Units World History (Second Semester)
1-The
Renaissance, Scientific Revolution & Reformation.
2-Exploration
And
Conquest.
3-The
Age of
Kings: Absolutism
4-The Enlightenment and The Age of Revolutions.
5-The
Industrial Revolution.
6-Nationalism and Imperialism.
7-World War I
& The Russian Revolution.
8-World War II.
9-The
Cold War.
10-The
World Today.
I wanted to add some websites from other High Schools, with Study Guides and other resources:
AP European History AP World History
1-List the economic, social, and political achievements of the Renaissance (V C).
2-Identify the major artistic works and schools of the Renaissance and the masters who created them.
3-Describe and explain the importance of the scientific discoveries and inventions during the 1400s - 1600s.
4-Explain how the Roman Catholic Church responded to the Reformation (II C).
5-Explain the role of conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism in the history of Europe in 16th. and 17th. centuries (II C).
6-Describe the events that led to the Protestant Reformation and the role leading figures played in the Reformation (VI B).
7-Compare and contrast schisms that occurred in major world religions and assess their impact on political and economic development in various societies (VI B).




VOCABULARY
1-BLACK DEATH: BUBONIC PLAGUE (1300s).
2-RENAISSANCE: REBIRTH IN FRENCH. THE DISCOVERY BY SCHOLARS (HUMANISTS), ARTISTS, EXPLORERS, AND SCIENTISTS OF MANY NEW LAWS, FORMS OF ART AND LITERATURE, NEW RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL IDEAS, NEW LANDS (AMERICA). THE CLASSICAL STYLES AND THEMES WERE USED IN ARCHITECTURE AND ART: REBIRTH OF CLASSICAL CULTURE. RARE PERIOD OF GENIUS.
3-HUMANISM: INTEREST IN THE LIFE AND ACTIVITIES OF HUMAN BEINGS. IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND ACHIEVE HAPPINESS ON THIS EARTH INSTEAD OF IN HEAVEN AFTER DEATH.
5-KNOWLEDGEABLE: HAVING KNOWLEDGE OR UNDERSTANDING IN/OF MANY DIFFERENT AREAS (GREEK, LATIN, ART, SCIENCE), HAVING FINE MANNERS, SOCIAL SKILLS, AND BEING PHYSICALLY STRONG AND ATHLETIC. IDEALLY EDUCATED PERSON.
6-TUTORS: PRIVATE TEACHERS.
7-"THE ATHENS OF ITALY": FLORENCE.
8-FRESCO: PICTURE PAINTED ON A WET PLASTER.
9-MASTERPIECE:
10-PATRONS: WEALTHY CUSTOMERS AND SUPPORTERS OF ARTISTS.
11-REALISM:
12-SCHOLARS:
13-CLASSICAL:
14-TYRANT:
15-SCIENCE: "TO KNOW" IN LATIN.
16-SCIENTIFIC METHOD: THE SEARCH FOR THE TRUTH USING EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS.
17-HYPOTHESIS: EDUCATED GUESS, THEORY.
18-EXPERIMENT: CONTROLLED TEST.
19-ELLIPSE: OVAL FORM. PLANETS PATH.
20-EQUATION: MATHEMATICAL FORMULA.
21-INQUISITION: THE CHURCH COURT.
22-LAW: PREDICTABLE PATTERN IN SCIENCE.
23-CORPSES: BODIES OF DEAD PEOPLE.
24-PENDULUM: IN 1656, THE PENDULUM CLOCK WAS INVENTE
25-HERESY / HERETIC:
26-REFORMATION / REFORMER:
27-SCHOLAR:
28-NEGLECT:
28-INDULGENCE: PARDON FOR SINS.
29-PURGATORY:
30-CONFRONTATION:
31-EXCOMMUNICATE:
32-RITUAL: RELIGIOUS CEREMONY:
33-HUGUENOTS: FRENCH CALVINISTS.
34-ELDER:
35-CENSOR:
36-MISSIONARY:
37-EDICT:
38-CONCORDAT: FORMAL AGREEMENT.
39-TITHE: INCOME TAX (1/10) PAID TO THE PARISH.
RENAISSANCE & SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
1-GIOTTO (1266-1337): DANTES FRIEND. TRANSITION. PAINTER. FLORENCE.
2-JAN van EYCK (1390-1441): PAINTER. FLANDERS. USE OF OIL TO PAINT.
3-MICHELANGELO (1475-1564): SCULPTOR, PAINTER, AND ARCHITECT. TUSCANY, FLORENCE, AND ROME.
4-RAPHAEL SANTI (1483-1520): PAINTER. ROME.
5-LEONARDO da VINCI (1452-1519): PAINTER, SCIENTIST, INVENTOR. FLORENCE
6-DONATO BRAMANTE (1444-1514): ARCHITECT. MILAN & ROME.
7-JACOB TINTORETTO (1518-1594): PAINTER. VENETIAN SCHOOL.
8-TITIAN (1488-1576): PAINTER. VENETIAN SCHOOL.
9-SANDRO BOTTICELLI (1444-1510): PAINTER. FLORENCE.
10-DE MEDICI FAMILY: THE MOST IMPORTANT AND RICH FAMILY IN FLORENCE DURING THE RENAISSANCE. PATRONS OF ART AND SCIENCE. SEVERAL POPES WERE MEDICI.
11- LORENZO DE MEDICI, "THE MAGNIFICENT": POLITICIAN AND PATRON IN FLORENCE ACCUSED OF TYRANT. FAMOUS MEETINGS.
12-WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616): ENGLISH PLAYWRIGHT.
13-MIGUEL DE CERVANTES (1547-1616): SPANISH WRITER. THE ONE-HANDED OF LEPANTO.
14-JOHANN GUTENBERG (1400-1468): GERMAN INVENTOR (THE PRINTING PRESS - 1440 - USING MOVEABLE METAL TYPES).
15-DONATELLO (1386-1466): SCULPTOR. FLORENCE.
16-ERASMUS (1469-1536): "THE PRINCE OF HUMANISTS". DUTCH PHILOSOPHER AND WRITER. "ADAGIA", "COLLOQUIA", "THE PRAISE OF FOLLY".
17-MACHIAVELLI (1469-1527): POLITICIAN AND WRITER. FLORENCE. "THE PRINCE".
18-FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626): ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER WHO WORKED OUT THE BASICS STEPS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD:
a- DECIDE ON A PROBLEM OR QUESTION.
b- HYPOTHESIS.
c- EXPERIMENT.
d- OBSERVE AND TAKE NOTES.
e- CONCLUSION.
19- PTOLEMY (2nd. CENTURY AD.): AUTHOR OF THE THEORY OF THE EARTH AS THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE. THIS LASTED 14 CENTURIES.
20-- NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543): POLISH ASTRONOMER WHO CHALLENGED PTOLEMYS THEORY SAYING THAT THE EARTH REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN. HE DID NOT EXPERIMENTS BUT HE JUST USED LOGICAL THINKING AND GEOMETRY.
21-JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630): GERMAN ASTRONOMER. AFTER MANY EXPERIMENTS AND USING MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS, HE PROVED COPERNICUS THEORY.
22-GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642): THE MOST IMPORTANT SUPPORTER OF COPERNICUS THEORY. TEACHER OF MATHEMATICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PADUA. HE BUILT A TELESCOPE, DISCOVERED THE ROUGH SURFACE OF THE MOON, THE SUN SPOTS, AND JUPITERS MOONS. HE EXPERIMENTED ON GRAVITY. THE MEDICIS SUPPORTED HIS WORK. GALILEO WAS FORCED BY THE INQUISITION TO DENY HIS DISCOVERY.
23-ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727): ENGLISH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHYSICIST. HE DISCOVERED THAT THE WHITE SUNLIGHT IS COMPOSED FOR ALL THE COLORS AND EXPLAINED WHY PLANETS REMAIN IN THEIR ORBITS: FORCE OF GRAVITY ( G = 9,75 M/SEG2 GF = Gm1.m2 GF: GRAVITY FORCE R2 R: DISTANCE BETWEEN THE OBJECTS).
24-ANDREAS VERSALIUS (1514-1564): FLEMISH DOCTOR WHO STUDIED HUMAN BODY USING CORPSES. HE VIOLATED THE CHURCH RULES.
25-WILLIAM HARVEY (1578-1657): ENGLISH DOCTOR WHO STUDIED THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND BLOOD CIRCULATION.
26-WILLIAM GILBERT (1544-1603): ENGLISH DOCTOR AND PHYSICIST WHO STUDIED MAGNETISM AND STATIC ELECTRICITY.
27-RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650): FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER. HE CREATED ANALYTIC GEOMETRY (REPRESENT POINTS IN SPACE USING A GRAPH. EVERY LINE ON A GRAPH COULD BE REPRESENTED BY AN EQUATION).
28-GABRIEL FAHRENHEIT (1686-1736): HE MADE THE FIRST MERCURY THERMOMETER IN 1714.
Click to see PowerPoints

Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore


St.
Peter's Basilica, Vatican City

Saint Mark's Basilica, Venice


Flight into Egypt
Lamentation
Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337)
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (March 6, 1475-February 18,
1564), one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance.

La Pietà
(1499)
Moses (1513-1515)

David, a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture sculpted by
Michelangelo from 1501 to 1504

God creating Adam

Michelangelo painted 12,000 square feet (1,100 m2) of the
Sistine Chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512. Twenty years later, he also
painted The Last Judgment, the mural on the altar wall from
1534 to 1541.


Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (1452-1519)
The Vitruvian Man, 1487

Mona Lisa or La Gioconda
Leonardo da Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 and,
according to Vasari, "after he had lingered over it four years, left it
unfinished...." He is thought to have continued to work on it for three years
after he moved to France and to have finished it shortly before he died in 1519

The School of Athens, is one of the most famous paintings by
artist Raphael Sanzio (March 28, 1483 – April 6, 1520). It was painted
between 1510 and 1511 as a part of Raphael's commission to decorate with
frescoes the rooms now known as the Stanze di
Raffaello
Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi, better known as Sandro
Botticelli (March 1, 1445-May 17, 1510)

The Birth of Venus (1485)

Primavera / Spring (1478)

The Arnolfini Portrait (1434), by Jan van Eyck (1395-1441), one of
the best Northern European painters of the 15th century.
Use of Perspective or sense of depth, another contribution of the
Reinassace


German goldsmith Johann Gutenberg invented the Printing Press
around 1439.


Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (September 29, 1547-April 22, 1616), author
of Don Quixote

William Shakespeare (26 April 1564-23 April 1616)


Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564-8 January 1642), Tuscan (Italian)
physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in
the
Scientific Revolution.




The Hundred Years War (1337 to 1453)

