY BELIEVED THAT THEY WERE THE MOST CIVILIZED PEOPLE IN THE WORLD. THEY WANTED TO TAKE NOTHING FROM OTHER PEOPLE. -THE CHINESE EMPEROR SUSPENDED THE EXPEDITIONS AND ORDERED TO DESTROY THE SHIPS BECAUSE THOSE VOYAGES WERE COSTING HIM A FORTUNE (GIFTS).

-COLUMBUS BELIEVED HE COULD REACH THE INDIES BY SAILING WEST ACROSS THE ATLANTIC. HE CONVINCED QUEEN ISABELLA OF SPAIN TO FINANCE HIS VOYAGE.

-ON AUGUST 3, 1492, COLUMBUS SAILED FROM SPAIN IN 3 SHIPS. ON THE MORNING OF OCTOBER 12, LAND WAS SIGHTED. HE MADE 3 MORE VOYAGES IN THE NEXT 9 YEARS.

-IN 1519, HERNANDO CORTEZ SAILED WITH 11 SHIPS, 500 SOLDIERS, AND 16 HORSES FROM CUBA TO MEXICO. HE BURNED HIS SHIPS.

-THE AZTECS WERE WAITING THE QUETZALCOATL (LEGEND). THEY BELIEVED THE SPANISH WERE GODS. MOCTEZUMA HAD AN ARMY OF 200,000 WARRIORS, BUT INSTEAD OF FIGHT THE SPANISH, HE SENT GIFTS OF SOLID GOLD TO THEM. CORTEZ WAS RECEIVED IN TENOCHTITLAN.

-NEIGHBOR PEOPLES THAT WERE CONQUERED BY THE AZTECS HATED THEM AND HELPED CORTEZ TO FIGHT AGAINST TENOCHTITLAN.

-PIZARRO ATTACKED BY SURPRISE AND CAPTURED ATAHUALPA WHO OFFERED A FULL ROOM OF GOLD AS RANSOM. PIZARRO AGREED, BUT WHEN HAD THE GOLD, HE EXECUTED ATAHUALPA.

-CABILDOS: LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

VICEROYALTIES:

NEW SPAIN (1535) Mexico, South of USA, Central America

-MISSIONARIES (BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS). THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH: CHRISTIANIZATION

1-EUROPEANS GAINED POLITICAL AND ECONOMICAL POWER; THEY BECAME THE RULING GROUP IN THE WORLD AND THEIR CULTURE THE SUPERIOR ONE.

3-AFRICA EXPERIENCED THE ROBBERY / EXTRACTION OF MILLIONS OF ITS BEST CHILDREN WHICH WILL HAVE AN IMPACT IN ITS FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

4-WORLD TRADE CHANGED PEOPLE’S LIVES (NEW ANIMALS, PLANTS, PRODUCTS, AND HABITS).

1-Explain how the Roman Catholic Church responded to the Reformation (II C).

2-Explain the role of conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism in the history of Europe in 16th. and 17th. centuries (II C).

3-Describe the events that led to the Protestant Reformation and the role leading figures played in the Reformation (VI B).

4-Compare and contrast schisms that occurred in major world religions and assess their impact on political and economic development in various societies (VI B).

1-BONIFACE VIII (1294-1303): REFUSED TO PAY TAXES TO KING PHILIP IV AND HE ARRESTED HIM (1303).

3-LEO X (1513-1521): THE RENAISSANCE POPE, SUPPORTER OF ARTS. THE SALES OF INDULGENCES. LUTHER’S SCHISM.

6-JOHN WYCLIFFE (1323-1384): ENGLISH WHO CRITICIZED BISHOPS AND PRIESTS FOR NEGLECTING THEIR RELIGIOUS DUTIES AND BEING INTERESTED ONLY IN WEALTH AND POWER.

7-JOHN HUSS (1369-1415): CZECH. HE ASKED FOR THE REMOVAL OF CHURCH OFFICIALS IN BOHEMIA. HE WAS ARRESTED BY THE CHURCH AND BURNED AT THE STAKE.