Joan of Arc

Mechanical Clocks

European Revival: 1200-1500 (Renaissance)
Latin Christians were more inclined to fight with each other than to join forces for any common good. They had no head that all will obey. The numerous kingdoms and principalities of Western Europe had never achieved unity. From 1200 to 1500 they will experience times of unusual progress: splendid architecture, institutions of higher learning, cultural achievements, more powerful weapons, and more unified monarchies. Economic competition, the pursuit of success, and the effective use of borrowed technologies and learning (from the Islamic world and China) made all this possible. They called themselves “Latins”.
Population & Agriculture
Most Europeans were serfs: nine out of ten people were farmers. Each noble had between 13 and 30 peasant families working for him in return for the use of the land. Despite numerous holidays, peasants worked long hours and half of the fruits of their labor went to the lord. Women were subordinated to men. Poverty increased because inefficient farming methods, social inequality, and population growth. Population in Europe in 1300 was about 80 million. It grew significantly during 1100-1345 thanks to the reviving economy. The average life expectancy for a European was 30 to 35 years. New technique in northern Europe increased the farmland available: Three-field system (crops on two-thirds of land and use the third to plant oats to rejuvenate soil and feed plow-horses (more efficient than oxen). Draining swamps and clearing forests also brought more lands under cultivation. Looking for lands to settle, Germans, members of the Order of Teutonic Knights, moved to the eastern Baltic, later called Prussia.
An unusually cold winter provoked the Great Famine of 1315-17.
The Black Death, which begun in Central Asia and spread to Europe during the 1340s, caused the deaths of 75 million people worldwide, approximately 25–50 million of which occurred in Europe, which represented around 35% of Europe's population. It’s now believed that the Black Death was a combination of two diseases: anthrax and bubonic plague. Because of these massive deaths, some people became more religious while others turned to reckless enjoyment. The Black Death trigged social changes. Skilled and manual laborers demanded higher pay and peasants rose up against wealthy nobles and churchmen, looting castles and killing people. Serfdom disappeared in Western Europe as a result of all this. Free peasants used their higher wages to buy land and work for themselves. In urban areas employers had to raise wages too and Guilds reduced the period of apprenticeship.
Industry & Technology
Mining, metalworking, and the use of mechanical energy expanded significantly. Mills powered by water or wind had long been common in the Islamic world; now, Europeans learned to use them. Watermills (England & France many rivers) and Windmills (dry areas: Spain & northern Europe). Waterpower supported the expansion of iron making to produce armors, nails, horseshoes, and tools. Techniques for deep mining developed in Central Europe and spread to the west.
Pollution of the rivers was the negative effect of urban tanneries, combined with human wastes and runoff from slaughterhouses. Deforestation resulted from the massive cut of trees for building ships and growing cities, as well as for clearing forests to make room for farming. Glass and iron industries also consumed great quantities of charcoal.
Cities
By the later Middle Ages wealthy commercial centers stood all along the Mediterranean, Baltic, and Atlantic. Prosperity was visible in the impressive new churches, guild halls, and residences. It was the result of the growth of trade and manufacturing. The cities of northern Italy benefited from their maritime trade with the east. In northern Europe, commercial cities in the County of Flanders also created a major network of trade.
Italian Eastern Mediterranean trade
became stronger when Venice took advantage of the assault against
Constantinople in 1204, conquering Crete and expanding its trade around the
Black Sea. Mongol expansion opened trade routes from Europe to China (See
Marco Polo). Even after Mongol decline, Venetian merchants continued to send
their galleys to Constantinople to buy goods from Asia to sell in Europe.
Like Venice, Genoa also established colonies on the eastern Mediterranean
and around the Black Sea.
In northern Europe an association of
trading cities was created: the Hanseatic League, which traded in the
Baltic, with Russia and England. The Flemish towns of Bruges, Ghent, and
Ypres were famous for manufacturing fine cloth, using raw wool from England.
These cities offered people more social freedom than rural areas. German cities
were independent. Others held special royal charters, excepting them from
the authority of local nobles. This allowed them to change to market conditions
more quickly than those under imperial authorities. Anyone living in charter
cities for over a year might claim freedom. Jews were welcomed here for their
skills.
Even when Jews where under the
protection of the church, they were subject to discrimination and violence. They
were blamed for the Black Death, supposedly poisoning the wells: many were
tortured and burnt. Jews were frequently accused of sorcery and witchcraft. Only
in the papal city of Rome Jews were undisturbed. Some tried to convert them to
Christianity, even baptizing their children against the will of the parents;
Tomas Aquinas and the pope opposed this practice. Because they were not
bound by church laws against usury, Jews were important moneylenders. Jews were
not able to bear witness against Christians. Spanish Jews once
constituted one of the largest and most prosperous Jewish communities under
Muslim rule. In 1492, they were expelled from Spain by the order of the King and
Queen.
Trade Fairs appeared along the
route from Flanders to northern Italy, the most important of which was located
in Champagne. When this territory came under the control of the king of
France, merchants from every nation received safe conducts, promoting
international fairs in the region.
In the late 1200,s English tax
policies made more profitable to manufacture their wool into cloth than
exporting it to Flanders. They hired Flemish textile specialists and acquired
spinning wheels and other devices. England became an exporter of cloth
competing w/ Flanders. Florence also became a center for high-quality
cloth making. The members of the Medici family were bank operators,
supported the manufacture of cloth, were patrons of the arts, and controlled
the government of the city. Europeans learned and started to manufacture their
own silk, cotton textiles, glassware, mirrors, jewelry, and paper that
previously they had to buy from the east. By 1500 the greatest banking family in
Europe was the Fuggers of Augsburg.
Guilds were associations of craft specialists. They dominated civil life in the cities, regulated the business practices of its members and the prices of their products. Guilds trained apprentices and promoted their interests with the city government. They denied membership to outsiders, especially to Jews. Only men were accepted as full members; women may join as wives, widows, or daughters of male members.
A new class of wealthy
merchant-bankers appeared, operating on a vast scale lending money,
providing checking accounts, creating shareholding companies, and investing in
growing industries. They also took care of the transmission to the pope of funds
known as Pete’s pence, a collection taken up annually in every church.
They also lend money to the rulers (pay for wars and lavish courts).
Master builders were in great demand in the thriving cities, where the Gothic Cathedrals (pointed arches, external / flying buttresses, giant windows of brilliantly colored stained glass, and high towers and spires) were the wonders of this period.
Mechanical clocks, invented by craftsmen of the Song Dynasty centuries earlier, became –for the first time everywhere- a regular part of urban life in Western European cities.
Learning, Art, and Literature.
The growing cities were home to
intellectuals, artists, and universities after 1200. In the 1350’s, the pace of
expanding cultural life quickened starting the often called Renaissance,
which began in northern Italy. The Italian Renaissance was a
period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the
period from the end of the 14th century to about 1600.
Some of the “lost knowledge” of the Greek and Arab world (which is going
to feed the Renaissance) came into the Latin West through the recapture of
southern Italy from the Byzantines, and Sicily and Toledo from the Muslims.
Italian
Renaissance literature
includes such figures as the
humanists
Petrarch (the
sonnets
of The
Canzoniere),
Boccaccio (the
tales
of The
Decameron),
and Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (The
Praise of Folly,
Handbook of a Christian
Knight,
On Civility in Children,
etc. ),
the writers Dante Aligheri (the Divine Comedy**),
Geoffrey Chaucer
(the Canterbury Tales),
Baldasare da
Castiglione
(The
Book of the Courtier),
Ludovico Ariosto
(Mad
Orlando) and
Torquato Tasso
(Jerusalem
Delivered) and prose authors such as
Machiavelli
(The
Prince). Around 1450, three technical
improvements revolutionalized printing: movable pieces of type consisting of
individual letters, new ink suitable for printing on paper, and the printing
press of Johann Gutenberg (a mechanical device that pressed inked
type onto sheets of paper). By 1500 at least 10 million printed copies had
issued forth from presses in 238 towns in Western Europe. This was a major
contribution to the spread of knowledge and culture.
Italian Renaissance painting exercised a dominant influence on Western painting for centuries afterwards, with artists such as Giotto (mosaic of the Navicella, frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, etc.), Michelangelo (David, Moses, Pieta, frescos of the Sixtine Chapel, etc.), Raphael (Portrait of Pope Julius II , The Madonna and Child, The School of Athens, Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione, etc.), Botticelli (The Birth of Venus, The Annunciation, La Primavera, etc.) Titian (Flora, Bacchus and Ariadne, The Venus of Urbino, Mars, Venus, and Amor, etc.), Leonardo da Vinci (Vitruvian Man, Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Lady with an Ermine, Portrait of Ginevra de'Benci, etc.), and Jan van Eyck (who was among the first using linseed oil instead of diluted egg yolk to mix with colored pigments to paint) and the same is true for architecture, with Andrea Palladio and works such as Florence Cathedral and St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The patronage of the wealthy merchants and bankers fostered this artistic growth.
Before 1100, Byzantine and
Islamic scholarship surpassed scholarship in Latin Europe. The Dominicans and
Franciscans contributed many talented professors to the growing number of
new independent (charters) colleges created after 1200. It was in Western Europe
where these modern universities, degree-granting corporations,
specialized in multidisciplinary research and advance teaching, were created for
the first time in the world. Between 1300 and 1500 sixty (60) new universities
joined the twenty (20) existing institutions of higher learning. Guilds of
professors were created . Students who passed the exams at the end of their
apprenticeship received a diploma or “license”. Students who completed a
longer training and defended a scholarly treatise became “masters” or
“doctors”. All courses were taught in Latin and each university was famous
in a particular field: Bologna: Law, Montpellier and Salerno: Medicine, Paris
and Oxford: Theology. Theology was specially important because many
students were destined for eclesiastical careers. Many tried to reconcile reason
(Aristotle & Avicena) with faith: Scholasticism (the
dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West during the 12th,
13th, and 14th centuries). The most notable scholastic work was the Summa
Theologica (1267-1273), by Thomas Aquinas, a brilliant Dominican priest,
professor of theology at the University of Paris.
Renaissance humanism
was an intellectual movement that reformed secondary education in Europe.
Beginning in Florence
in the last decades of the 14th century. Humanism described a curriculum — the
studia humanitatis — comprising grammar, rhetoric, moral philosophy,
poetry and history as studied via classical authors. The early beliefs of
humanism were that, although God created the universe, it was humans that
developed and industrialized it.
Politics, Wars, New Monarchies
In 1200, knights were still
the backbone of western European fighting forces. European feudalism, based on
land in exchange for loyalty and military service were still the predominant
socioeconomic and political characteristic of this part of the continent. Kings,
nobles, and the Church were constantly struggling for power. The emergence of
independent trade cities, organizations like the Hanseatic League, the growing
number and influence of wealthy merchants and bankers, and some military
innovations changed everything.
Improved crossbows that
could shoot metal-tipped arrows able to pierce helmets and light body armor, led
to the hiring of professional crossbowmen. The English longbow could
shoot farther and more rapidly than the crossbow. Firearms, based on the
Chinese invention of gunpowder and cannons to shoot metal projectiles,
completely changed the way wars were fought. Cannons were very effective in
blasting holes through the heavy walls of medieval castles and cities. Hand-held
firearms were able to pierce even the heaviest armor hastened the demise of
armored knights. These reduced the role of nobles as providers of soldiers and
knights and increased the power of kings who can now hire the armies to fight
their wars, sometimes borrowing money from bankers and merchants and some other
times taxing the land of their vassals or / and taxing merchants and cities. The
Church also became a source of revenue, making “voluntary” contributions to a
war effort.
When Pope Boniface VIII
(1294-1303) asserted that divine law made the papacy superior to any king, King
Philip of France (1285-1314) sent an army to arrest him, who died as part of the
process. Then, Philip “organized” the election of a French pope, with residence
at Avignon, in southern France. After the Great Western Schism
(1378-1415), with papal claimants at Avignon and Rome, the conflict was solved
returning the papal residence to Rome. The papacy regained its independence, but
the Church lost political influence and power, and monarchs became more
powerful. During the 1400’s, the English and French monarchs gained the right to
appoint important ecclesiastical officials in their realms.
The English monarch was forced
to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, limiting his authority. This was
the most significant early influence on the extensive
historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law. By 1500,
Parliament had become a permanent part of English government.
After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, France ruled over the island. The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) started because three consecutive French kings were not able to produce an heir and Edward III, son of Princess Isabella of France and king of England, laid claim to the French throne. At the beginning, the English occupied a vast territory in France. First use of artillery was in the Battle of Agincourt (1415), which was a major victory for the English. Joan of Arch helped the French to defeat the English, but was captured and burned at the stake in 1431. At the end, the French monarchy recovered control of its country.
Spain and Portugal became more centralized states as a result of the fighting against the Muslims in the Reconquest War, which advanced in waves: Toledo (1085), Cordova (1236), Seville (1248), Ceuta (1415), and Granada (1492). The marriage of Princess Isabella of Castille and Prince Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 led to the permanent union of their kingdoms into Spain. In 1492, just after expelling the last Muslim armies out of Granada, Christopher Columbus started his famous voyage and the Jews were expelled from Spain.
Renaissance |
Later Middle Ages |
|
Philosophy: Humanism Emphasis on secular concerns due to rediscovery and study of ancient Greco-Roman culture. |
Religion dominates Medieval thought. Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas reconciles Christianity with Aristotelian science. |
|
Ideal: · Virtù Renaissance Man should be well-rounded (Castiglione) |
Ideal: · Man is well-versed in one subject. |
|
Literature: · Humanism; secularism · Northern Renaissance focuses also on writings of early church fathers · Vernacular (e.g. Petrarch, Boccacio) · Covered wider variety of subjects (politics, art, short stories) · Focused on the individual · Increased use of printing press; propaganda |
Literature: · Based almost solely on religion. · Written in Latin · Church was greatest patron of arts and literature. · Little political criticism. · Hand-written |
|
Religion: · The state is supreme to the church. · New Monarchs assert power over national churches. · Rise of skepticism · Renaissance popes worldly and corrupt |
Religion: · Dominated politics; sought unified Christian Europe. · Church is supreme to the state. · Inquisition started in 1223; dissenters dealt with harshly |
|
Sculpture: · Greek and Roman classical influences. · Free-standing (e.g. Michelangelos David) · Use of bronze (e.g. Donatellos David) |
Sculpture: · More gothic; extremely detailed. · Relief |
|
Art: · Increased emphasis on secular themes. · Classic Greek and Roman ideals. · Use of perspective. · chiaroscuro · Increased use of oil paints. · Brighter colors · More emotion · Real people and settings depicted. · Patronized largely by merchant princes · Renaissance popes patronized renaissance art |
Art: · Gothic style · Byzantine style dominates; nearly totally religious. · Stiff, 1-dimentional figures. · Less emotion · Stylized faces (faces look generic) · Use of gold to illuminate figures. · Lack of perspective. · Lack of chiaroscuro · Patronized mostly by the church
|
|
Architecture: · Rounded arches, clear lines; Greco-Roman columns · Domes (e.g. Il Duomo by Brunelleschi) · Less detailed · Focus on balance and form |
Architecture: · Gothic style · Pointed arches; barrel vaults, spires · Flying buttresses · Elaborate detail |
|
Technology: · Use of printing press · New inventions for exploration |
Technology: · Depended on scribes
|
|
Marriage and Family: · Divorce available in certain cases· More prostitution· Marriages based more on romance. · Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castiglione) · Sexual double standard · Increased infanticide |
Marriage and Family: · Divorce nonexistent · Marriages arranged for economic reasons. · Prostitution in urban areas · Ave. age for men: mid-late twenties · Avg. age for women: less than 20 years old. · Church encouraged cult of paternal care. · Many couples did not observe church regulations on marriage. · Manners shaped men to please women. · Relative sexual equality |
|
Status of Women: · Legal status of women declined. · Most women not affected by Renaissance · Educated women allowed involvement but subservient to men. · Rape not considered serious crime.
|
Status of Women: · Legal status better than in Renaissance |
Politics:· State is supreme over the church. · New Monarchs assert control over national churches. · Machiavelli |
Politics: · Church is supreme over the state. |
African slavery introduced. |
Few blacks lived in Europe. |
|
Exploration and expansion. |
Crusades |

Contrasting Protestant and
Catholic Doctrine
|
|
|
|
Role of Bible emphasized |
Bible + traditions of Middle Ages + papal pronouncements |
|
"Priesthood of all believers" all individuals equal before God. Sought clergy that preached. |
Medieval view about special nature and role of the clergy. |
|
Anglicans rejected popes authority
monarch Lutherans rejected authority of the pope but
kept Most Calvinists governed church by ministers Anabaptists rejected most forms of church |
Medieval hierarchy: believers, priests, bishops and pope. |
|
Most Protestants denied efficacy of some or all |
All seven sacraments |
|
Consubstantiation Lutherans: bread and
wine Zwingli saw the event of communion as |
Transubstantiation bread and wine retain |
|
Lutherans believed in Justification by faith
Calvinsts: predestination; a good life could |
Salvation through living life according to
Christian |
|
Lutherans and Anglicans believed state controls Anabaptists believed church ignores the state. |
Catholics and Calvinists believed church should |
|
Services emphasized the sermon |
Services emphasized the Eucharist |
REFORMATION
1-BONIFACE VIII (1294-1303): REFUSED TO PAY TAXES TO KING PHILIP IV AND HE ARRESTED HIM (1303).
2-CLEMENT V (1305-1314): HE ACCEPTED TO PAY THE TAXES, DISSOLVED THE ORDER OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR, AND MOVED TO FRENCH TERRITORY.
3-LEO X (1513-1521): THE RENAISSANCE POPE, SUPPORTER OF ARTS. THE SALES OF INDULGENCES. LUTHER’S SCHISM.
4-CLEMENT VII (1523-1534): PROBLEM WITH HENRY VIII.
5-PAUL III (1534-1549): COUNCIL OF TRENT. THE INQUISITION. THE SOCIETY OF JESUS (THE COUNTER-REFORMATION).
REFORMERS
6-JOHN WYCLIFFE (1323-1384): ENGLISH WHO CRITICIZED BISHOPS AND PRIESTS FOR NEGLECTING THEIR RELIGIOUS DUTIES AND BEING INTERESTED ONLY IN WEALTH AND POWER.
7-JOHN HUSS (1369-1415): CZECH. HE ASKED FOR THE REMOVAL OF CHURCH OFFICIALS IN BOHEMIA. HE WAS ARRESTED BY THE CHURCH AND BURNED AT THE STAKE.
8-MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546): GERMAN CHURCH MAN. HE BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE SALVATION DEPENDS ON THEIR FAITH INSTEAD ON GOOD WORKS OR DEEDS, THAT THE BIBLE IS THE SOURCE OF RELIGIOUS TRUTH AND PEOPLE SHOULD READ IT BY THEMSELVES, THAT PRIEST AND POPE SHOULD NOT BE SPECIAL PEOPLE, THAT CEREMONIES AND RITUALS ARE NOT NECESSARY. POPE LEO X EXCOMMUNICATED HIM. GERMAN PRINCES PROTECTED HIM.
9-JOHN CALVIN (1509-1564): FRENCH. HE BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE ARE BORN SINFUL AND THAT THERE ARE SPECIAL PERSONS, "THE ELECTED OF GOD" WHOSE MISSION IS TO GUIDE THE CHRISTIAN SOCIETY. HE HAD TO FLEE FROM FRANCE TO GENEVA. IN 1560, ABOUT 15% OF FRENCH POPULATION WAS CALVINIST: HUGUENOTS.
KINGS AND PRINCES
10-PHILIP IV, THE FAIR (1285-1314): HE ARRESTED BONIFACE VIII (1303), MADE DISSOLVE THE ORDER OF THE TEMPLAR TO GET ITS MONEY AND LANDS, MADE THE NEW POPE TO MOVE TO FRENCH TERRITORY TO CONTROL HIM.
11-FREDERICK ,THE WISE: GERMAN PRINCE WHO HELPED LUTHER.
12-CHARLES I OF SPAIN AND V OF THE HOLY EMPIRE (1517-1556): THE MOST POWERFUL KING IN EUROPE DURING THE 16th. CENTURY.
13-HENRY VIII (1491-1547): ENGLISH KING, FOUNDER OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. THE TUDOR FAMILY. SIX WIVES:
. CATHERINE OF ARAGON (1485-1536): 18 YEARS OF MARRIAGE.
. ANNE BOLEYN (1507-1536): BEHEADED.
. JANE SEYMOUR (1509-1537): MOTHER OF EDWARD VI.
. ANNE DE CLEVES (1515-1557): REPUDIATED.
. CATHERINE HOWARD (1522-1542): BEHEADED.
. CATHERINE PARR (1512-1548): HIS LAST WIFE.
14-EDWARD VI (1537-1553): ONLY SON OF HENRY VIII. KING OF ENGLAND AFTER HIS FATHER DEATH. UNHEALTHY.
15-MARY I TUDOR, "BLOODY MARY" (1516-1558): DAUGHTER OF CATHERINE OF ARAGON. CATHOLIC. SHE PERSECUTED PROTESTANTS. WIFE OF PHILIP II OF SPAIN. QUEEN OF ENGLAND AFTER EDWARD VI DEATH.
16-ELIZABETH I (1533-1603): DAUGHTER OF ANNE BOLEYN. QUEEN OF ENGLAND AFTER MARY'S DEATH. SHE ESTABLISHED A STRONG GOVERNMENT, CREATED A NAVAL FORCE OF PIRATES (FRANCIS DRAKE) TO ATTACK SPANISH GALLEONS AND STEAL THE GOLD FROM AMERICAN COLONIES, FOUGHT AND DEFEATED HIS BROTHER IN LAW, PHILIP II OF SPAIN (LA ARMADA INVINCIBLE). SHE TRIED TO UNIFY CATHOLICS & PROTESTANTS IN ENGLAND (PURITANS OPPOSED TO THIS; MANY FLED TO AMERICA).
17-PHILIP II OF SPAIN, THE PRUDENT (1527-1598): KING OF SPAIN. CREATED A STRONG GOVERNMENT. HE BUILT THE MONASTERY OF THE ESCORIAL (22 YEARS - 1563) WHERE THE KING USED TO GO LOOKING FOR REST. CREATED THE ARMADA TO FIGHT ENGLISH PIRATES.
CHURCH MEN
18-MONK JOHN TETZEL (1465-1519): THE SALE OF INDULGENCES. HIS SLOGAN: "AS SOON AS THE COIN IN THE COFFER RINGS, THE SOUL FROM PURGATORY SPRINGS".
19-IGNATIUS LOYOLA (1491-1556): FOUNDER OF THE SOCIETY OF JESUS.
MAJOR EVENTS OF THE REFORMATION
1-1530 - 1546: CHARLES V DECLARED WAR AGAINST THE LUTHERAN PRINCES. THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG LET EACH PRINCE DECIDE WHICH RELIGION WOULD EXIST IN HIS TERRITORY.
2-ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY, AUGUST 24, 1574: MOBS OF CATHOLICS ATTACKED AND KILLED HUGUENOTS IN PARIS. DURING ALL THE MONTH, PROTESTANTS WERE MURDERED IN ALL FRANCE (12,000).
3-THE THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618-1648): WARS BETWEEN GERMAN PRINCES IN THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE (CATHOLICS VS. PROTESTANTS). TREATY OF WESTPHALIA: GERMAN STATES WOULD HAVE INDEPENDENT GOVERNMENTS. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE SHOULD HAVE THE CONSENT OF THE STATES TO MAKE LAWS, RAISE TAXES, ETC. SPAIN AGAINST FRANCE. SPAIN LOST HOLLAND AND PORTUGAL (INDEPENDENCE).
4-THE COUNTERREFORMATION:
. CORRECT PROBLEMS WITHIN THE CHURCH.
.CENSOR BOOKS.
.THE HOLY INQUISITION.
.THE COUNCIL OF TRENT (1545-1563).
.THE SOCIETY OF JESUS (1540): RELIGIOUS CRUSADERS, MILITARY UNITS, MISSIONARIES, DISCIPLINE.

Martin Luther,
Saxony,
John Calvin,
Picardie region, France
Henry VIII, King of England
Holy Roman Empire (Germany)




Counter Reformation: Burning Books
Ignacio López de Loyola (1491-1556)
founder of the
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572): Around 30,000 Huguenots were
killed by Roman Catholic mobs in France.

Thirty
Years War: 1618 –1648
| Belligerents | |
|---|---|
|
Hungarian anti-Habsburg rebels Zaporozhian Cossacks |
|
| Commanders | |
|
|
|
| Strength | |
| ~495,000, 150,000 Swedes, 20,000 Danish, 75,000 Dutch, ~100,000 Germans, 150,000 French, 6,000 Transylvanian and 20-30,000 Hungarian soldiers |
~450,000, 300,000 Spanish, ~100-200,000 Germans, aprox. 20,000 Hungarian and Croatian cavalry |
Chart above from Wikipedia Encyclopedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years_War



2-Exploration
and Conquest.
Objectives
1-Identify the major reasons for world exploration and discuss its results (I C).
2-Describe the European conquest and rule in America and its consequences.



VOCABULARY
1-MERCHANTS:
2-LINE OF DEMARCATION: WEST-SPAIN, EAST-PORTUGAL.
3-EVIDENCE:
4-HOSTILE:
5-ALLIES:
6-CONQUISTADORES (CONQUERORS): ADVENTURERS SEEKING GOLD AND GLORY.
7-ADELANTADO: FIRST GOVERNORS.
8-DESCENDANTS:
9-JESUIT: MISSIONARIES. CONVERT NATIVES TO CHRISTIANITY.
10-DISRUPT/ ALTER:
11-SMALLPOX:
12-MEASLES:
13-ENCOMIENDA: INDIANS & LAND.
14-CREW:
15- SCURVY: GUMS DISEASE BECAUSE LACK OF VITAMIN C (SAILORS - LONG VOYAGES).
16- VICEROY: KINGS REPRESENTATIVE IN AMERICA.
17-AGE OF DISCOVERY:
PEOPLE
1-PRINCE HENRY, THE NAVIGATOR (1394-1460): HE ESTABLISHED A SCHOOL FOR SAILORS TO PROMOTE EXPLORATIONS. (PORTUGAL).
2-CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS (1451-1506): ITALIAN SAILOR (GENEVA).
3-FERDINAND II OF ARAGON (1452-1516):
4-ISABELLE I OF CASTILE (1451-1504):
5-THE PINZON BROTHERS: SAILORS FROM PALOS DE MOGUER, SPAIN, WHO CAME WITH COLUMBUS TO AMERICA: MARTIN ALONSO (LA PINTA), VICENTE YANEZ (LA NINA).
6-VASCO DE GAMA (1469-1524): PORTUGUESE SAILOR. IN 1497, HE ROUNDED THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE AND REACHED CALCUTTA, INDIA. THE JOURNEY TOOK 2 YEARS.
7-FERDINAND MAGELLAN (1480-1521): PORTUGUESE SAILOR. FIRST TO SAIL AROUND THE WORLD. HE NAMED THE STRAIT. (5 SHIPS, 256 CREWMEN / 1 SHIP, 18 SAILORS).
8-HERNAN CORTEZ (1485-1547): CONQUEROR OF THE AZTECS.
9-MOCTEZUMA II (1466-1520): LAST EMPEROR OF THE AZTECS.
10-FRANCISCO PIZARRO (1475-1541): CONQUEROR OF THE INCAS.
11-ATAHUALPA (1500-1533): LAST EMPEROR OF THE INCAS.
12-BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS (1474-1566): DOMINICAN PRIEST WHO TRIED TO PROTECT AND HELP THE INDIANS.
13-JOHN CABOT (1450-1498): ITALIAN EXPLORER WHO FOUNDED THE FIRST BRITISH COLONY IN NORTH AMERICA.
14-SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN (1567-1635): FRENCH EXPLORER WHO FOUNDED QUEBEC, THE FIRST FRENCH COLONY IN NORTH AMERICA.
15-AMERIGO VESPUCCI (1454-1512): ITALIAN GEOGRAPHER AND SAILOR. HIS NAME WAS GIVEN TO THE NEW CONTINENT.
16-BERNAL DIAZ DEL CASTILLO (1493 - 1584): "The True History of the Conquest of New Spain"
The Three G's: Gold, God, and Glory
Before 1500 most overland and maritime expansion had come from Asia, as had the most useful technologies and the most influential systems of belief. By 1450 much had been accomplished with regard to technology and trade. The greatest success was the trading system that united people around the Indian Ocean.
The voyages of Polynesian people out of sight of land over vast distances across the Pacific Ocean are one of the most impressive feats in maritime history before 1450. Polynesian sailors settled the islands of the eastern Pacific as a result of planned expeditions. Evidence supporting this theory: The plants and domesticated animals found in these islands were common to other Polynesia islands. The languages are also related to those spoken in the western Pacific and Malaysia. The 1976 voyage of the Hokulea proved it was possible. The island of Madagascar was settled by both Malayo-Indonesians and Africans.
Sailing the Indian Ocean was less difficult than other places because the monsoon winds were predictable. The rise of medieval Islam gave trade in this region an important boost. Muslim cities in the Middle East created a demand for commodities from the Far East. Muslim traders shared a common ethic, language, and religion making communications / relations easy. Muslims traders tied the region together in many ways. The Indian Ocean traders operated largely independently of the empires and states they served.
In 1368 the Ming dynasty overthrew Mongol rule in China. The Ming wanted to establish contacts with the people of the Indian Ocean. They sent out seven imperial fleets between 1405 and 1433, led by Admiral Zheng He, a Muslin Chinese eunuch. Reasons: to satisfy curiosity / learn from other people, to enhance China’s commerce, and to show Ming’s power and wealth (give gifts to visited rulers). Treasure Ships carried rich silks, precious metals, and other valuable goods. These voyages were extended to Africa and as a result, at least three trading cities in East Africa sent delegations to China in 1415 (one brought a giraffe). The Swahili silk market was stimulated by these voyages. The Chinese imported more pepper because of this exchange. At the end, the Ming court suspended the voyages because the increase in trade was less than expected, the Mongols were pressuring from the north, and Japanese pirates were also creating problems. China had other priorities. Chinese rulers opposed contacts with peoples whom they regarded as barbarians with no real contributions to make to China. This decision left a power vacuum in the Indian Ocean.
The greatest sailors of the Atlantic before the 1400’s were the Vikings. They were explorers and pirates. They discovered and settled Iceland (770), Greenland (982), and Vinland / Newfoundland in North America. (986). Genoese and Portuguese expeditions discovered and settled the island of Madeira, the Azores, and the Canaries in the 14th. Century.
Amerindians voyages used ocean currents to travel northward from Peru (Incas) to Mexico (Mayas & Aztecs) between 300 and 900 C.E and also colonized the West Indies.. By the year 1000 the Arawak had moved up from small islands in the Lesser Antilles (Barbados and Martinique) into the Greater Antilles (Cuba and Hispaniola). The Carib followed the same route later overrunning most Arawak settlements. They both also organized voyages to North American mainland.
European Expansion
The epic sea voyages sponsored by the Iberian kingdoms (Spain & Portugal) began a maritime revolution that altered the course of world history. They ended the isolation of the Americas. The ways in which African, Asians, and Amerindians perceived and reacted to their new visitors were different and that influenced their future relations.
Iberian rulers had strong economic, religious, and political motives to expand their contacts and increase their dominance. Their maritime and military technologies gave them the means to master the oceans, seize control of maritime routes, and conquer new lands. The individual ambitions and adventurous personalities of the rulers of these states contributed to these events. Many other factors led to these voyages: revival of urban life and trade, struggle with Islamic powers for dominance of the Mediterranean, desire to spread the Christian faith, need to expand trade with distant lands, growing intellectual curiosity about the outside world, need to find a direct maritime route with Asia to avoid trading with the middlemen (Muslims), and alliance between European merchants and rulers. (Also see 3 Gs). The Italian cities of Genoa and Venice did not lead the way in these voyages of exploration because their ships were not suited to sail the Atlantic and they preferred a system of alliances with the Muslim.
Portugal conquered the city of Ceuta (Morocco) in 1415. Portuguese conquerors found that homes there were so big and beautiful that made those in Portugal look like pigsties. The attack was led by young Prince Henry (1394-1460), soon to be known as Henry the Navigator. He wanted to convert Africans to Christianity, to make contact with the rulers of Africa (mainly to gain access to the sub-Saharan gold trade), and to crusade against the Muslims. He also founded a “research institute” at Sagres to promote the study of navigation and to collect info about the lands beyond Muslim North Africa. He worked to improve navigational instruments (magnetic compass and the astrolabe) originally created by the Chinese & the Arabs or Greeks and to design appropriate vessels for the voyages of exploration: the Caravel (fast, strong, maneuverable, and a good fighting ship). In the years that followed, Henry’s explores made an important addition to the maritime revolution: learning to speedily return home from the coasts of Africa by sailing northwest to ride westerly winds. Henry derived fund for his expeditions from the Order of Christ, a military religious order that inherited the properties of the Knights Templar and of which he was governor. The first financial return from the voyages came from the sale of slaves captured in African coasts. However, the gold trade quickly became more important than the slave trade one the Portuguese made contact with the trading networks of West Africa (Mali). In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias was the first Portuguese explorer to round the southern tip of Africa and enter the Indian Ocean. In 1497-98 Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa and reached India. In 1500, ships in an expedition under Pedro Alvarez Cabral, while attempting to find a favorable wind around Africa, discovered by accident the east coast of South America (Brazil).
Many Africans along the West African coast were eager for trade with the Portuguese, including the African king Caramansa who received the Portuguese with a ceremony pledging goodwill and mutual benefits. The oba (king) of the kingdom of Benin in the Niger Delta, received the visit of the Portuguese in 1486. He established a royal monopoly on trade with them, selling pepper, ivory tusks, stone textiles, and prisoners of war. In return, the Portuguese provided Benin with copper and brass, fine textiles, glass beads, and a horse. In the early 1500’s, as the demand for slaves grew, the oba first raised the prices and later limited the sale of slaves. The Portuguese tried to persuade Africans to accept Christianity. In 1538 the ruler of Benin declined to receive more missionaries and closed the market of slaves. The slave trade was controlled by monopolies held by African kings in West Africa. As Vasco da Gama fleet sailed up the coast of East Africa most rulers gave him a cool reception. Malindi, one of the rulers even provided a pilot to guide him to India. Seven years later, when da Gama returned, bombarded and looted most of the coastal cities, but spared Malindi’s. Portuguese aid helped the Christian Ethiopian kingdom from the attacks from the Ottoman Empire. Europeans remained a minor presence in most Africa in 1550. They were more interested in the Indian Ocean trade.
Vasco da Gama’s arrival on the Malabar Coast of India in 1498 did not make a great impression. The samorin (ruler) of Calicut and his Muslim officials received the gifts brought by da Gama with a derisive laughter. The Indian Ocean had been an open sea. Now the Portuguese intended to make it Portugal’s sea, its private property. They counted on the superiority of its ships and weapons. In 1505 the Portuguese fleet of 81 ships and 7,000 men bombarded Swahili Coast cities. Next were Indian ports, like Goa that fell in 1510. The port of Hormuz, controlling the entry to the Persian Gulf, was taken in 1515. The conquest of the port of Diu (Gujarati) in 1535 consolidated Portuguese dominance of the western Indian Ocean. On the China coast, local officials and merchants interested in profitable trade persuaded the imperial government to allow the Portuguese to establish a trading post at Macao in 1557. Operating from there, Portuguese ships monopolized trade between China and Japan. The Portuguese used their control of key port cities to monopolize trade in the Indian Ocean. All ships had to pay taxes, custom duties, and even to carry Portuguese passports. Portuguese patrols seized vessels trying to avoid these requirements, confiscating their cargoes. China and the Mughal empires largely ignored Portugal’s maritime intrusions, only concerned with their vast land possessions. The Ottomans responded more aggressively, trying to fight back. They were defeated twice. Portuguese control was ocean-based. They had little impact on the Asian and African mainlands, in sharp contrast to what happened in the Americas, where the Spain built a huge territorial empire. The result of the domination of the Indian Ocean trade generated considerable profits for Portugal, more spices and luxury goods were shipped to Europe, and the prices offered by the Portuguese were lower than those of Venice or Genoa.
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506), a Genoese sailor, was the leader of Spain overseas missions. He thought that sailing west he could find a shorter way to Asia. In 1492, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand agreed to fund a modest expedition. Columbus departed Friday, the 3rd. of August, with a crew of 90 men and three ships; he carried a letter from Isabella and Ferdinand to the Grand Khan / Chinese Emperor. The 12th. day of October the expedition reached one of the islands of the Bahamas. After other three voyages, Columbus still thought that he had reached Asia. Others, like Amerigo Vespucci, were convinced that Columbus had discovered a new continent, which Amerigo decided to name America. Spain and Portugal agreed to split the “new world” between them. The Treaty of Tordesillas, negotiated by the Pope in 1494, drew an imaginary line dividing the Spanish possessions (west) from the Portuguese (east). By chance, in 1513, a Spanish adventurer named Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crossed the isthmus of Panama from the east and sighted the Pacific Ocean. In 1519 the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the world, which laid the basis for Spanish colonization of the Philippine islands after 1564.
The first Amerindians to encounter Columbus were the Arawak of Hispaniola. During the first contacts, Amerindians welcomed the Europeans. In dealing with small communities in the Caribbean, the European settlers resorted to conquest and plunder rather than trade. At the same time, they were eager to persuade the Indians to accept Christianity. Same practice was used later on the American mainland. The spread of deadly diseases among Amerindians after 1518 killed millions of them, weakening their ability to resist. Those who fought back had a major disadvantage: the Spaniards had horses, firearms, and body armor. The Spanish behaved in America following the same patterns they used during the wars against the Muslims: seeking to serve God and become rich in the process. Conquistadores (conquerors) like Juan Ponce de Leon (1460-1521) participated in the seizure of Hispaniola conquered the island of Borinquen in 1508 and explored Florida in 1513. Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire with the help of native allies who hated the Aztecs. Even when initially the Aztecs destroyed half of the Spanish force and thousands of their allies, they recaptured Tenochtitlan in 1521 thanks to the spread of the smallpox among the city’s defenders, that died by the thousands. In 1532 Francisco Pizarro (1478-1541) and his 180 men captured the Inca emperor, Atahualpa, killing thousand of his soldiers. After receiving a ransom of 6,000 kgs. of gold and 12,000 kgs. of silver that the Incas paid for their emperor’s freedom, Atahualpa was executed by the Spaniards. In 1533 the Spaniards took Cuzco.
European conquests of the Americas were no more rapid or brutal than the Mongol conquest of Eurasia, but their empires would continue to expand for three-and-a-half centuries after 1550. Unlike the Chinese, the Europeans did not turn their backs on the world after an initial burst of exploration. From this point on, the world experienced the European supremacy and control of the world.
Before Columbus

The Vikings











Christopher Columbus

First Encounter

Vasco da Gama's Expedition
Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494






Hernán Cortéz and the conquest of the Aztecs



Pizarro's capture of the Inca emperor, Atahualpa

Pizarro, after receiving a ransom of 6,000 kgs. of
gold and 12,000 kgs. of silver that the
Incas paid for their emperor’s freedom, ordered the execution of Atahualpa.



Syphilis=====================> <========================Smallpox




THE 3 MAJOR REASONS WHY THE SPANISH CAME TO AMERICA:
GOLD, GLORY, AND GOD.
THE CONQUEST OF THE AZTECS
-IN 1519, HERNANDO CORTEZ SAILED WITH 11 SHIPS, 500 SOLDIERS, AND 16 HORSES FROM CUBA TO MEXICO. HE BURNED HIS SHIPS.
-THE AZTECS WERE WAITING THE QUETZALCOATL (LEGEND). THEY BELIEVED THE SPANIARDS WERE GODS. MOCTEZUMA HAD AN ARMY OF 200,000 WARRIORS, BUT INSTEAD OF FIGHTING THE SPANISH, HE SENT GIFTS OF SOLID GOLD TO THEM. CORTEZ WAS RECEIVED IN TENOCHTITLAN.
-NEIGHBOR PEOPLES THAT WERE CONQUERED BY THE AZTECS HATED THEM AND HELPED CORTEZ TO FIGHT AGAINST TENOCHTITLAN.
-MOCTEZUMA WAS KILLED BY HIS OWN PEOPLE. TENOCHTITLAN WAS DEFEATED IN 1521.
THE CONQUEST OF THE INCAS
-IN 1532, FRANCISCO PIZARRO LED 180 SPANIARDS TO SOUTH AMERICA.
-ATAHUALPA WAS FIGHTING A CIVIL WAR AGAINST HIS BROTHER.
-PIZARRO ATTACKED BY SURPRISE AND CAPTURED ATAHUALPA WHO OFFERED A FULL ROOM OF GOLD AS RANSOM. PIZARRO AGREED, BUT WHEN HE HAD THE GOLD, HE EXECUTED ATAHUALPA.
-WITHOUT THEIR LEADER, THE INDIANS ACCEPTED SPANISH RULE.
WHY DID THE AMERICAN EMPIRES FALL SO EASY ?
1-HISTORICAL COINCIDENCE (QUETZALCOATL LEGEND) AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS.
2-INTERNAL PROBLEMS IN NATIVE AMERICAN EMPIRES (DIVISIONS, CIVIL WARS).
3-EUROPEANS HAD CANNONS, GUNS, ARMORS, AND HORSES.
4-MILLIONS OF INDIANS DIED BECAUSE NEW DISEASES (SMALLPOX & MEASLES).
SPANISH COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS & SPANISH RULE IN AMERICA
-CASA DE CONTRATACION DE SEVILLA (1503): CONTROL THE TRADE WITH THE NEW WORLD. (See Archivo General de Indias)
-CONSEJO DE INDIAS (1524): KING'S ADVISORS
-ADELANTADOS: FIRST GOVERNORS.
-VICEROY: KING'S REPRESENTATIVE (CIVIL & MILITARY). VICEROYALTIES:
-CAPTAINCY: ARMY CHIEF IN AN IMPORTANT CITY OR PROVINCE.
-AUDIENCES: JUDICIAL DECISIONS.
-CABILDOS:
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
VICEROYALTIES:
NEW
SPAIN (1535)
Mexico, South of USA, Central America
PERU (1542): Andes
NEW GRANADA (1717) PANAMA, VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA & ECUADOR.
LA PLATA (1776) ARGENTINA, CHILE, URUGUAY
OTHER IMPORTANT COMPONENTS
-ENCOMIENDAS (INDIANS) / MINES / PLANTATIONS (SLAVES)
-MISSIONARIES (BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS). THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH: CHRISTIANIZATION
-AFRICAN SLAVES. THE SLAVE TRADE. THE MIDDLE PASSAGE.
-TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS: PUEBLOS, PRESIDIOS OR FORTRESSES, AND MISSIONS
RESULTS OF EXPLORATION & COLONIZATION
1-EUROPEANS GAINED POLITICAL AND ECONOMICAL POWER; THEY BECAME THE RULING GROUP IN THE WORLD AND THEIR CULTURE THE SUPERIOR ONE.
2-MILLIONS OF NATIVE AMERICANS DIED AND THEIR CIVILIZATION WAS DESTROYED.
3-AFRICA EXPERIENCED THE ROBBERY / EXTRACTION OF MILLIONS OF ITS BEST CHILDREN WHICH WILL HAVE AN IMPACT IN ITS FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
4-WORLD TRADE CHANGED PEOPLES LIVES (NEW ANIMALS, PLANTS, PRODUCTS, AND HABITS).
5-THE WORLD "GREW".
3-The Age of
Kings.
Objectives
1-Discuss the reason for Russias historic desire to obtain warm water ports (I B).
2-Discuss the results of 17th. and 18th. century wars which involved Austria, Poland, Prussia, England, and France (II C).
3-Explain the concept of absolutism and how French rulers gained absolute power from the 16th. - 19th. century (III A).
4-Summarize how the English people gained civil liberties during the 17th. and 18th. centuries (III A).
5-Describe the democratic traditions that evolved in Great Britain (III A).