8-MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546): GERMAN CHURCH MAN. HE BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE SALVATION DEPENDS ON THEIR FAITH INSTEAD ON GOOD WORKS OR DEEDS, THAT THE BIBLE IS THE SOURCE OF RELIGIOUS TRUTH AND PEOPLE SHOULD READ IT BY THEMSELVES, THAT PRIEST AND POPE SHOULD NOT BE SPECIAL PEOPLE, THAT CEREMONIES AND RITUALS ARE NOT NECESSARY. POPE LEO X EXCOMMUNICATED HIM. GERMAN PRINCES PROTECTED HIM.

9-JOHN CALVIN (1509-1564): FRENCH. HE BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE ARE BORN SINFUL AND THAT THERE ARE SPECIAL PERSONS, "THE ELECTED OF GOD" WHOSE MISSION IS TO GUIDE THE CHRISTIAN SOCIETY. HE HAD TO FLEE FROM FRANCE TO GENEVA. IN 1560, ABOUT 15% OF FRENCH POPULATION WAS CALVINIST: HUGUENOTS.

10-PHILIP IV, THE FAIR (1285-1314): HE ARRESTED BONIFACE VIII (1303), MADE DISSOLVE THE ORDER OF THE TEMPLAR TO GET ITS MONEY AND LANDS, MADE THE NEW POPE TO MOVE TO FRENCH TERRITORY TO CONTROL HIM.

13-HENRY VIII (1491-1547): ENGLISH KING, FOUNDER OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. THE TUDOR FAMILY. SIX WIVES:

14-EDWARD VI (1537-1553): ONLY SON OF HENRY VIII. KING OF ENGLAND AFTER HIS FATHER DEATH. UNHEALTHY.

15-MARY I TUDOR, "BLOODY MARY" (1516-1558): DAUGHTER OF CATHERINE OF ARAGON. CATHOLIC. SHE PERSECUTED PROTESTANTS. WIFE OF PHILIP II OF SPAIN. QUEEN OF ENGLAND AFTER EDWARD VI DEATH.

16-ELIZABETH I (1533-1603): DAUGHTER OF ANNE BOLEYN. QUEEN OF ENGLAND AFTER MARY'S DEATH. SHE ESTABLISHED A STRONG GOVERNMENT, CREATED A NAVAL FORCE OF PIRATES (FRANCIS DRAKE) TO ATTACK SPANISH GALLEONS AND STEAL THE GOLD FROM AMERICAN COLONIES, FOUGHT AND DEFEATED HIS BROTHER IN LAW, PHILIP II OF SPAIN (LA ARMADA INVINCIBLE). SHE TRIED TO UNIFY CATHOLICS & PROTESTANTS IN ENGLAND (PURITANS OPPOSED TO THIS; MANY FLED TO AMERICA).

17-PHILIP II OF SPAIN, THE PRUDENT (1527-1598): KING OF SPAIN. CREATED A STRONG GOVERNMENT. HE BUILT THE MONASTERY OF THE ESCORIAL (22 YEARS - 1563) WHERE THE KING USED TO GO LOOKING FOR REST. CREATED THE ARMADA TO FIGHT ENGLISH PIRATES.

18-MONK JOHN TETZEL (1465-1519): THE SALE OF INDULGENCES. HIS SLOGAN: "AS SOON AS THE COIN IN THE COFFER RINGS, THE SOUL FROM PURGATORY SPRINGS".

1-1530 - 1546: CHARLES V DECLARED WAR AGAINST THE LUTHERAN PRINCES. THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG LET EACH PRINCE DECIDE WHICH RELIGION WOULD EXIST IN HIS TERRITORY.

2-ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY, AUGUST 24, 1574: MOBS OF CATHOLICS ATTACKED AND KILLED HUGUENOTS IN PARIS. DURING ALL THE MONTH, PROTESTANTS WERE MURDERED IN ALL FRANCE (12,000).

3-THE THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618-1648): WARS BETWEEN GERMAN PRINCES IN THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE (CATHOLICS VS. PROTESTANTS). TREATY OF WESTPHALIA: GERMAN STATES WOULD HAVE INDEPENDENT GOVERNMENTS. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE SHOULD HAVE THE CONSENT OF THE STATES TO MAKE LAWS, RAISE TAXES, ETC. SPAIN AGAINST FRANCE. SPAIN LOST HOLLAND AND PORTUGAL (INDEPENDENCE).