VOCABULARY
1- Patriotism:
2- Sovereignty:
3- Disobey:
5- Subjects:
6- Treason:
8- Dictator:
9- Tolerance:
10-Burden:
11-Centralize:
12-Revolve: Spin, Turn around.
13-Cavaliers: Rich Anglicans. They used fancy clothes and wigs.
14-Roundheads / Puritans: They fought against cavaliers. They used simple clothes and short hair (Roundheads).
15-ROYAL FAMILIES
-The House of Bourbon: Rulers of France (Luis III, XIV, etc.)
-The House of Romanov : Rulers of Russia.
-The House of Hapsburg: Rulers of Austria.
-The House of Hohenzollern: Rulers of Prussia.
16-Baroque:
Art and Architecture. Use of color instead of drawing, movement, fear
to the vacuum, use of curve lines, exuberance in the forms,
sensuality.
PEOPLE AND LEADERS
Ferdinand of Aragon (1452 - 1516):
Isabella of Castile (1451- 1504):
Charles I (Spain) and V (Germany) (1517- 1556): Grandson of Ferdinand and grandson of the Holy Roman Emperor. He became King of Spain and Emperor of Holy Roman Empire.
Philip II, the Prudent, (1527 - 1598): King of Spain. La Armada & El Escorial.
Henry VIII (1491 - 1547): King of England (6 wives)
Elizabeth I (1533 -1603): Queen of England. Defeated the Spanish Armada.
James I (1566 - 1625): King of England from 1603 to 1625. Problems with the Parliament.
Charles I of England (1600 - 1649): King of England. Civil War. Beheaded.
Oliver Cromwell (1599 - 1658): Leader of the Roundheads. He organized a New Model Army (officials had to be really good soldiers). Called the Lord Protector. He became a military dictator.
Charles II of England (1630 - 1685): Son of Charles I. The Restoration. He was called the Merry Monarch because he was a fun-loving.
James II of England: King from 1685 to 1688. Brother of Charles II. Catholic (This was a problem). The Glorious Revolution (not bloodshed). Parliament made him to abdicate and flee to France. His older daughter (Mary) who was Protestant got the throne.
Mary II (1662 - 1694) and William III (1650 - 1702): They had to sign a Bill of Rights before became monarchs: Constitutional Monarchy.
Louis XIII (1601 - 1643): He ruled under the influence of Richelieu. (The Three Musketeers - Dumas)
Louis XIV (1638 - 1715): The Sun King. His power was absolute. Versailles Palace.
Cardinal Richelieu (1585 - 1642): Louis XIII chief advisor. The real power behind the throne. He helped to consolidate the monarchy.
Cardinal Mazarin (1602- 1661): Louis XIV chief advisor while he was young.
Mikhail Romanov (1613 - 1645): Russian czar. His dynasty ended in 1917.
Peter I, the Great (1672 - 1725): Grandson of Mikhail. Russian Czar. A window to the sea.
Catherine II, the Great (1729 -1796): Wife of Peter III (Crazy). She became the real and absolute power of Russia. Education, Culture and Art.
Frederick William I, The Sergeant King(1688 - 1740): King of Prussia. A military state.
Frederick II, The Great (1744 - 1797): Nephew of Frederick I. He fought against the revolutionary France.
Maria Theresa of Austria (1717 -1780): She fought Frederick II and made the Austrian Empire more powerful.
EUROPEAN CULTURE
SPAIN
1- El Greco (1541 - 1614)
2- Velazquez (1599 - 1660)
BELGIUM
1- Rubens (1577 - 1640)
NETHERLANDS
Rembrandt (1606 - 1669)
AUSTRIA
1- Mozart (1756 - 1791)
FRANCE
1- Moliere (Juan Bautista Poquelin) (1622 - 73): Theater (Comedies).
2- Racine, Jean (1639 - 99): Theater (Tragedies on classics).
3- La Fontaine, Jean de (1621 - 1695): Poet and writer of fables (Aesop).
MAJOR EVENTS
Two Roses War (1455 - 1485): York against Lancaster. Henry VII unified both.
The Invincible Armada (1588). Spain vs. Great Britain.
English Civil War (1642 - 1643): Cavaliers (monarchy) against Roundheads (parliament). The King (Charles I) was beheaded in 1649. Cromwell established a military dictatorship.
The Glorious Revolution (not bloodshed). King James II was forced to abdicate (catholic). His daughter (Mary) became queen after signing a Bill of Rights: Constitutional Monarchy. Parliament will be the law maker.
The Thirty Years War (1618 - 1648): German Princes in the Holy Roman Empire. (Catholics against Protestants). Spain vs. France. The Peace of Westphalia.
The War of Spanish Succession (1701 - 1714): France against Europe. France had to agree that the same king would never rule both nations (France and Spain).
Window to Europe (The Great Embassy) & Warm Water Ports: Russian Wars against the Swedish (Baltic Sea) & against the Ottoman Empire (Black Sea), . Construction of St. Petersburg.
Prussian Expansion
a) The War of Austrian Succession (1740 - 48): France + Spain + Prussia vs. Austria + England + Russia
b) The Seven Years War (1756 - 63): Prussia & Great Britain vs. France + Austria + Russia + Spain. England vs. France (the French and Indian War). Results: Prussia doubled its size, Spain lost Florida, Austria became more powerful, France became weaker, while Britain became the predominant power in Europe.

Philip II, King of Spain
El Escorial

Elizabeth I, Queen of England





Palace of Westminster: British Parliament

Tower of London

Cardinal Richelieu of France
Louis XIV, King of France

Palace of Versailles




Saint Petersburg
Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia

Frederick II of Prussia, Holy Roman Emperor
Maria Theresa,
Archduchess of Austria,
Queen of Hungary and Bohemia
Art: Baroque Click to see PowerPoints

Doménikos Theotokópoulos, El Greco
El Caballero de la mano al pecho or
The Knight of the hand
on the chest, by El Greco

El Entierro del Conde de Orgaz or
The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, by
El Greco

Diego Velazquez
Las Meninas or The Maids of Honour, by Velazquez.

La Venus del Espejo or Venus
in the Mirror, by Velazquez

Peter Paul Rubens
The Judgment of Paris, by Rubens

The Intervention of the Sabine Women, by Rubens
The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus,
by Rubens

Rembrandt
van Rijn
The Night Watch, by Rembrandt

The Syndics, by Rembrandt
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Tulp,
by Rembrandt

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
4-The Enlightenment & The
Age of Revolutions.
Objectives:
1-Describe the events which led to the independence of Portugals and Spains Latin American colonies (II A).
2-Discuss the results of 17th. and 18th. century wars which involved Austria, Poland, Prussia, Russia, England, and France (II C).
3-Suggest reasons for the French Revolution, Napoleons rise to power, and the Napoleonic Wars (II C).
4-Cite reasons for economic and political instability in Austria-Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, the Ottoman Empire, and Spain during the late 19th. century (II C).
5-Analyze the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the reaction it generated on the part of the French citizens (III A).
6-Describe the basic ideas of Karl Marx (III A).
7-Identify achievements during the 19th. century (V C).
8-Analyze the new ideas that emerged during the 18th. Century in Europe that led to Liberalism and Revolutions.

People
1-THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679): ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER. ORDER IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN FREEDOM. PEOPLE GIVE UP THEIR FREEDOM TO GAIN ORDER AND SAFETY.
2-JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704): ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER. PEOPLE ARE BORN WITH THREE BASIC RIGHTS: LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY. GOVERNMENT HAS TO PROTECT THESE RIGHTS. IF IT DOES NOT DO SO, PEOPLE HAVE THE RIGHT TO REBEL AND REPLACE ANY GOVERNMENT.
3-BARON DE MONTESQUIEU (1689-1755): FRENCH WRITER. EACH TYPE OF GOVERNMENT HAS A SPIRIT : -DICTATORSHIP ....FEAR , -MONARCHY...........HONOR, -REPUBLIC...............VIRTUE. HE ASKED FOR THE SEPARATION OF POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT IN DIFFERENT BRANCHES.
4-JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778): FRENCH WRITER. CIVILIZATION CAUSES PEOPLE TO BEHAVE BAD. BEFORE CIVILIZATION PEOPLE WERE COOPERATIVE AND PEACEFUL. HE BELIEVED THAT ALL PEOPLE WERE EQUAL. NO ONE SHOULD HAVE SPECIAL PRIVILEGES. IT IS IMPORTANT TO LIVE A SIMPLE LIFE. A SOCIETY HELD TOGETHER WHEN PEOPLE SHARE A COMMON CULTURE OR GENERAL WILL.
5-FRANCOIS AROUET (VOLTAIRE) (1694-1778): FRENCH WRITER. HE WAS A CRITIC OF WEALTH AND PRIVILEGES. IN FAVOR OF FREE SPEECH AND FREE RELIGION. GOVERNMENT SHOULD NOT INTERFERE WITH PEOPLE FREEDOM.
I DO NOT AGREE WITH A WORD YOU SAID, BUT I WILL DEFEND TO THE DEATH YOUR RIGHT TO SAY IT
6-DENIS DIDEROT (1713-1784): FRENCH PHILOSOPHER. HE SPENT 30 YEARS TO PREPARE AND PUBLISH THE FIRST ENCYCLOPEDIA PUBLISHED IN THE WEST.
7-ADAM SMITH (1723-1790): SCOTTISH ECONOMIST. CONSIDERED THE FATHER OF CAPITALISM. SOCIETIES SHOULD ALLOW INDIVIDUALS TO FOLLOW THEIR OWN INTERESTS. WHAT MOTIVATE PEOPLE TO WORK IS THE DESIRE TO HELP THEMSELVES. PEOPLE SHOULD HAVE THE FREEDOM TO PRODUCE AND SELL PRODUCTS FOR A PROFIT. COMPETITION BETWEEN PRODUCERS WILL LEAD TO BETTER AND CHEAPER GOODS. WEALTH SHOULD BE USED TO PRODUCE MORE WEALTH.
Enlightenment & Liberalism (1700's)
1. Reason, Science, New Technologies, and Knowledge.
2. Individual Freedoms: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of the Press, and Freedom of Assembly.
3. Replace Birth's Privileges by Social / Economic position earned by Merits, Knowledge, and Skills. End of Aristocracy = Meritocracy
4. End Injustices caused by privilege: Equality & Justice.
5. Political authority should reflect the Will of the People.
6. Separation of Powers: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial.
7. Republic or Constitutional Monarchy instead of Absolutist Monarchy.
8. End corruption and excesses of government officials.
9. Laissez-faire: Government should not interfere with the economy. The invisible hand of the market.
10. Power should pass to Middle Class, Businessmen or Bourgeoisie.
11. Materialism & Atheism.
12-Art: Neo-classism
13-Major Figures: Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Locke, and Adam Smith. .
14-Enlightened Despotism: Monarchs tried to create a more efficient administrative order; avoid real / deep changes.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
èRevolutions (American: 1776, French: 1789, Independence of Latin American colonies. Art: Romanticism
èIndustrial Revolution & Capitalism. Art: Realism & Naturalism


Vocabulary
1- BUREAUCRACY:
2- DISBAND / DISPERSE:
3- DICTATOR:
4- GUILLOTINE (DR. GUILLOTINE 1738 - 1814):
5- RADICALISM:
6- REFORMS:
7- ALLIANCE:
8- INSPIRE:
9- STRATEGY / TACTIC:
10-BOUNDARIES:
11-EXILE:
12-RESTORE:
13-ROCOCO: ARTISTIC STYLE
14-ROMANTICISM: ARTISTIC STYLE. REACTION AGAINST REASON. RELATED TO THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS.
15-REALISM: ARTISTIC STYLE. REACTION AGAINST ROMANTICISM. RELATED TO VICTORIAN ERA.
16-UNLEASH / UNTIE / DETACH / BREAK :
17-IDEAL:
18-NATIONALISM: THE BELIEF THAT PEOPLE WHO SHARE THE SAME HISTORY, TRADITIONS, CUSTOMS, AND LANGUAGE SHOULD BE UNITED UNDER ONE GOV.
19-CREOLE:
20-ABOLISH:
21-PROLETARIAT:
22-MARXISM / SOCIALISM / COMMUNISM:
23-UTOPIA:
24-DISTRESS:
25-BOURGEOISIE:
26-ESTATES OR CLASSES: CLERGY, NOBILITY, REGULAR PEOPLE.
27-BASTILLE: THE CITY PRISON IN PARIS.
28- OATH:
29-THE MARSEILLAISE: NATIONAL ANTHEM OF REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE (1795).
31-POSITIVISM: SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY THAT APPLIES TO SOCIETY NATURAL LAWS: SOCIAL DARWINISM.
32-ARISTOCRAT:
PEOPLE
1- LOUIS XVI (1754 - 1793): KING OF FRANCE
2- MARIE ANTOINETTE (1755 - 1793): LOUIS XVIS WIFE. DAUGHTER OF MARY THERESE.
3-JEAN PAUL MARAT (1743-1793): FRENCH RADICAL LEADER. JOURNALIST. THE PEOPLES FRIEND. HE WAS KILLED BY CHARLOTTE CORDAY, A GIRONDIST.
4-GEORGE DANTON (1759-1794): FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY. BRILLIANT SPEAKER. DURING THE REIGN OF TERROR TRIED TO MOVE BACK & STOP THE KILLINGS.
5-MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE (1758-1794): FRENCH RADICAL REVOLUTIONARY. THE MASTER OF THE REIGN OF TERROR. WHO TREMBLES IS GUILTY.
6-JOSEPH FOUCHE (1759-1820): CLEVER CHIEF OF POLICE OF FRANCE FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS. HE WATCHED EVERYONE WITH A SECRET ARMY OF SPIES AND SURVIVED DURING ALL THE PROCESS.
7-CHARLES TALLEYRAND (1754-1838): CLEVER FRENCH BISHOP, POLITICIAN AND DIPLOMAT FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS. HE SERVED, DECEIVED AND BETRAYED MANY PEOPLE AND SURVIVED DURING ALL THE PROCESS.
8-NAPOLEON BONAPARTE (1769-1821): FRENCH GENERAL, CONSUL, AND EMPEROR. HE CHANGED EUROPE FOREVER.
9-JOSEPHINE BONAPARTE (1763-1814): NAPOLEON’S WIFE.
10-JOSEPH BONAPARTE (1768-1844): OLDER BROTHER. KING OF NAPLES & SPAIN .
11-LOUIS BONAPARTE (1778-1846): BROTHER. KING OF HOLLAND.
12-JEROME BONAPARTE (1784-1860): BROTHER. KING OF WESTPHALIA.
13-LOUIS PHILIPPE I, THE CITIZEN KING (1773-1850): KING OF FRANCE. SEE THE REVOLUTION OF 1848. SEE THE 2nd. REPUBLIC.
14-LOUIS BLANC (1811-1882): FRENCH SOCIALIST. AUTHOR OF THE HISTORY OF FRENCH REVOLUTION (12 VOLUMES). LEADER OF THE REVOLUTION OF 1848.
15-LOUIS NAPOLEON III (1808-1873): SON OF LOUIS BONAPARTE. LAST KING OF FRANCE WHO BROUGHT ORDER AND RULED THE NATION FOR 20 YEARS.
16-AUGUSTE BLANQUI (1805-1881): FRENCH SOCIALIST WHO SPENT 33 YEARS IN JAIL. HE WAS ONE OF THE LEADERS OF THE COMMUNE OF PARIS IN 1871.
17-LEOPOLD II (1747-1792): EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA. BROTHER OF MARIE ANTOINETTE.
18-FRANCIS II (1768-1835): EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA WHO FACED NAPOLEON.
19-PRINCE KLEMENS von METTERNICH (1773-1859): FOREIGN MINISTER OF AUSTRIA. MOST POWERFUL MAN IN EUROPE AFTER NAPOLEON DEFEAT. WHEN FRANCE SNEEZES, EUROPE GETS COLD.
20-ALEXANDER I (1777-1825): CZAR OF RUSSIA.
21-MIKHAIL KUTUZOV (1745-1813): RUSSIAN GENERAL WHO FACED NAPOLEON IN AUSTERLITZ AND BORODINO.
22-HORATIO NELSON (1758-1805): BRITISH ADMIRAL WHO WON THE BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR AND DIED THERE.
23-DUKE OF WELLINGTON (ARTHUR) (1769-1852): BRITISH GENERAL WHO DEFEATED NAPOLEON IN WATERLOO.
24-FREDERICK WILLIAM III (1770-1840): KING OF PRUSSIA.
25-KARL MARX (1818-1883): GERMAN PHILOSOPHER, ECONOMIST, AND SOCIOLOGIST. FOUNDER OF THE THEORY OF MODERN SOCIALISM AND COMMUNISM.
26-FRIEDRICH ENGELS (1820-1895): MARXS FRIEND AND ASSISTANT.
LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCES LEADERS
27-SIMON BOLIVAR, THE LIBERATOR (1783-1830): HE WAS BORN IN VENEZUELA AND WAS THE LEADER OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE NORTHERN PART OF SOUTH AMERICA.
28-JOSE DE SAN MARTIN (1778-1850): HE WAS BORN IN ARGENTINA AND WAS THE LEADER OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF SOUTH AMERICA. AFTER A SECRET MEETING WITH BOLIVAR LEFT HIS ARMY AND WENT TO FRANCE WHERE HE DIED.
29-BERNARDO OHIGGINS (1778-1842): CHILEAN GENERAL AND FIRST PRESIDENT OF CHILE. MIRANDAS FRIEND. HE FOUGHT UNDER SAN MARTIN LEADERSHIP, PARTICIPATED IN CHACABUCO AND MAIPU. HE HAD TO LEAVE THE COUNTRY AND DIED IN PERU.
30-TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE (1743-1803): HAITIAN HERO AND LEADER OF THE INDEPENDENCE. HE WAS CAPTURED AND DIED IN A FRENCH JAIL.
31-FRANCISCO MIRANDA (1750-1816): VENEZUELAN HERO.
32-ANTONIO JOSE DE SUCRE (1795-1830): VENEZUELAN HERO, FRIEND OF MIRANDA AND GENERAL UNDER BOLIVAR LEADERSHIP. HE PARTICIPATED IN PICHINCHA (ECUADOR) AND AYACUCHO (PERU). FIRST PRESIDENT OF BOLIVIA. HE WAS KILLED.
33-MIGUEL HIDALGO (1753-1811): MEXICAN PRIEST, LEADER OF THE INDEPENDENCE. GRITO DE DOLORES.
34-JOSE MORELOS (1765-1815): MEXICAN PRIEST, FRIEND AND FOLLOWER OF HIDALGO.
WRITERS AND ARTISTS
35-HONORE DE BALZAC (1799-1850): FRENCH WRITER. REALISM. THE HUMAN COMEDY : 97 NOVELS (STEREOTYPES). : EUGENE GRANDET . THE MAGIC SKIN. FATHER GORIOT. LOST ILLUSIONS. COUSIN BETTE. COUSIN PONS.
36-VICTOR HUGO (1802 - 1885): FRENCH WRITER REALISM. THE MISERABLES. NOTRE DAME OF PARIS. NINETY-THREE
37-EMILE ZOLA (1840 - 1902): FRENCH WRITER. NATURALISM. THERESE RAQUIN, THE BELLY OF PARIS, GERMINAL, I CONDEMN (DREYFUS CASE), NANA, THE PUB.
38-ALEXANDER DUMAS, Father (1802 - 1870): FRENCH WRITER HISTORICAL THEMES & ROMANTICISM. THE COUNT OF MONTECRISTO, THREE MUSKETEERS, TWENTY YEARS AFTER.
39-JULES VERNE (1828 - 1905): FRENCH WRITER OF SCIENCE FICTION. FIVE WEEKS IN BALLOON, JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH, FROM THE EARTH TO THE MOON, TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA, THE MYSTERIOUS ISLAND, AROUND THE WORLD IN 80 DAYS.
40-EMILIO SALGARI (1863 - 1911): ITALIAN WRITER. ADVENTURE THEMES. ROMANTICISM. THE BLACK CORSAIR, CAPTAIN STORM, SANDOKAN.
41-JOHANN WOLFGANG GOETHE (1749 - 1832): GERMAN WRITER. ROMANTICISM. THE SORROWS OF YOUNG WERTHER, FAUST.
42-HENRIK IBSEN (1828 - 1906): NORWEGIAN WRITER. A DOLLS HOUSE.
43-BENITO PEREZ GALDOS (1843 - 1920): SPANISH WRITER. ROMANTICISM / REALISM. ZARAGOZA, DONA PERFECTA, MIRANDA, FORTUNATA Y JACINTA, EPISODIOS NACIONALES.
44-EUGENE DELACROIX (1798 - 1863): FRENCH PAINTER. SCHOOL OF ROMANTICISM.
45-FRANCISCO JOSE DE GOYA (1746 - 1828): SPANISH PAINTER.
46-LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770 - 1827): GERMAN MUSICIAN.
47-MARY SHELLEY (1797-1851): ENGLISH NOVELIST, WIFE OF PERCY BYSSHE SHELLY, A RICH POET AND FREE - THINKER. SHE EDITED HER HUSBAND WORKS AND WAS THE AUTHOR OF FRANKENSTEIN (1818).
48-CHARLES DICKENS (1812-1870): ENGLISH NOVELIST. OLIVER TWIST, DAVID COPPERFIELD, ETC.
49-THE BRONTE SISTERS: -ANNE (1820-1849): AGNES GREY. -CHARLOTTE (1816-1855): JANE EYRE, SHIRLEY, THE PROFESSOR. -EMILY (1818-1848): WUTHERING HEIGHTS.
50-Sir ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE (1859-1930): ENGLISH NOVELIST. DETECTIVE STORY CREATOR: SHERLOCK HOLMES AND HISTORICAL: THE WHITE COMPANY.
51-ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON (1850-1894): SCOTTISH NOVELIST. THE TREASURE ISLAND, Dr. JEKYLL AND Mr. HYDE, THE MASTER OF BALLANTRAE, ETC.
52-CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882): ENGLISH NATURALIST. THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY NATURAL SELECTION (EVOLUTION / THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST).
53-AUGUSTE
COMTE (1798-1857):
FRENCH PHILOSOPHER. FOUNDER OF POSITIVISM (SOCIETY FOLLOWS NATURAL
LAWS LIKE NATURE & SCIENCE).
1-FRANCE WAS ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST NATIONS IN EUROPE. FRENCH CULTURE WAS THE STANDARD FOR THE WESTERN WORLD.
2-ENLIGHTENMENT CAME FROM FRANCE.
3-FRENCH SOCIETY WAS DIVIDED INTO THREE ESTATES:
- FIRST ESTATE (THE CLERGY)........ - 1% OF POPULATION, 10% OF THE LAND, NOT TAXES.
- SECOND ESTATE (THE NOBILITY) - 5% OF POPULATION, MOST IMPORTANT POSITIONS IN GOVERNMENT, MOST OF THE WEALTH, NOT TAXES.
- THIRD ESTATE .................................. - 94% OF POPULATION (PROFESSIONALS & BUSINESSMEN, WORKERS, & PEASANTS); HEAVILY TAXED: 1/2 OF THEIR INCOME; WORK ON GOV. PROJECTS ONCE A YEAR WITHOUT PAY, NO POLITICAL POWER; PARIS HAD MOBS OF HUNGRY PEOPLE.
4-THE GOVERNMENT HAD SERIOUS PROBLEMS IN 1788:
- THE GRAIN HARVEST WAS POOR. BREAD DOUBLED IN PRICE. URBAN POOR PEOPLE WERE STARVING TO DEATH AND READY TO REVOLT.
- THE FRENCH TREASURY WAS EMPTY AND THE GOV. WAS IN DEBT (HELP TO AMERICA VS GB).
- THE KING TRIED TO TAX THE NOBLES, BUT THEY REFUSED TO PAY UNLESS THE KING CALLED A MEETING OF THE ESTATES GENERAL.
5-ON MAY 1, 1789, THE ESTATES GENERAL MET (610 REPRESENTATIVES FROM 3RD ESTATE, 591 REPRESENTATIVES FROM 1ST AND 2ND ESTATES).
6-THE THIRD ESTATE WANTED ALL ESTATES TO MEET TOGETHER AND VOTE AS INDIVIDUALS ( AN OLD RULE ESTABLISHED THAT EACH ESTATE HAD 1 VOTE), BUT THE KING DID NOT ACCEPT THAT.
7-THE THIRD ESTATE DECLARED THAT THEY WERE A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY WHICH REPRESENTED THE FRENCH PEOPLE. THE KING EXPELLED THEM OUT OF THE MEETING HALL.
8-THE NEW NATIONAL ASSEMBLY DECIDED TO MEET IN A NEARBY TENNIS COURT AND TO WRITE A CONSTITUTION (JUNE 20, 1789) :THE TENNIS COURT OATH. THEY ASKED FOR AN END TO ABSOLUTE MONARCHY. THE NEW CONSTITUTION DECLARED THAT ALL MEN ARE EQUAL.
9-IN PARIS, MOBS WERE RIOTING OVER THE HIGH PRICE OF BREAD AND ATTACKED THE BASTILLE (JULY 14, 1789). FRENCH TROOPS JOINED THEM.
10-THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY DECIDED TO APPROVE SEVERAL REFORMS:
- END THE PRIVILEGES OF CLERGY AND NOBLES
- ADOPT THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN (FREE SPEECH, FREEDOM OF RELIGION, EQUAL JUSTICE UNDER LAW).
11-RADICAL LEADERS (JACOBINS) CALLED FOR AN END TO THE MONARCHY. MODERATES DEMANDED TO KEEP THE KING (GIRONDIST).
12-IN 1791, THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY CREATED A NEW GOVERNMENT: A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY.
- THE KING HAD THE POWER TO ENFORCE THE LAW, BUT HAD TO RESPECT THE CONSTITUTION.
- THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY HAD THE POWER TO MAKE THE LAWS.
13-IN APRIL OF 1792, LEOPOLD II, KING OF AUSTRIA, (BROTHER OF MARIE ANTOINETTE) AND THE KING OF PRUSSIA DECLARED WAR TO FRANCE TO RESTORE THE ORDER (MANY FRENCH NOBLES HAD ASKED FOR HELP).
14-THE FRENCH ABOLISHED THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY AND CALLED FOR A NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION TO FORM A MORE DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT. THEY DECLARED THAT FRENCH WOULD FIGHT FOR LIBERTY, EQUALITY, AND FRATERNITY (A NEW KIND OF ARMY).
15-GB AND SPAIN JOINED AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA TO ATTACK THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.
16-LOUIS XVI AND MARIE ANTOINETTE WERE TRIED FOR TREASON. THE KING WAS EXECUTED ON JAN. 21, 1793.
17-THE RADICAL LEADERS (JACOBINS), WITH THE HELP OF THE MOB, ARRESTED THE MODERATES AND CREATED THE COMMITEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY (JULY 1793) THAT WAS LED BY MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE, TO ELIMINATE THE ENEMIES OF THE REVOLUTION INSIDE FRANCE .
18-JULY - 1793 TO JULY - 1794: THE REIGN OF TERROR. THOUSANDS WERE SENT TO THE GUILLOTINE INCLUDED ROBESPIERRE.
19-IN 1794, A NEW CONSTITUTION AND A NEW GOVERNMENT WERE APPROVED / CREATED TO BRING ORDER AND PEACE TO THE NATION: THE DIRECTORY (5 PEOPLE) WOULD BE THE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EXECUTIVE POWER (1794 - 1799).
20-IN NOV /1799, NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, A YOUNG GENERAL (30), TOOK CONTROL OF THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT.
21-IN 1800, NAPOLEON MADE THE FRENCH PEOPLE TO APPROVE A NEW CONSTITUTION THAT GAVE HIM THE TITLE OF FIRST CONSUL. TWO YEARS LATER, THE POSITION WAS ASSIGNED TO HIM FOR LIFE .
22-ON DEC / 1804, NAPOLEON MADE THE POPE TO CROWN HIM AS THE EMPEROR OF FRANCE.
23-FROM 1806 TO 1812, NAPOLEON CONQUERED ALMOST ALL EUROPE: See Napoleonic Wars
- HE ENDED THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE AND CREATED THE CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE.
- HE DEFEATED THE ARMIES OF AUSTRIA AND RUSSIA.
- HE TOOK CONTROL OF ITALY, HOLLAND AND SPAIN AND SHARED THE POWER WITH HIS BROTHERS.
- BECAUSE OF HE HAD NOT FLEET TO FACE OR INVADE GB, HE FORBADE ALL TRADE WITH G B TO RUIN ITS ECONOMY. THAT POLICY WAS CALLED: THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM. IT FAILED BECAUSE THE BRITISH NAVY WAS SO POWERFUL THAT DECLARED A BLOCKADE AGAINST FRANCE AND PREVENTED MOST OF THE SHIPS FROM ENTERING FRENCH PORTS.
24-IN 1812 NAPOLEON MADE A BIG MISTAKE : HE INVADED RUSSIA (BECAUSE RUSSIA DECIDED TO TRADE WITH GB). HE LAUNCHED A HUGE ARMY OF 600,000 TO MOSCOW; ONLY 40,000 MADE IT BACK TO FRANCE.
25-SEEING THE WEAKENED FRENCH ARMY, THE ARMIES OF GB, PRUSSIA, RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA ATTACKED AND CAPTURED PARIS (MARCH 1814). NAPOLEON WAS SENT TO ELBA AND THE MONARCHY WAS RESTORED (LOUIS XVIII).
26-IN MARCH OF 1815, NAPOLEON RETURNED TO FRANCE. THE KINGS TROOPS JOINED HIM. HE ORGANIZED A NEW ARMY OF 125,000 (THE 100 DAYS GOV.)
27-JUNE 18, 1815: NAPOLEON WAS DEFEATED IN WATERLOO.
MAJOR NAPOLEONIC BATTLES
1- RIVOLI (1797): TOWN IN NORTHERN ITALY. NAPOLEON* VS. AUSTRIA.
2- TRAFALGAR (1805): SPANISH CAPE NEAR GILBRALTAR. NAVAL BATTLE: FRANCE + SPAIN VS. G.B.*
3- AUSTERLITZ (DEC/1805): TOWN IN MORAVIA (CZECH REPUBLIC) . NAPOLEON * VS. AUSTRIA + RUSSIA.
4- SPAIN (1808 - 1813): NAPOLEON OCCUPIED SPAIN. (GREAT RESISTANCE / IRREGULAR WAR).
5- MARENGO (1809): TOWN IN NORTHERN ITALY. NAPOLEON* VS. AUSTRIA.
6- BORODINO (1812): TOWN NEAR MOSCOW. NAPOLEON* VS. RUSSIA.
7- WATERLOO (1815): TOWN OF BELGIUM. NAPOLEON VS. G.B.* + PRUSSIA.
NAPOLEONS MAJOR PERIODS:
- NOV/1799 : COUP DETAT - CONSUL.
- 1799 - 1804 : CONSULATE
- 1804 - 14 : EMPIRE
- 1814 : ABDICATION - EXILE (ELBA ISLAND, NEAR OF ITALY)
- 1815 : - GOV. OF THE 100 DAYS
- WATERLOO
- CAPTIVITY IN SAINT HELEN ISLAND, IN SOUTH AFRICA (BRITISH POSSESSION).
CONSEQUENCES OF NAPOLEON'S RULE:
- NAPOLEONIC CODE : French Civil Code; The Rule of Law: everyone is equal in front of the law; nobody is above the law. It is considered the first successful legal codification and strongly influenced the law of many other countries. The Code, with its stress on clearly written articles and accessible for all was a major step in establishing the rule of law. Historians have called it "one of the few documents which have influenced the whole world."
- SPREAD THE IDEAS OF FRENCH REVOLUTION THROUGHOUT EUROPE.
- SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM. HE CHANGED THE BOUNDARIES OF EUROPE.
EUROPE AFTER NAPOLEON:
1814: THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA. LEADERS OF AUSTRIA, BRITAIN, PRUSSIA & RUSSIA MET TO DISCUSS HOW WOULD BE THE PEACE IN EUROPE AFTER NAPOLEON. METTERNICH WAS THE MOST INFLUENTIAL MAN IN THE MEETING. HIS PLAN WAS:
1- MAKE SURE THAT FRANCE WOULD NO BE A THREAT AGAIN.
2- ACHIEVE A BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPE.
3- RESTORE THE MONARCHY.
4- RETURN THE LAND TO THOSE NATIONS THAT HAD LOST IT BECAUSE OF NAPOLEONS CONQUEST. (RUSSIA RECEIVED FINLAND AND POLAND; AUSTRIA RECEIVED NORTHERN ITALY; BRITAIN RECEIVED CEYLON, MALTA AND PART OF SOUTH AFRICA; SWEDEN RECEIVED NORWAY).
5- THE GERMAN STATES WERE ORGANIZED INTO A GERMAN CONFEDERATION UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF AUSTRIA.
NATIONALISM
1-NATIONALISM BECAME AN IMPORTANT IDEAL FOR MANY PEOPLE. METTERNICH FEARED THAT THIS FEELING WOULD END THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.
2-THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL NATIONAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE OCCURRED IN GREECE (1821 - 27) WHICH OBTAINED ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AFTER A LONG STRUGGLE. LORD BYRON VOLUNTEERED AND DIED HELPING THE GREEKS.
3-UNIFICATION OF GERMANY AND ITALY.
LATIN AMERICA
1-REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE INSPIRED INDEPENDENCE IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES
2-1794: TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE LED A SLAVE REVOLT IN HAITI AND FORCED THE FRENCH TO LEAVE THE ISLAND. THIS ONE WAS THE FIRST COLONY IN AMERICA TO GAIN ITS INDEPENDENCE.
3-THE CONFLICT CREOLE (LAND & MONEY) VS. PENINSULAR (POLITICAL POWER) WAS IN THE CENTER OF THE WARS FOR INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA.
3-IN 1819, BOLIVAR FREED NEW GRANADA AND CREATED THE GREAT COLOMBIA. IN 1824, HE FREED PERU.
4-IN 1816, SAN MARTIN FREED ARGENTINA; IN 1817, CHILE.
5-BRAZIL GAINED ITS INDEPENDENCE PEACEFULLY IN 1822.
6-HIDALGO AND MORELOS FREED MEXICO IN 1821. (INDIANS PLAYED A KEY ROLE).
OTHER REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE
1-FROM 1830 TO 1848 NEW REVOLTS OCCURRED IN EUROPE ASKING FOR DEMOCRATIC REFORMS. PROTESTORS BUILT BARRICADES IN THE STREETS OF PARIS, SOLDIERS JOINED THE RIOTERS.
2-IN 1830, A REBELLION FREED BELGIUM FROM DUTCH RULE.
3-POLISH REBELLED AGAINST THE RUSSIAN RULE, BUT THEY WERE DEFEATED.
4-GERMANS AND NATIONALISTS IN ITALY TRIED TO GAIN THEIR INDEPENDENCE, BUT AUSTRIA CRUSHED THEM.
5-FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848: VOTERS ELECTED LOUIS NAPOLEON III AS THE NEW RULER OF FRANCE. HE BROUGHT ORDER TO THE COUNTRY.
6-UTOPIAN SOCIALISTS (PEACEFUL CHANGES) VS. MARXISTS (REVOLUTION).
7-IN 1848, MORE THAN 50 REBELLIONS BROKE OUT IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF EUROPE. THE OLD RULING ORDER WAS FINISHED. CAPITALISM STARTED.
1-BECAUSE OF THE FRENCH DEFEAT BY THE PRUSSIAN ARMY, PEOPLE REVOLTED IN PARIS (MARCH 18 - MAY 28 1871).
2-A REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT WAS CREATED (MARX SAW IT AS THE FIRST SOCIALIST STATE IN HISTORY).
3-JACOBINS AND FOLLOWERS OF BLANQUI PREVAILED IN THE NEW GOVERNMENT. THEY HAD CANNONS AND 1/2 MILLION OF RIFLES, BUT THEY HAD NEITHER DISCIPLINE NOR MILITARY EXPERIENCE.
4-THE REGULAR FRENCH ARMY, WITH SUPPORT FROM SEVERAL EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS, BESIEGED THE CITY FOR 3 MONTHS. 65,000 DEFENDERS OF THE COMMUNE WERE KILLED.








Louis XVI, King of France

Robespierre
Marat
Danton


Storming The Bastille, 14 July of 1789
Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789
Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789
The representatives of the French people, organized as a National Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of man, in order that this declaration, being constantly before all the members of the Social body, shall remind them continually of their rights and duties; in order that the acts of the legislative power, as well as those of the executive power, may be compared at any moment with the objects and purposes of all political institutions and may thus be more respected, and, lastly, in order that the grievances of the citizens, based hereafter upon simple and incontestable principles, shall tend to the maintenance of the constitution and redound to the happiness of all. Therefore the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of man and of the citizen:
1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.
2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.
3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.
4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law.
5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law.
6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents.
7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as resistance constitutes an offense.
8. The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense.
9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoner's person shall be severely repressed by law.
10. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law.
11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.
12. The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces. These forces are, therefore, established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of those to whom they shall be intrusted.
13. A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration. This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means.
14. All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally or by their representatives, as to the necessity of the public contribution; to grant this freely; to know to what uses it is put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes.
15. Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration.
16. A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all.
17. Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity, legally determined, shall clearly demand it, and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified.