.THE SOCIETY OF JESUS (1540): RELIGIOUS CRUSADERS, MILITARY UNITS, MISSIONARIES, DISCIPLINE.

1-Discuss the reason for Russia’s historic desire to obtain warm water ports (I B).

2-Discuss the results of 17th. and 18th. century wars which involved Austria, Poland, Prussia, England, and France (II C).

3-Explain the concept of absolutism and how French rulers gained absolute power from the 16th. - 19th. century (III A).

4-Summarize how the English people gained civil liberties during the 17th. and 18th. centuries (III A).

14-Roundheads / Puritans: They fought against cavaliers. They used simple clothes and short hair (Roundheads).

16-Baroque: Art and Architecture. Use of color instead of drawing, movement, fear to the vacuum, use of curve lines, exuberance in the forms, sensuality.

Charles I (Spain) and V (Germany) (1517- 1556): Grandson of Ferdinand and grandson of the Holy Roman Emperor. He became King of Spain and Emperor of Holy Roman Empire.

Philip II, the Prudent, (1527 - 1598): King of Spain. La Armada & El Escorial.

James I (1566 - 1625): King of England from 1603 to 1625. Problems with the Parliament.

Oliver Cromwell (1599 - 1658): Leader of the Roundheads. He organized a New Model Army (officials had to be really good soldiers). Called the “Lord Protector”. He became a military dictator.

Charles II of England (1630 - 1685): Son of Charles I. The Restoration. He was called the “Merry Monarch” because he was a fun-loving.

James II of England: King from 1685 to 1688. Brother of Charles II. Catholic (This was a problem). The Glorious Revolution (not bloodshed). Parliament made him to abdicate and flee to France. His older daughter (Mary) who was Protestant got the throne.

Mary II (1662 - 1694) and William III (1650 - 1702): They had to sign a Bill of Rights before became monarchs: Constitutional Monarchy.

Louis XIII (1601 - 1643): He ruled under the influence of Richelieu. (The Three Musketeers - Dumas)

Louis XIV (1638 - 1715): “The Sun King”. His power was absolute. Versailles Palace.

Cardinal Richelieu (1585 - 1642): Louis XIII chief advisor. The real power behind the throne. He helped to consolidate the monarchy.

Peter I, the Great (1672 - 1725): Grandson of Mikhail. Russian Czar. A window to the sea.

Catherine II, the Great (1729 -1796): Wife of Peter III (Crazy). She became the real and absolute power of Russia. Education, Culture and Art.

Maria Theresa of Austria (1717 -1780): She fought Frederick II and made the Austrian Empire more powerful.

Two Roses War (1455 - 1485): York against Lancaster. Henry VII unified both.

English Civil War (1642 - 1643): Cavaliers (monarchy) against Roundheads (parliament). The King (Charles I) was beheaded in 1649. Cromwell established a military dictatorship.

The Glorious Revolution (not bloodshed). King James II was forced to abdicate (catholic). His daughter (Mary) became queen after signing a Bill of Rights: Constitutional Monarchy. Parliament will be the law maker.

The Thirty Years War (1618 - 1648): German Princes in the Holy Roman Empire. (Catholics against Protestants). Spain vs. France. The Peace of Westphalia.

The War of Spanish Succession (1701 - 1714): France against Europe. France had to agree that the same king would never rule both nations (France and Spain).

a) The War of Austrian Succession (1740 - 48): France + Spain + Prussia vs. Austria + England + Russia

b) The Seven Years War (1756 - 63): Prussia & Great Britain vs. France + Austria + Russia + Spain. England vs. France (the French and Indian War). Results: Prussia doubled its size, Spain lost Florida, Austria became more powerful, France became weaker, while Britain became the predominant power in Europe.

1-Analyze the relationship between industrialization and imperialism during the late 19th. century (II A).

3-Trace the origins and the development of the Industrial Revolution (IV A).

4-Analyze the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the western world (IV A).

5-Describe how philosophers responded to the problems created by industrialization and “laissez-faire” economics (IV A).

6-Explain how the scientific revolution led to the use of mechanical power and improved industrial production, transportation, and communication after 1900 (IV A).

8-Analyze the new ideas that emerged during the 18th. Century in Europe that led to Liberalism and Revolutions.