The Guillotine: Reign of Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte


British navy defeated Napoleon's.


His greatest mistake: He lost 400,000 men


In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815,
near
Waterloo, Belgium) forces
of the
French Empire under
Napoleon Bonaparte and
Michel Ney were defeated
by those of the
Seventh Coalition,
including a
Prussian army under the
command of
Gebhard von Blücher
and an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the
Duke of Wellington.
Duke of Wellington


European leaders met in Vienna trying to undo Napoleon's changes and to replace
old kings in their thrones.

Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, "father" of the Congress of Vienna

Art: Romanticism Click to see PowerPoints

Ludwig van Beethoven, German
composer and
pianist.
Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes, Spanish painter

The Royal Family, by Goya

Duchess of Alba, by Goya
La Maja, by Goya


Eugène Delacroix, French romantic painter.

Liberty leading the people, by Delacroix

Dante and Virgil, by Delacroix



Simón Bolivar
José de San Martín

Barricades and Revolutions in
1830 and
1848

Karl Marx
Friedrich Engels
5-The
Industrial Revolution: 1750-1900's.
Objectives
1-Analyze the relationship between industrialization and imperialism during the late 19th. century (II A).
2-Describe the democratic traditions that evolved in Great Britain (III A).
3-Trace the origins and the development of the Industrial Revolution (IV A).
4-Analyze the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the western world (IV A).
5-Describe how philosophers responded to the problems created by industrialization and laissez-faire economics (IV A).
6-Explain how the scientific revolution led to the use of mechanical power and improved industrial production, transportation, and communication after 1900 (IV A).
7-Identify achievements during the 19th. century (V C).
Stages of the Industrial Revolution


VOCABULARY
1-PHONY / FAKE:
2-NATURAL RESOURCES: MINERALS, WATER, FUELS, ETC.
3-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1750-1900's): CRITICAL CHANGES IN THE ECONOMY; INVENTIONS THAT CHANGED THE WAY PEOPLE LIVED; THE BOURGEOISIE AS A KEY NEW SOCIAL CLASS; THE CITIES, FACTORIES AND TRADE.
6-PROFITABLE:
7-SPINDLE: TRANSFORM COTTON INTO THREAD.
8-TEXTILE:
9-CANAL:
10-RAW MATERIALS:
11-INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE:
12-CRUDE / REFINED OIL:
13-URBAN vs. RURAL:
14-PATENT: RIGHTS ON INVENTIONS, DESIGNS, DISCOVERIES, ETC.
15-COPYRIGHT: RIGHTS ON PHOTOS, BOOKS, ARTICLES.
16-QUACK: FAKER WHO CONVINCED SICK PEOPLE THAT SOME “NEW SCIENTIFIC DEVICES” CAN CURE THEIR ILLNESS.
17-MASS PRODUCTION: LARGE QUANTITIES OF THE SAME PRODUCT (LOWER THE COST PER UNIT).
18-CAPITALISM:
19-LIBERALISM:
20-COLONIALISM:
INVENTORS
8-JAMES HARGREAVES: ENGLISH INVENTOR (SPINNING JENNY).
9-ELI WHITNEY (1765-1825): AMERICAN INVENTOR (COTTON GIN).
10-HENRY BESSEMER (1813-1898): ENGLISH ENGINEER. (LOW-COST METHOD FOR MAKING STEEL).
11-JAMES WATT (1736-1819): SCOTTISH ENGINEER. (USE OF THE STEAM ENGINE TO TURN WHEELS). See Alessandro Volta
12-GEORGE STEPHENSON (1781-1848): ENGLISH ENGINEER. (FIRST STEAM LOCOMOTIVE: PUFFING BILLY . FATHER OF THE RAILWAYS).
13-FRANCIS LOWELL: AMERICAN INDUSTRIALIST. FOUNDER OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORY TOWN IN AMERICA (MASSACHUSETTS). HE ESTABLISHED A MODEL OF HOW FACTORY OWNERS SHOULD TREAT THEIR WORKERS.
14-SAMUEL MORSE (1791-1872): AMERICAN PHYSICIST AND INVENTOR (TELEGRAPH)
15-ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL (1847-1922): AMERICAN PHYSICIST AND INVENTOR. (TELEPHONE).
16-THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931): AMERICAN PHYSICIST AND INVENTOR. HE RECEIVED MORE THAN 1,000 PATENTS: ELECTRIC LAMP, PHONOGRAPH, MOTION PICTURE PROJECTOR, ETC.
17-GOTTLIEB DAIMLER (1834-1900): GERMAN ENGINEER AND INVENTOR. (FIRST INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE. IT MADE THE AUTOMOBILE POSSIBLE).
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1750 - 1900's)
1-STARTED IN ENGLAND, IN THE
TEXTILE INDUSTRY
2-MACHINES REPLACE HAND TOOLS
3-NEW SOURCES OF POWER (STEAM, ELECTRICITY) REPLACED HUMAN &
ANIMAL POWER
4-THE ECONOMY SHIFTED FROM FARMING TO INDUSTRY
5-MANY PEOPLE LEFT FARMS TO GO TO THE CITIES (RURAL TO URBAN
LIFE)
6-FACTORY-TOWNS EMERGED. HIGH CONCENTRATION OF PEOPLE PLUS UNHEALTHY
CONDITIONS: EPIDEMICS
7-WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE THE PREFERABLE WORKERS: LOWER SALARY, 12-16
HOURS A DAY, 6 DAYS A WEEK
8-RIVERS AND SEA PORTS PLAYED A CRITICAL ROLE: WATER
9-NEW ROADS, BRIDGES, CANALS, STEAMBOATS WERE BUILT. THE RAILROAD
CHANGED EVERYTHING
10-THE AUTOMOBILE CHANGED THE LIFE IN THE CITIES
WHY IN ENGLAND?
ENGLISH AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION:
enclosure,
mechanization,
four-field crop rotation, and
selective breeding.
STRONG MINING AND METAL INDUSTRIES
WORLD'S LARGEST MERCHANT MARINE
FLUID SOCIAL STRUCTURE
WORLD'S LEADING EXPORTER
ACCUMULATED CAPITAL
POLITICAL STABILITY

PROS & CONS
1-PRODUCTION INCREASED
CONSIDERABLY: LOWER COSTS & HIGHER QUALITY. MAS PRODUCTION. THE ASSEMBLY LINE.
2-TRANSPORTATION & COMMUNICATION GOT BETTER
3-EDUCATION AND CULTURE WERE ACCESSIBLE FOR MORE PEOPLE
4-PEOPLE LIVED LONGER
1-TRADITIONAL FAMILY DISINTEGRATION. CHANGE
IN MORAL VALUES AND LIFE STYLES.
2-STRESS AND NERVOUS BREAKDOWNS INCREASED.
3-CRIME RATES AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS INCREASED.
4-POLLUTION
5-MORE ACCIDENTS
6-DEFORESTATION
7-MANY ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE SPECIES BECAME EXTINCT
8-MONOPOLIES






Ford's Assembly Line. The Model T


THE RAILROAD BOOM
-AFTER THE CIVIL WAR THOUSANDS OF MILES OF NEW RAIL LINES WERE BUILT TO LINK TOWNS AND CITIES. COMPANIES STANDARDIZED THEIR TRACK (SAME WIDTH). THEN, THE RAILROADS BECAME A SYSTEM (NETWORK).
-COMPANIES IMPROVED SERVICED ADDING SLEEPING AND DINNING CARS TO TRAINS. THE RATE WARS WAS AN EXAMPLE OF COMPETITION. SOME Corps.. AGREED IN POOLING. THEY ALSO BEGAN TO CONSOLIDATE (LARGER Corps.. BOUGHT THE SMALLER ONES). SEE CORNELIUS VANDERBILT.
-RAILROADS MADE AMERICAN INDUSTRY ROAR AFTER 1865:
.THOUSANDS OF JOBS BUILDING NEW RAIL LINES
.STEEL WORKERS TURNED MILLIONS OF TONS OF IRON INTO STEEL FOR TRACKS, ENGINES, ETC.
.MINERS HAD TO PROVIDE COAL FOR ENGINES.


The Streetcar

The Subway

World Expositions of Industrial Achievements & Inventions

The Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London:
Great Exhibition of 1851

The Exposition Universelle of Paris, May 6-October 31, 1889.




See: The White City





Child Labor

Children in the coal mines in England:
The small size of
children enabled them to dislodge coal from tight spaces that an adult could not
reach. Flooding and explosions happened frequently. Girls, also working in the
mines, were commonly raped.


Homeless Children & Children in Orphanages

Charles Dickens was probably the writer that best
described the live of children during the Industrial Revolution.
THE STEEL INDUSTRY
-IN 1850S INVENTORS IN
GB. AND THE U.S. DISCOVERED HOW TO MAKE STEEL (THE BESSEMER
PROCESS).
-STEEL MILLS SPRANG UP IN THE
MIDWEST CITIES. HUGE COMPANIES EMERGED REACHING A VERTICAL
INTEGRATION. SEE ANDREW CARNEGIE.


MAIL-ORDER STORES
-BIG FACTORIES MADE CHEAPER GOODS THAN THE LOCAL ONES. RAILROAD BROUGHT THESE PRODUCTS EVERYWHERE. SMALL FACTORIES HAD TO CLOSE.
-BIG COMPANIES AS MONTGOMERY WARD AND SEARS DEVELOPED A SYSTEM TO SELL EVEN CHEAPER PRODUCTS TO THE WHOLE COUNTRY BY MAIL.
CORPORATIONS
-BIG FACTORIES, TO RAISE MORE CAPITAL TO EXPAND THEIR OPERATIONS, BECAME CORPORATIONS THAT SOLD STOCKS OR SHARES IN THE BUSINESS.
-CORPORATIONS CHOSE A BOARD OF DIRECTORS TO RUN DAILY BUSINESS.
-EACH YEAR SHAREHOLDERS RECEIVE THEIR DIVIDENDS ACCORDING TO THE COMPANY PROFITS.
-UNDER THE LAW, STOCKHOLDERS WERE NOT INDIVIDUALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEBTS OF A BANKRUPT CORPORATION.
-THIS SYSTEM MADE AMERICA INDUSTRY TO GROW. AVERAGE PEOPLE PUT THEIR SAVINGS INTO CORPORATIONS. BANKS LENT MILLIONS OF DOLLARS TO CORPORATIONS.
-SOME BANKERS SAW A WAY TO BECOME POWERFUL INDUSTRIAL LEADERS: BUYING MILLIONS OF STOCKS. SEE J.P. MORGAN. FINANCIAL CAPITAL = BANKS MONEY + INDUSTRY.
-CORPORATE MERGERS, MONOPOLIES, ROBBER BARONS.

BLACK GOLD
-IN 1859, AMERICANS DISCOVERED A VALUABLE NEW RESOURCE: THE NATION'S FIRST OIL STRIKE WAS MADE IN TITUSVILLE, PA.
-MOST OIL WAS REFINED TO MAKE KEROSENE FOR STOVES AND LAMPS.
-VERY FAST, MANY OIL Corps.. AND REFINERIES WERE CREATED.
-JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER OWNED A REFINERY AND USED HIS PROFITS TO BUY OIL Corps.. HE COMBINED ALL HIS Corps.. INTO A SINGLE CORPORATION: THE STANDARD OIL Corp.. OF OHIO. IN 1882 HIS CORPORATION BECAME A TRUST AND, LATER ON, A MONOPOLY.


THE FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM
-MANY AMERICANS BELIEVED THAT TRUSTS AND MONOPOLIES THREATENED FREE ENTERPRISE BECAUSE WITHOUT COMPETITION THERE ARE NOT REASON TO LOWER PRICES AND THERE ARE NOT CHOICES.
-OTHER CRITICS WORRIED ABOUT
THE POLITICAL INFLUENCE OF TRUSTS.
INVENTIONS
-INVENTIONS HELPED INDUSTRY TO GROW AND TO BECOME MORE EFFICIENT AND MADE PEOPLE’S LIVES EASIER.
-SOME INVENTIONS CHANGED THE WORLD:

STEAM ENGINE : Steam enters and move the pistons creating movement / energy. This was the most revolutionary invention of the industrial revolution.

Thomas Edison
Alexander Graham Bell

Inventions of the 20th. Century






WORKERS
-FARMERS LEFT THEIR FARMS, MILLIONS OF IMMIGRANTS CAME SEEKING FOR JOBS.
-BLACKS, WOMEN AND CHILDREN WORKED FOR LESS MONEY.
-WORKING CONDITIONS WERE MISERABLE (DISEASES, HAZARDS, ACCIDENTS).
-IN 1869, WORKERS FORMED A LABOR UNION CALLED "THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR" WHOSE MEETINGS WERE SECRET TO AVOID TO BE FIRE. IN 1885 THEY WON A MAJOR STRIKE AGAINST THE RAILROADS.
-IN 1886, SAMUEL GOMPER FORMED A NEW UNION IN NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR ( A.F.L.). WORKERS HAD TO BELONG TO A TRADE UNION TO JOIN THE A.F.L. THEY COLLECTED MONEY FROM ITS MEMBERS (STRIKE FUNDS). THIS ONE SOON BECAME THE MOST POWERFUL UNION IN THE NATION.
-FOR MANY YEARS, GOVERNMENTS SENT TO PRISON UNION LEADERS AND WORKERS THAT PROMOTED OR PARTICIPATED IN STRIKES. HOWEVER, WORKERS WON BETTER CONDITIONS AND HIGHER PAY.
-IN 1910, ONLY ONE WORKER OUT OF 20 BELONGED TO A UNION.

ECONOMIC & SOCIAL THEORIES
1-Adam
Smith:
Laissez-faire (Capitalism)
2-Thomas
Robert Malthus:
Socio-economic
Chaos (Resources grow in an
arithmetic progression, while population grows
exponentially.
3-Auguste
Comte:
Positivism
4-Marx
& Engels: Communism and Labor
Movements.
ART & LITERATURE
Realism and Naturalism Click to see PowerPoints
6-Nationalism and
Imperialism.
The
Victorian Era.
The
Belle
Époque:
(1850-1914)
Objectives
1-Locate on a world map the colonial possessions obtained by the industrialized nations before 1914 (II A).
2-Describe the influence of British rule in India, the foreign influence in China, the foreign influence in Japan; imperialism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands; European imperialism in Africa; imperialism in Latin America; foreign influences on Asian and African countries; and foreign involvement in the Middle East after WW II (II A).
3-Trace the major developments in African civilizations including the period during and after European imperialism (II C).
4-Analyze the relationship between industrialization and imperialism during the late 19th. century (IV A).
5-Analyze foreign influence in Japan in the 19th. century and the Japanese response to this influence (IV A).

VOCABULARY
1-HERITAGE: CULTURE, HISTORY, AND TRADITIONS OF A PARTICULAR PEOPLE.
2-NATIONALISM: PATRIOTISM AND LOYALTY OF PEOPLE TO THEIR COUNTRY. WHEN PEOPLE WITH A COMMON LANGUAGE, HERITAGE, AND ROOTS FEEL THAT SHOULD HAVE A NATION OF THEIR OWN.
3-DUCHIES: PROVINCES OR LITTLE STATES.
4-PARLIAMENT: LEGISLATIVE BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT.
5-UNIFICATION:
6-AMBASSADOR:
7-CONFEDERATION: POLITICAL ASSOCIATION OR UNION OF STATES.
8-MILITARISM:
II- Unification of Germany by Prussia: German Empire (1871 - 1918).
III-Weimar Republic (1919 - 1933)
IV- Nazi Germany / Third Reich (1933 - 1945)
10-SIEGE:
11-TREATY:
12-IMPERIALISM: POWERFUL NATIONS CONTROL OVER WEAKER COUNTRIES EXPLOITING ITS NATURAL RESOURCES AND USING ITS PEOPLE TO OBTAIN PROFITS.
14-PRESTIGE:
15-PROTECTORATE:
16-VAST:
17-JUNKERS: PRUSSIAN RICH LANDLORDS.
18-KAISER:
19-MEIJI REVOLUTION IN JAPAN IN 1867. (INDUSTRY, SOCIETY, AND MILITARY). WESTERN - STYLE DEVELOPMENT.
20-VORACIOUS:
21-RED SHIRTS: GARIBALDIS ARMY.
22-VATICAN CITY:
23-MANUFACTURE:
24-YOUNG ITALY: REVOLUTIONARY GROUP IN 1948.
25-CARBONARI: SECRET ITALIAN GROUP IN 1848.
26-NATIONALITIES: DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS INSIDE AN EMPIRE OR STATE. EVENTUALLY, THEY COULD WANT TO HAVE A NATION OF THEIR OWN.
27-DARDANELLES / BOSPHORO STRAIT: PASSAGE BETWEEN THE BLACK SEA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA.
28-MARKET: PLACE TO SELL GOODS.
29-MANCHURIA: NORTHEASTERN CHINESE REGION.
30-SEPOYS: NATIVE SOLDIERS OF INDIA IN THE BRITISH ARMY. THEY REBELLED FOR RELIGIOUS REASONS IN 1857(GUNPOWDER PACKED IN PAPER OILED WITH FAT OF PIGS AND COWS).
31-SUTTEE: HINDU PRACTICE (WIVES MUST BE BURNED WITH THEIR DEAD HUSBANDS).
32-ZAIBATSU: NICKNAME GIVEN TO THE MORE POWERFUL JAPANESE GROUPS / BUSINESS CONGLOMERATES.
33-BOERS: DUTCH SETTLERS IN SOUTH AFRICA.
34-ZULU: AFRICAN PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA.
35-CONSCIOUS / UNCONSCIOUS:
36-PSYCOLOGY / PSYCHOANALYSIS / PSYCHIATRIST:
37-IMPRESSIONISM:
38-EXPRESSIONISM:
PEOPLE
1-GIUSEPPE MAZZINI (1805-1872): LEADER OF THE YOUNG ITALY (REVOLT OF 1848). THE SOUL OF THE UNITY.
2-COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR (1810-1861): PRIME MINISTER OF SARDINIA. HE DECLARED WAR TO AUSTRIA WITH FRENCH SUPPORT IN 1859 AND WON. THE BRAIN OF THE UNITY.
3-GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI (1807-1882): ITALIAN LEADER OF THE RED SHIRTS. HE FREED THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE COUNTRY. THE SWORD OF THE UNITY.
4-VICTOR EMMANUEL II (1820-1878): KING OF ITALY AFTER THE UNIFICATION AND UNTIL THE END OF WW II.
5-WILLIAM I OF HOHENZOLLERN (1797-1888): KING OF PRUSSIA & GERMANY.
6-OTTO von BISMARCK (1815-1898): PRIME MINISTER OF PRUSSIA WHO UNIFIED GERMANY. NOT SPEECHES BUT IRON AND BLOOD.
8-NICHOLAS II (1868-1918): LAST CZAR OF RUSSIA.
9-QUEEN VICTORIA (1819-1901): CRIMEAN WAR, INDIA, ZULU WAR. SHE ESTABLISHED A VERY SPECIAL STYLE FOR THE BRITISH PEOPLE: AUSTERITY, CONQUEST, & SUPERIORITY.
10-DR. DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813- 1875): SCOTTISH MISSIONARY IN AFRICA. ANTI-SLAVERY. HE OPENNED THE WAY TO THE CONQUEST.
12-ERNEST RUTHERFORD (1871-1937): BRITISH PHYSICIST: RADIOACTIVITY.
13-NIELS BOHR (1885-1962): DANISH PHYSICIST: STRUCTURE OF ATOM.
14-ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879-1955): GERMAN PHYSICIST: THEORY OF RELATIVITY.
15-JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912): BRITISH DOCTOR: GERM AND BACTERIUM AS CAUSES OF DISEASES.
16-LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895): FRENCH CHEMIST: MICROBIOLOGY, VACCINES, CONTAGIOUS DISEASES, PASTEURIZATION PROCESS.
17-ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910): GERMAN DOCTOR: TUBERCULOSIS.
18-IVAN PAVLOV (1849-1936): RUSSIAN DOCTOR: ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, STIMULUS, NERVOUS SYSTEM.
19-SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939): AUSTRIAN PSYCHIATRIST: THEORY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS, THE UNCONSCIOUS (INSTINCTIVE DRIVES-EGO-SUPEREGO).
20-MARIE CURIE (1867-1934): FRENCH SCIENTIST. DISCOVERY OF RADIUM.
21-FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820-1910): BRITISH LADY WHO FOUNDED THE FIRST NURSE SCHOOL.
22-EDOUARD MANET (1832-1883): FRENCH PAINTER, MASTER OF THE IMPRESSIONIST SCHOOL.
23-CLAUDE MONET (1840-1926): FRENCH PAINTER. LANDSCAPES. IMPRESSIONIST.
24-EDGAR DEGAS (1834-1917): FRENCH PAINTER, IMPRESSIONIST. DANCERS AND CUSTOMS.
25-AUGUST RENOIR (1841-1919): FRENCH PAINTER, MASTER OF THE IMPRESSIONISM.
26-HENRI de TOULOUSE - LAUTREC (1864-1901): FRENCH PAINTER. POST-IMPRESSIONIST.
27-PAUL CEZANNE (1839-1906): FRENCH PAINTER. POST-IMPRESSIONIST.
28-VICENT van GOGH (1853-1890): DUTCH PAINTER. POST-IMPRESSIONIST. HE COMMITTED SUICIDE.
29-PAUL GAUGUIN (1848-1903): FRENCH PAINTER WHO LIVED IN TAHITI. NATIVE WOMEN. POST-IMPRESSIONIST.
30-EDVARD MUNCH (1863-1944): NORWAYS GREATEST PAINTER. SYMBOLISM & EXPRESSIONISM. HIS MOTHER DEATH AFFECTED HIS MIND (ALCOHOL AND NERVOUS BREAKDOWN: MENTAL ASYLUM).
31-WASSILY KANDINSKY (1866-1944). RUSSIA. EXPRESSIONISM.
32-AMADEO MODIGLIANI (1884-1920). ITALY. EXPRESSIONISM.
33-AUGUST RODIN (1840-1917). FRANCE. SCULPTOR. THE THINKER.
34-RUDYARD KIPLING: BRITISH WRITER (THE JUNGLE BOOK). "WHITE MAN'S BURDEN"
35-CHARLES DICKENS: BRITISH WRITER
35-CHARLES DARWIN: THEORY OF EVOLUTION
I-ITALY
1-THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA DIVIDED ITALY INTO ABOUT 30 DUCHIES. THE NORTHERN PART WAS UNDER AUSTRIAN CONTROL. CENTRAL ITALY WAS FORMED BY THE PAPAL STATES.
2-REVOLTS IN 1848: YOUNG ITALY & THE CARBONARI MOVEMENT. GIUSEPPE MAZZINI WAS THE LEADER (THE SOUL). AUSTRIA & FRANCE DEFEATED THE REBELLION.
3-THE SARDINIAN-FRENCH-AUSTRIAN WAR (1848-1860): COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR, PRIME MINISTER OF THE KINGDOM OF SARDINIA (THE BRAIN) DECLARED WAR AGAINST AUSTRIA WHILE HE SIGNED A SECRET TREATY WITH FRANCE. THE COMBINED FORCES DEFEATED AUSTRIA AND UNIFIED THE NORTHERN PROVINCES.
4-WHILE CAVOUR WAS FIGHTING IN THE NORTH, GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI (THE SWORD) LED THE RED SHIRTS FROM SICILY TO ROME AFTER GREAT MILITARY FEATS.
5-IN MARCH OF 1861, THE ITALIAN PARLIAMENT AND THE MILITARY LEADERS MADE VICTOR EMMANUEL II, KING OF THE UNIFIED ITALY.
6-A SECTION OF ROME WAS GIVEN TO THE POPE ( THE VATICAN CITY).

II-GERMANY
1-NAPOLEON TOOK THE FIRST STEPS TO MAKE GERMANY ONE NATION: THE CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE. AFTER HIM, THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA ESTABLISHED THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION, WHICH PUT TOGETHER 38 STATES UNDER AUSTRIAN CONTROL.
2-MOST GERMAN NATIONALISTS BELIEVED THAT PRUSSIA SHOULD UNITE GERMANY BECAUSE IT WAS THE STRONGEST GERMAN STATE AND HAD THE BEST ARMY.
3-IN 1862, OTTO von BISMARCK BECAME PRIME MINISTER OF PRUSSIA. HE WAS A CONSERVATIVE JUNKER WHO DID NOT BELIEVE IN DEMOCRATIC RULE BUT IN IRON AND BLOOD. HE WANTED TO MAKE PRUSSIA A GREAT MILITARY POWER AND SAW WAR AS THE MEAN TO UNIFY GERMANY. HE BEGAN TO DEVELOP MILITARISM AS A GERMAN PHILOSOPHY.
4-IN SUCCESSIVE CAMPAIGNS, GERMANY DEFEATED DENMARK, AUSTRIA, AND FRANCE. AS A RESULT OF THOSE WARS:
-AUSTRIA GAVE HUNGARY ITS INDEPENDENCE. HOWEVER, BOTH COUNTRIES STAYED AS PARTS OF THE SAME EMPIRE: AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
-Franco-Prussian War (1871): 100, 000 FRENCH SOLDIERS WERE TAKEN PRISONERS, INCLUDING THE KING NAPOLEON III. FRANCE LOST ALSACE AND LORAINE, ITS RICHEST PROVINCES IN COAL AND IRON. THE TREATY OF FRANKFURT FORCED FRANCE TO PAY PRUSSIA A HUGE SUM OF MONEY. THIS PROVOKED THE REBELLION OF THE PEOPLE OF PARIS: THE COMMUNE OF PARIS (1871).
-GERMANY COMPLETED ITS UNIFICATION. WILLIAM I BECAME KAISER OF THE 2nd. REICH.

III-INDEPENDENCE OF THE BALKANS

IV-IMPERIALISM & COLONIALISM
1-IMPERIALISM OR COLONIALISM HAVE EXISTED SINCE ANCIENT TIMES.
2-THERE WERE MANY REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM:
-THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CREATED THE NEED OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND RAW MATERIALS FOR EUROPEAN FACTORIES, AS WELL AS THE NEED OF MARKETS TO SELL THE MANUFACTURED GOODS.
-COMPETITION BETWEEN EUROPEAN POWERS TO BECOME THE LEADERS AND AVOID THE OTHERS TO GET TOO MUCH POWER.
-CONTROL OF STRATEGIC POINTS AROUND THE WORLD: MILITARY BASES, TRADE ROUTES, COMMUNICATION WAYS.
-THE BELIEF THAT WESTERNERS WERE SUPERIOR.



QUEEN
VICTORIA
Calendar showing the extension and diversity of the British Empire
V-COLONIZATION OF ASIA
1-INDIA, AFTER THE COLLAPSE OF THE MUGHAL
EMPIRE IN 1707, WAS
DIVIDED INTO MANY WEAK STATES. BRITAIN TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THIS TO
CONTROL INDIA.
2-AT FIRST, BRITAIN RULED INDIA THROUGH A PRIVATE COMPANY: THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY. IN 1858, THE GOVERNMENT TOOK DIRECT CONTROL AND INDIA BECAME THE CENTER OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.
3-BRITAIN ALSO TOOK CEYLON, MALAYA, AND SINGAPORE.
4-IN THE LATE 1800s, FRANCE TOOK OVER MUCH OF SOUTHEAST ASIA (INDOCHINA): VIETNAM, LAOS, AND CAMBODIA. THE BRITISH TOOK BURMA TO KEEP THE FRENCH FROM EXPANDING WESTWARD.


EUROPEAN POWERS WANTED TO BREAK CHINESE ISOLATION AN OBTAIN SPECIAL TRADE RIGHTS. BRITAIN PROVOKED THE “OPIUM WARS (1840-1843 and 1856-1860) AND DEFEATED CHINA (THE NANKING TREATY). THE COUNTRY WAS DIVIDED IN SPHERES OF INFLUENCE. MAJOR SEA PORTS PASSED TO EUROPEAN CONTROL. THE BOXER REBELLION (1899-1901) & THE EIGHT NATION ALLIANCE.
|
(1900 Boxer Rebellion) |
|||
|
|
(units) |
(men) |
(men) |
|
18 |
540 |
20,300 |
|
|
10 |
750 |
12,400 |
|
|
8 |
2,020 |
10,000 |
|
|
5 |
390 |
3,130 |
|
|
2 |
295 |
3,125 |
|
|
5 |
600 |
300 |
|
|
2 |
80 |
|
|
|
1 |
75 |
|
|
|
Total |
51 |
4,750 |
49,255 |

JAPAN, AFTER THE MEIJI REVOLUTION , BECAME AN INDUSTRIALIZED NATION, ADOPTED THE WESTERN SYSTEM IN EDUCATION, TRANSPORT, ARMY, ETC. IN 1894, JAPAN TOOK SEVERAL CHINESE TERRITORIES. IN 1904, JAPAN WENT TO WAR WITH RUSSIA AND TOOK CONTROL OVER MANCHURIA & KOREA. THE HUMILIATION CAUSED THE REVOLUTION OF 1905 IN RUSSIA.
VI-DURING THE 1870s EUROPEANS RACE ONE ANOTHER FOR COLONIES IN AFRICA:
1-BRITAIN TOOK CONTROL OF SOUTH AFRICA (THE BOER WARS), SUDAN, NIGERIA, GHANA, KENYA, UGANDA, THE SUEZ CANAL (FROM FRANCE), AND EGYPT (PROTECTORATE).
2-FRANCE TOOK CONTROL OF ALGERIA, WEST AFRICA, MOROCCO, EQUATORIAL AFRICA, AND GABON.
3-GERMANY ENTERED LATE TO THE RACE. HOWEVER, IT TOOK CONTROL OVER NAMIBIA, CAMEROON, TOGO, AND TANZANIA.
4-BELGIUM CONTROLLED CONGO, ITALY CONTROLLED SOMALIA AND LIBYA, AND PORTUGAL CONTROLLED ANGOLA AND MOZAMBIQUE.

Zulu War

Boers War



European Colonial System in Eurasia
American Imperialism

The Big Stick Policy or Roosevelt's Corollary


The Great White Fleet

Explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor

Destruction of the Spanish Fleet during the
Spanish-American War


American military interventions in the Caribbean

American acquisitions in the Pacific Ocean

Political Cartoon presenting the results of American
imperialism
VII-VICTORIAN ERA
This was a long period (1837-1901) of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed a large, educated middle class to develop. The Victorian Era was also a time of tremendous scientific progress and ideas. The Great Exhibition of 1851 took place in London, lauding the technical and industrial advances of the age, and strides in medicine and the physical sciences continued throughout the century. The latter half of the Victorian era roughly coincided with the first portion of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe. The era is often characterized as a long period of peace, known as the Pax Britannica, and economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation, temporarily disrupted by the Crimean War. Towards the end of the century, the policies of New Imperialism led to increasing colonial conflicts and eventually the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal.
VIII-POINTS OF VIEW
SOM EUROPEANS AND AMERICANS SAY THAT THEY BROUGHT DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATION, AND DEMOCRATIC IDEAS TO THE COLONIES. THE VICTIMS OF IMPERIALISM SAY THAT EUROPEANS / AMERICANS LOOTED THEIR NATURAL RESOURCES, TRIED TO DESTROY THEIR NATIVE CULTURE AND CUSTOMS, TRIED TO CHANGE THEIR RELIGION AND LANGUAGE, AND TREATED THEIR PEOPLE LIKE SLAVES.

IX-KEY WARS IN THIS PERIOD.
1-THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR (1870-1871): GERMANY IS UNIFIED BY PRUSSIA AND BECAME AN EUROPEAN POWER. FRANCE WAS HUMILIATED. REBELLION IN PARIS: THE PARIS COMMUNE (1871).
2-THE OPIUM WARS (1840-1860): BRITAIN BROKE CHINA ISOLATION AND DIVIDED THE COUNTRY IN SPHERES OF INFLUENCE.
3-THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR (1904-05): JAPAN TOOK CONTROL OF MANCHURIA AND KOREA AND BECAME AN IMPERIALIST POWER.
4-THE ZULU WAR (1879): BRITAIN HELPED THE BOERS (DUTCH) TO DEFEAT THE ZULU PEOPLE.
5-THE BOER WARS (1880-1902): BRITAIN TOOK CONTROL OVER SOUTH AFRICA.
6-THE FRENCH-AUSTRIAN WAR (1859): ITALY BECAME AN INDEPENDENT AND UNITED NATION.
7-CRIMEAN WAR (1853-56): BRITAIN AND FRANCE JOINED TO AVOID RUSSIA TO EXPAND TO TURKISH LAND.
8-BALKAN WARS (1912-1913): PEOPLE OF THE BALKAN REGION FOUGHT AGAINST THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO OBTAIN THEIR INDEPENDENCE.
9-THE SEPOY REBELLION / INDIAN MUTINY (1857): RELIGIOUS WAR BETWEEN THE SEPOYS AND THE BRITISH ARMY IN INDIA.


Russo-Japanese War 1905: It had huge repercussions:
launched Japan as a world power & caused the humiliation and a revolution in
Russia.

Costumes



Art: Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Expressionism (Click to see PowerPoints)

EDOUARD
MANET (1832-1883)

Le Déjeuner sur
l'Herbe (The Picnic), 1863
Beach at
Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1869

EDGAR
DEGAS
(1834-1917)

Dance Class,
ca.1871
Ballet Rehearsal on
the Set, 1874

CLAUDE
MONET (1840-1926)

Red Poppies at
Argenteuil. 1873
Woman in the
Garden (Saint-Adresse). 1867

The Seine with the
Pont de la
Grande Jatte,
1887
Starry Night, (Click to
See PowerPoint)
EDVARD
MUNCH (1863-1944)

The Scream,
1893
The Dance of Life,
1899-1900

AMADEO
MODIGLIANI
(1884-1920)

Madame
Zborowska on a Sofa. 1917
Renée
the Blonde. 1916

WASSILY
KANDINSKY (1866-1944)

In Blue.
1925
Decisive
Pink. 1932.
Science

Einstein
Pavlov

Pasteur
Madam Curie

Freud
Darwin

7-World
War I
(1914-18) & Russian Revolution.
Objectives
1-Analyze the events which led to the outbreak of the WW I and list its results (II A).
2-Describe the reasons why the U.S. entered WW I (III A, VI A).
3-List the major objectives of the U.S. at the Versailles Conference and relate the U.S. Senates rejection of the Treaty of Versailles to the political attitudes of the time (VI A).
4-Discuss selected foreign policy issues and actions that shaped American thought (VI A).
5-Describe the alliance system, new weapons, and major battles that characterized WW I.
6-Explain the changes that WW I
brought to the European map