9-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1750-1900's): CRITICAL CHANGES IN THE ECONOMY; INVENTIONS THAT CHANGED THE WAY PEOPLE LIVED; THE BOURGEOISIE AS A KEY NEW SOCIAL CLASS; THE CITIES, FACTORIES AND TRADE.

22-QUACK: FAKER WHO CONVINCED SICK PEOPLE THAT SOME “NEW SCIENTIFIC DEVICES” CAN CURE THEIR ILLNESS.

23-MASS PRODUCTION: LARGE QUANTITIES OF THE SAME PRODUCT (LOWER THE COST PER UNIT).

1-THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679): ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER. ORDER IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN FREEDOM. PEOPLE GIVE UP THEIR FREEDOM TO GAIN ORDER AND SAFETY.

2-JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704): ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER. PEOPLE ARE BORN WITH THREE BASIC RIGHTS: LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY. GOVERNMENT HAS TO PROTECT THESE RIGHTS. IF IT DOES NOT DO SO, PEOPLE HAVE THE RIGHT TO REBEL AND REPLACE ANY GOVERNMENT.

3-BARON DE MONTESQUIEU (1689-1755): FRENCH WRITER. EACH TYPE OF GOVERNMENT HAS A “SPIRIT” : -DICTATORSHIP ....FEAR , -MONARCHY...........HONOR, -REPUBLIC...............VIRTUE. HE ASKED FOR THE SEPARATION OF POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT IN DIFFERENT BRANCHES.

4-JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778): FRENCH WRITER. CIVILIZATION CAUSES PEOPLE TO BEHAVE BAD. BEFORE CIVILIZATION PEOPLE WERE COOPERATIVE AND PEACEFUL. HE BELIEVED THAT ALL PEOPLE WERE EQUAL. NO ONE SHOULD HAVE SPECIAL PRIVILEGES. IT IS IMPORTANT TO LIVE A SIMPLE LIFE. A SOCIETY HELD TOGETHER WHEN PEOPLE SHARE A COMMON CULTURE OR “GENERAL WILL”.

5-FRANCOIS AROUET (VOLTAIRE) (1694-1778): FRENCH WRITER. HE WAS A CRITIC OF WEALTH AND PRIVILEGES. IN FAVOR OF FREE SPEECH AND FREE RELIGION. GOVERNMENT SHOULD NOT INTERFERE WITH PEOPLE FREEDOM.

“I DO NOT AGREE WITH A WORD YOU SAID, BUT I WILL DEFEND TO THE DEATH YOUR RIGHT TO SAY IT”

6-DENIS DIDEROT (1713-1784): FRENCH PHILOSOPHER. HE SPENT 30 YEARS TO PREPARE AND PUBLISH THE FIRST ENCYCLOPEDIA.

7-ADAM SMITH (1723-1790): SCOTTISH ECONOMIST. CONSIDERED THE “FATHER OF CAPITALISM”. SOCIETIES SHOULD ALLOW INDIVIDUALS TO FOLLOW THEIR OWN INTERESTS. WHAT MOTIVATE PEOPLE TO WORK IS THE DESIRE TO HELP THEMSELVES. PEOPLE SHOULD HAVE THE FREEDOM TO PRODUCE AND SELL PRODUCTS FOR A PROFIT. COMPETITION BETWEEN PRODUCERS WILL LEAD TO BETTER AND CHEAPER GOODS. WEALTH SHOULD BE USED TO PRODUCE MORE WEALTH.

10-HENRY BESSEMER (1813-1898): ENGLISH ENGINEER. (LOW-COST METHOD FOR MAKING STEEL).

11-JAMES WATT (1736-1819): SCOTTISH ENGINEER. (USE OF THE STEAM ENGINE TO TURN WHEELS). See Alessandro Volta

12-GEORGE STEPHENSON (1781-1848): ENGLISH ENGINEER. (FIRST STEAM LOCOMOTIVE: “PUFFING BILLY” . FATHER OF THE RAILWAYS).

13-FRANCIS LOWELL: AMERICAN INDUSTRIALIST. FOUNDER OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORY TOWN IN AMERICA (MASSACHUSETTS). HE ESTABLISHED A MODEL OF HOW FACTORY OWNERS SHOULD TREAT THEIR WORKERS.

15-ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL (1847-1922): AMERICAN PHYSICIST AND INVENTOR. (TELEPHONE).

16-THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931): AMERICAN PHYSICIST AND INVENTOR. HE RECEIVED MORE THAN 1,000 PATENTS: ELECTRIC LAMP, PHONOGRAPH, MOTION PICTURE PROJECTOR, ETC.

17-GOTTLIEB DAIMLER (1834-1900): GERMAN ENGINEER AND INVENTOR. (FIRST INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE. IT MADE THE AUTOMOBILE POSSIBLE).

18-MARY SHELLEY (1797-1851): ENGLISH NOVELIST, WIFE OF PERCY BYSSHE SHELLY, A RICH POET AND FREE - THINKER. SHE EDITED HER HUSBAND WORKS AND WAS THE AUTHOR OF “FRANKENSTEIN” (1818).

19-CHARLES DICKENS (1812-1870): ENGLISH NOVELIST. “OLIVER TWIST”, “DAVID COPPERFIELD”, ETC.

20-THE BRONTE SISTERS: -ANNE (1820-1849): “AGNES GREY”. -CHARLOTTE (1816-1855): “JANE EYRE”, “SHIRLEY”, “THE PROFESSOR”. -EMILY (1818-1848): “WUTHERING HEIGHTS”.

21-Sir ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE (1859-1930): ENGLISH NOVELIST. DETECTIVE STORY CREATOR: “SHERLOCK HOLMES” AND HISTORICAL: “THE WHITE COMPANY”.

22-ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON (1850-1894): SCOTTISH NOVELIST. “THE TREASURE ISLAND”, “Dr. JEKYLL AND Mr. HYDE”, “THE MASTER OF BALLANTRAE”, ETC.

23-CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882): ENGLISH NATURALIST. “THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY NATURAL SELECTION” (EVOLUTION / THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST).

24-AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857): FRENCH PHILOSOPHER. FOUNDER OF POSITIVISM (SOCIETY FOLLOWS NATURAL LAWS LIKE NATURE & SCIENCE).

1-THE AGE OF REASON / THE ENLIGHTENMENT / THE CENTURY OF LIGHTS (1700's):

1.1. Reason, Science, New Technologies, and Knowledge.

1.2. Individual Freedoms: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of the Press, and Freedom of Assembly.

1.3. Replace Birth's Privileges by Social / Economic position earned by Merits, Knowledge, and Skills. End of Aristocracy.

1.9. Laissez-faire: Government should not interfere with the economy. The invisible hand (Market).

Industrial Revolution & Capitalism (Realism & Naturalism) vs. Enlightenment & Liberalism

1-ECONOMIC CHANGES BEGAN IN ENGLAND IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY AND THEY EXTENDED LITTLE BY LITTLE TO OTHER INDUSTRIES AND NATIONS: US, FRANCE, GERMANY,

2-BRITISH PARLIAMENT PASSED THE “ENCLOSURE ACTS” ALLOWING RICH LANDOWNERS TO FENCE THEIR -OPEN UNTIL NOW - FIELDS (BREED SHEEP: WOOL MARKET). POOR FARMERS WERE FORCED BY THE HUNDREDS TO LEAVE THE LAND AND GO TO THE CITIES.

3-MACHINES WERE INVENTED TO PRODUCE MORE ARTICLES IN LESS TIME (PROFITS). THOSE THAT BEFORE WERE MADE BY HAND AT HOME.

8-RIVERS BECAME VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE NEW FACTORIES: TRANSPORTATION, POWER, COOLING, WASTE. ALL BIG CITIES WERE BUILT OR GREW NEAR ONE.

9-ENGLISH BUSINESSMEN HAD ACCUMULATED ENOUGH CAPITAL: ( AMERICA CONQUEST, PIRACY, TRIANGULAR TRADE, ETC.) TO INVEST IN NEW FACTORIES.

13-MANY WOMEN & CHILDREN WERE HIRED AS WORKERS (LESS SALARY, NARROW AND LOW WORK PLACES)

17-STEEL, LOCOMOTIVE / RAILROADS, ELECTRICITY / LIGHT BULB, TELEPHONE, AND AUTOMOBILE CHANGED TOTALLY THE WAY PEOPLE LIVED, BEGINNING A NEW AGE IN MANKIND’S HISTORY.

1-Describe the events which led to the independence of Portugal’s and Spain’s Latin American colonies (II A).

2-Discuss the results of 17th. and 18th. century wars which involved Austria, Poland, Prussia, Russia, England, and France (II C).

3-Suggest reasons for the French Revolution, Napoleon’s rise to power, and the Napoleonic Wars (II C).

4-Cite reasons for economic and political instability in Austria-Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, the Ottoman Empire, and Spain during the late 19th. century (II C).

5-Analyze the “Declaration of the Rights of Man” and the reaction it generated on the part of the French citizens (III A).

14-ROMANTICISM: ARTISTIC STYLE. REACTION AGAINST REASON. RELATED TO THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS.

15-REALISM: ARTISTIC STYLE. REACTION AGAINST ROMANTICISM. RELATED TO VICTORIAN ERA.

18-NATIONALISM: THE BELIEF THAT PEOPLE WHO SHARE THE SAME HISTORY, TRADITIONS, CUSTOMS, AND LANGUAGE SHOULD BE UNITED UNDER ONE GOV.

2- MARIE ANTOINETTE (1755 - 1793): LOUIS XVI’S WIFE. DAUGHTER OF MARY THERESE.

3-JEAN PAUL MARAT (1743-1793): FRENCH RADICAL LEADER. JOURNALIST. “THE PEOPLE’S FRIEND”. HE WAS KILLED BY CHARLOTTE CORDAY, A GIRONDIST.

4-GEORGE DANTON (1759-1794): FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY. BRILLIANT SPEAKER. DURING THE “REIGN OF TERROR” TRIED TO MOVE BACK & STOP THE KILLINGS.

5-MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE (1758-1794): FRENCH RADICAL REVOLUTIONARY. THE MASTER OF THE “REIGN OF TERROR”. “WHO TREMBLES IS GUILTY”.

6-JOSEPH FOUCHE (1759-1820): CLEVER CHIEF OF POLICE OF FRANCE FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS. HE WATCHED EVERYONE WITH A SECRET ARMY OF SPIES AND SURVIVED DURING ALL THE PROCESS.

7-CHARLES TALLEYRAND (1754-1838): CLEVER FRENCH BISHOP, POLITICIAN AND DIPLOMAT FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS. HE SERVED, DECEIVED AND BETRAYED MANY PEOPLE AND SURVIVED DURING ALL THE PROCESS.

8-NAPOLEON BONAPARTE (1769-1821): FRENCH GENERAL, CONSUL, AND EMPEROR. HE CHANGED EUROPE FOREVER.

Protestants	Catholic
Role of Bible emphasized	Bible + traditions of Middle Ages + papal pronouncements
"Priesthood of all believers" – all individuals equal before God. Sought clergy that preached.	Medieval view about special nature and role of the clergy.
Anglicans rejected pope’s authority – monarch became Supreme Governor of the church. Lutherans rejected authority of the pope but kept bishops. Most Calvinists governed church by ministers and a group of elders, a system called Presbyterianism. Anabaptists rejected most forms of church governance in favor of congregational democracy.	Medieval hierarchy: believers, priests, bishops and pope.
Most Protestants denied efficacy of some or all of sacraments of the medieval church – the Eucharist (communion) most controversial.	All seven sacraments
Consubstantiation – Lutherans: bread and wine did not change but believer realizes presence of Christ is in the bread and wine. (Real Presence) Zwingli saw the event of communion as only symbolic – memorial to the actions of Christ, or thanksgiving for God’s grant of salvation (main reason for break with Luther)	Transubstantiation – bread and wine retain outward appearances but are transformed into the body and blood of Christ.
Lutherans believed in Justification by faith – salvation cannot be earned and a good life is the fruit of faith. Calvinsts: predestination; a good life could provide some proof of predestined salvation – "visible saints" or the "elect."	Salvation through living life according to Christian beliefs and participating in the practices of the church -- good works
Lutherans and Anglicans believed state controls the Church. Anabaptists believed church ignores the state.	Catholics and Calvinists believed church should control and absorb the state – theocracy.
Services emphasized the sermon	Services emphasized the Eucharist