VOCABULARY
1-MILITARISM:
2-KAISER:
4-PACIFIST:
5-ARMISTICE:
6-PROPAGANDA:
7-CENTRAL POWERS / TRIPLE ALLIANCE
9-NEUTRAL:
10-U-BOAT:
11-BOLSHEVIKS:
12-SELF-DETERMINATION:
13-WAR REPARATIONS:
14-ALLIANCES:
15-MISTRUST:
16-BARBED WIRE
17-CONVOYS:
18-UNRESTRICTED:
19-BANKRUPT:
PEOPLE
1-WOODROW WILSON (1856-1924): PRESIDENT 28th. OF THE U.S. (1913-21).
2-ARCHDUKE FRANCIS FERDINAND (1863-1914): AUSTRIA-HUNGARY'S THRONE HEIR.
3-V. I. LENIN (1870-1924): SOVIET UNION FOUNDER. BOLSHEVIKS LEADER.
4-Gen. JOHN J. PERSHING (BLACK JACK) (1860-1948): CHIEF OF AMERICAN EXPEDITION IN WW I.
5-FIELD MARSHAL FERDINAND FOCH (1851-1929): FRENCH COMMANDER OF ALLIED FORCES IN WW I.
6-WILLIAM II (1859-1941): GERMAN KAISER.
7-WILBUR (1867-1912) AND ORVILLE (1871-1948) WRIGHT: AMERICAN PILOTS WHO INVENTED & FLEW THE FIRST PLANE IN HISTORY MADE BY THEMSELVES.
8-BARON von RICHTHOFEN (1892-1918): FAMOUS GERMAN PILOT (RED BARON).
9-EDDIE RICKENBACKER (1890-1973): FAMOUS AMERICAN PILOT.
10-MATA HARI (1876-1917): DUTCH DANCER WHO BECAME A GERMAN SPY. THE FRENCH CAPTURED AND EXECUTED HER..
11-GEORGE CLEMENCEAU (1841-1929): FRENCH PRESIDENT DURING WW I.
12-DAVID LLOYD GEORGE (1863-1945): PRIME MINISTER OF GB.
13-VITTORIO ORLANDO (1860-1952): PRIME MINISTER OF ITALY.
14-GAVRILO PRINCIP (1894-1918): 19 YEARS OLD SERBIAN NATIONALIST WHO KILLED ARCHDUKE FERDINAND. HE WAS SENTENCED TO 20 YEARS IN JAIL.
15-HENRI MATISSE (1869-1954): FRENCH PAINTER. FAUVISM.
16-AMADEO MODIGLIANI (1884-1920): ITALIAN PAINTER. LONG FIGURES.
17-PABLO PICASSO (1881-1973): SPANISH PAINTER. CUBISM.
18-MARC
CHAGALL
(1887-1985): RUSSIAN PAINTER. FANTASY AND SYMBOLISM, CUBISM, OWN
STYLE.
NEW WEAPONS USED IN WW I
1-PLANES
2-TANKS
3-U-BOATS
4-POISON GAS
THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM
1-THE CENTRAL POWERS: AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
2-THE ALLIES: GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND RUSSIA (THE US ENTERED IN 1917)
WAR FRONTS: EASTERN FRONT (RUSSIAN TERRITORY) & WESTERN FRONT (FRENCH TERRITORY)
1-THE INCIDENT OF SARAJEVO, SERBIA (JUNE 28, 1914)
2-AUSTRIA DECLARED WAR TO SERBIA ( A RUSSIAN ALLY); RUSSIA DECLARED WAR TO AUSTRIA; GERMANY DECLARED WAR TO RUSSIA AND FRANCE; GREAT BRITAIN DECLARED WAR TO GERMANY.
3-WAR IN THE TRENCHES: MINES, SHELLING, BARBED WIRE. SEE BATTLES OF WW I
4-AMERICAN NEUTRALITY: THE WAR AS A BUSINESS, ECONOMIC BOOM.
5-GERMAN SUBMARINES. THE LUSITANIA (1915).
6-THE ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM (FEB. 1917)
7-RUSSIA WAS THE NATION SUFFERING MORE DAMAGES DURING THE WAR; HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF CASUALTIES IN THE FRONT; THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE WAS STARVING TO DEATH. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (MARCH - NOV. 1917). THE TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK.
8-THE US ENTERED IN THE WAR (APRIL 6, 1917): THE SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT ( 4 MILLION MEN WERE RECRUITED); THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION AND THE WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD; LIBERTY BONDS TO FUND THE WAR (21 BILLIONS); "OVER THERE" (click here to listen to the song):
Chorus
9-GERMANY MOVED ITS ARMY TO THE WESTERN FRONT (1918). THE BATTLE OF AMIENS.
10-THE ALLIES' OFFENSIVE: THE BATTLE OF ARGONNE FOREST.
11-THE ARMISTICE (NOV. 18, 1918)


William II,
German Emperor
The Big Four:
Woodrow Wilson (USA),
David Lloyd George (GB),
Vittorio Orlando (Italy),
and
Georges Clemenceau (France)



Assassination on 28 June 1914 of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the
Austro-Hungarian throne, by
Gavrilo Princip, a
Serbian nationalist.


The United States of America joined the Allies.
U.S. Congress declared war on Germany on April
6th., 1917


New Weapons Used during WW I






Life in the Trenches


Good Hunt


World War Posters (Propaganda)
Films:



The War ended with the capitulation of Germany and the
signing of the Armistice on 11.11.18 at 11:00 am
Wilson's Fourteen Points:
|
The Peace of Paris |
1- A
League of
Nations was set up to keep world peace.
Territorial
1-The following land was taken away from Germany :
a. Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
b. Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
c. Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
d. Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia, a new country)
e. West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
f. The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of
Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in
Germany or not in a future referendum.
2-The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.
3-Germany had to return land taken from Russia in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Most of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. An enlarged Poland also received part of this land. (Punish Russia for getting out of the War and becoming Communist)
4-The Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire were broken into pieces and replaced by numerous smaller nations
Military
Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks or an air force. She was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines The west of the Rhineland and 50 kms east of the River Rhine was made into a demilitarised zone (DMZ). No German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone. The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years.
Financial
Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231 - the infamous "War Guilt Clause". Germany was responsible for all the war damage caused by the First World War. Therefore, she had to pay reparations, the bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war. The Germans were told to write a blank check which the Allies would cash when it suited them. The figure was eventually put at £6,600 million - a huge sum of money well beyond Germany’s ability to pay.
Germany was also forbidden to unite with Austria to form one super state, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to a minimum.

Map of Europe after the
Paris Peace
Conference (18 January, 1919 - 21 January, 1920).
The following treaties were prepared at the Paris Peace Conference (in absence
of the affected countries):

The Russian
Revolution (1905-17). First
Years of the Communist System (1917-39)
Objectives
1-Discuss the antecedents and conditions that led to the March of 1917 (II C).
2-Discuss the changes brought to Russia by Lenin and Stalin. Compare and contrast both periods (III A).
3-Describe the major political,
social, and economic traits of the proletariats
dictatorship. Analyze the major causes of the fall of the
communist system in the 1980s.

VOCABULARY
1-AUTOCRACY: CZARS DICTATORSHIP.
2-SERFS:
3-COSSACKS: CZARS IMPERIAL GUARD.
4-BLOODY SUNDAY (JAN 22, 1905): A PEACEFULLY DEMONSTRATION IN ST. PETERSBURG WAS ATTACKED BY THE CZARS TROOPS. HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE WERE KILLED.
5-POTEMKIN: NEWEST AND LARGEST RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP IN THE BLACK SEA FLEET. THE CREW REBELLED (JUNE, 1905) BEGINNING THE REVOLUTION OF 1905.
6-ODESSA: RUSSIAN HARBOR-CITY IN THE BLACK SEA.
7-THE RICHELIEU STEPS: ODESSA FAMOUS SITE WHERE THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE MET TO SUPPORT THE POTEMKIN CREW AND PROTEST AGAINST THE CZAR. THE CZAR SENT HIS TROOPS TO CRUSH THE REBELLION. THOUSANDS WERE KILLED.
8-DUMA: RUSSIAN PARLIAMENT (LEGISLATURE).
9-POGROMS: ATTACKS AGAINST JEWS IN RUSSIA BY CZARS ORDERS.
10-ABDICATE:
11-MENSHEVIKS / BOLSHEVIKS:
12-AMMUNITION:
13-DESERTER:
14-PROLETARIAT: WORKERS.
15-SOVIETS: COUNCILS OF SOLDIERS, WORKERS, AND PEASANTS.
16-SOCIALISM / COMMUNISM: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL THEORY. GOVERNMENT CONTROLS AND OWNS EVERYTHING. IT HAS THE DUTY OF PROTECT ALL CITIZENS WHO SHOULD BE COMRADES AND EQUAL (NO PRIVILEGES). POLITICALLY: THE PROLETARIATS DICTATORSHIP.
17-POLITICAL EXILE:
18-SIBERIA: HARSH REGION OF RUSSIA. PLACE WHERE MILLIONS OF DISSIDENTS WERE SENT TO DIE (EXILE).
19-POLICY OF WAR COMMUNISM (1918-21): ECONOMIC POLICY DURING THE CIVIL WAR.
20-NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP) (1921-28): LENINS POLICY THAT ALLOWED SMALL PRIVATE BUSINESSES. ECONOMY GREW.
21-RED GUARD / RED ARMY:
22-WHITE ARMY:
23-CIVIL WAR (1918-21): THE WHITE ARMY + EUROPEAN POWERS VS. THE RED ARMY.
24-PEOPLES COMMISSARS: MINISTERS.
25-FIVE-YEAR PLAN: ECONOMIC PLAN. / INDUSTRIALIZATION & ELECTRIFICATION. / QUOTAS.
26-PARTY CENTRAL COMMITTEE / POLITBURO / GENERAL SECRETARY.
27-LOCAL SOVIETS / SUPREME SOVIET / SOVIET PRESIDIUM / COMMISSARS COUNCIL / PREMIER.
28-NOMENCLATURE: POWER STRUCTURE, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC LEADERS.
29-U.S.S.R.: UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (15).
30-POLICE STATE: DICTATORSHIP.
31-KULAKS: PROSPEROUS PEASANTS FARMERS (PRIVATE). MILLIONS OF THEM WERE SENT TO SIBERIA AND/OR KILLED FOR REFUSING TO JOIN THE COLLECTIVE FARMS.
32-COLLECTIVE FARMS:
33-POLITICAL CENSORSHIP:
35-POLITICAL PURGES:
PEOPLE
1-NICHOLAS II (1868-1918): LAST RUSSIAN CZAR.
2-GRIGORI RASPUTIN, THE MAD MONK (1871-1916):
3-MATUSHENKO (?): SAILOR WHO LED THE MUTINY IN THE POTEMKIN IN 1905.
4-VLADIMIR ILYCH ULYANOV, LENIN (1870-1924): PEACE, LAND, AND BREAD..... ALL THE POWER FOR THE SOVIETS.
5-LEON TROTSKY (1879-1940): FOUNDER OF THE RED ARMY. MURDERED IN MEXICO BY STALINS ORDERS.
6-JOSEPH STALIN (1879-1953):
7-ALEXANDER PUSHKIN (1799-1837): RUSSIAN NATIONAL POET.
8-COUNT LEO TOLSTOY (1828-1910): FAMOUS RUSSIAN NOVELIST: WAR AND PEACE, ANNA KARENINA.
9-FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY (1821-1881): FAMOUS RUSSIAN NOVELIST: CRIME & PUNISHMENT, THE KARAMAZOV BROTHERS, THE IDIOT PRINCE.
10-PYOTR ILYICH TCHAIKOVSKY (1840-1893): FAMOUS RUSSIAN CLASSICAL MUSICIAN: THE NUTCRACKERS, THE LAKE OF SWANS.
11-MAXIM GORKY (1868-1936): WRITER OF THE REVOLUTION (NOVELIST).
12-ANTON CHEKHOV (1860-1904): FAMOUS SHORT STORIES RUSSIAN WRITER.
13-IVAN TURGENEV (1818-1883): RUSSIAN NOVELIST. THE FIRST LOVE. 14-NIKOLAI GOGOL(1809-1852): RUSSIAN POET. THE DEAD SOULS
15-MIKHAIL SHOLOKHOV (1905-1984): FAMOUS RUSSIAN NOVELIST. THE THEME OF THE CIVIL WAR: TALES OF THE DON, THE SILENT DON, BLOOD IN THE DON, AND OTHER NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES: THEY FOUGHT FOR THEIR COUNTRY, THE DESTINY OF MAN. Nobel Prize winner.
16-VLADIMIR MAYAKOVSKY (1893-1930): RUSSIAN POET OF THE REVOLUTION.
17-Chinghiz Aitmatov (1928- ): Farewell, Gulsary!, The White Ship, The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years, and The Scaffold are among his works.
18-Nikolai Gogol (1809-1852): The novel Dead Souls (1842), the play Revizor (1836, 1842), and the short story The Overcoat (1842) count among his masterpieces.
19-Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765): Russian scientist, writer and Renaissance man who made important contributions to literature, education, and science. The University of Moscow was named after him.
20-Boris Pasternak (1890-1960): Nobel Prize-winning Russian poet and writer. Best known for his epic novel Doctor Zhivago.
22-Alexander Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (1918- ): Russian novelist, dramatist and historian. Through his writings, he made the world aware of the Gulag, the Soviet labor camp system, and, for these efforts, Solzhenitsyn was both awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970 and exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974. He returned to Russia in 1994.
23-Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (1881-1970): Russian revolutionary leader who was instrumental in toppling the Russian monarchy. He served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until Vladimir Lenin seized power following the October Revolution. After trying to create an army against the Bolsheviks, he was defeated and narrowly escaped, spending a few weeks in hiding before fleeing the country, eventually arriving in France. During the Russian Civil War he supported neither side, as he opposed both the Bolshevik regime and the White Movement.
24-Lavr Georgiyevich Kornilov (1870-1918): Senior Russian army general during World War I and leader of the White Army during the Russian Civil War.
25-Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Kolchak (1874-1920): Russian naval commander and later head of part of the anti-Bolshevik White forces during the Russian Civil War.
26-Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel (1878-1928): Officer in the Imperial Russian army and later commanding general of the pro-monarchist White Army in Southern Russia in the later stages of the Russian Civil War.
FACTS / MAJOR EVENTS
1-RUSSIA WAS A COUNTRY OF FARMERS. MORE THAN 80% OF THE PEOPLE WERE SERFS WHO LIVED LIKE IN THE MIDDLE AGES: THEY COULDNT LEAVE THE FARMS, THEY COULD BE BEATEN, BOUGHT, AND SOLD BY THE NOBLES (LANDOWNERS).
2-THE CZARS SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT WAS AN AUTOCRACY.
3-RUSSIA WAS FAR BEHIND THE REST OF EUROPE. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION REACHED IT LATE.
4-DURING ALEXANDER II MANY CHANGES OCCURRED. IN 1861, THE CZAR ENDED THE SERFDOM. THE JURY SYSTEM WAS ESTABLISHED, SOME OPPORTUNITIES FOR EDUCATION WERE CREATED.
5-RUSSIA WAS DEFEATED BY JAPAN IN THE WAR OF 1904-05.
6-IN 1894, NICHOLAS II BECAME CZAR. THE NOBLES OWNED MOST OF THE LAND AND DID NOT PAY TAXES, POOR PEOPLE PAID HEAVY TAXES, WORKERS HAD LONG HOUR DAYS WITH MINIMUM PAY. PEOPLE WANTED REFORMS.
7-THE REVOLUTION OF 1905:
-JAN. 22, THE BLOODY SUNDAY IN ST. PETERSBURG. PEASANTS ATTACKED THE NOBLES AND BURNED THEIR ESTATES.
-WORKERS REFUSED TO WORK.
-JUNE, MUTINY ON THE POTEMKIN. THE RICHELIEU STEPS MASSACRE (ODESSA).
-THE CZAR AGREED TO ELECT A DUMA AND PROMISED MORE FREEDOM IF PEOPLE STOPPED THE VIOLENCE.
8-DURING THE YEARS AFTER 1905, RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARIES HAD DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS FOR THEIR NATIONS PROBLEMS:
-A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY (LIKE IN GB.).
-A SYSTEM OF SOCIALISM.
9-DURING WW I RUSSIA HAD A VERY HARD TIME: MILLIONS DIED, WERE WOUNDED, OR TAKEN PRISONER, RUSSIAN INDUSTRY COULDNT PRODUCE ENOUGH WAR SUPPLIES, PEOPLE WERE STARVING IN THE CITIES, AND SO ON.
10-IN FEB. OF 1917, PEOPLE REVOLTED IN ST. PETERSBURG ASKING FOR BREAD AND THE END OF THE WAR. THE SOLDIERS SENT TO FIGHT THE PEOPLE JOINED THEM. THE CZAR HAD TO ABDICATE. THE DUMA NAMED A PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT.
11-SOVIETS WERE CREATED TO TAKE OVER LOCAL GOVERNMENTS.
12- THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT DECIDED TO CONTINUE PARTICIPATING IN THE WAR. SOLDIERS BEGAN DESERTING THEIR ARMIES.
13-LENIN, LEADER OF THE BOLSHEVIKS, RETURNED FROM HIS EXILE TO LEAD HIS PARTY. HE ASKED FOR ALL THE POWER FOR THE SOVIETS AND PROMISED PEACE, LAND, AND BREAD.
14-ON NOV. 6 AND 7 OF 1917, THE RED GUARD CREATED BY THE BOLSHEVIKS TOOK OVER THE GOVERNMENT BY FORCE.
15-EARLY IN 1918, LENIN ORDERED TROTSKY TO SIGN THE TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK THAT ENDED THE WAR WITH GERMANY (RUSSIA HAD TO GIVE UP 1/4 OF ITS EUROPEAN TERRITORY).
16-THE FIRST CHANGES INTRODUCED BY LENIN WERE: THE GOVERNMENT TOOK CONTROL OF ALL INDUSTRIES. THE LAND WAS DIVIDED AND DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE PEASANTS. TITLES OF NOBILITY WERE ABOLISHED AND NOBLES LOST ALL THEIR PRIVILEGES. THE LAND OWNED BY THE ORTHODOX CHURCH WAS TAKEN AWAY. RELIGION WAS DISCOURAGED. THE COMMUNIST PARTY CONTROLLED ALL THE POWER. LENIN LED MANY THEORETICAL DISCUSSIONS ABOUT SOCIALISM IN THE PRESS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS.
16-BY THE SUMMER OF 1918, THE
RUSSIANS WHO OPPOSED LENIN FORMED THE WHITE ARMY. THIS BEGAN A CIVIL
WAR (1918-1921). IN ADDITION TO THIS, GB., FRANCE, JAPAN, THE U.S.
& OTHER NATIONS SENT TROOPS TO HELP THE WHITE ARMY:
The following numbers of foreign soldiers occupied the indicated
Russian regions:
17-THE CHEKA WAS CREATED: RED TERROR, LENIN ESTABLISHED THE ECONOMIC POLICY OF WAR COMMUNISM, MANY PROMISES WERE MADE TO PEASANTS, GOVERNMENT DEDICATED ALL POSSIBLE EFFORTS TO KEEP THE REVOLUTION ALIVE. 15 MILLION RUSSIANS DIED IN THIS CIVIL WAR, BUT FINALLY THE REDS DEFEATED THE WHITES.
18-LENIN ESTABLISHED THE N.E.P. WHICH PROMOTED A FAST ECONOMIC RECOVERY (WAR). IT WAS IN FORCE FROM 1921 TO 1928, WHEN STALIN CHANGED THIS POLICY.
9-BY 1922, RUSSIA BECAME THE U.S.S.R. AT LEAST FORMALLY, THE TERRITORIES CONQUERED DURING THE CZARS HAD THE OPPORTUNITY TO CHOOSE: JOIN THE UNION OR CREATE INDEPENDENT NATIONS. FINLAND (CONQUERED DURING THE WAR WITH SWEDEN IN 1809) WAS CREATED.
20-AFTER LENINS DEATH (1924), EVENTUALLY (1928) STALIN BECAME THE NEW RULER. TROTSKY HAD TO GO TO EXILE (MEXICO).
STALIN'S GOVERNMENT MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS WERE:
INDUSTRIALIZATION. SYSTEM OF QUOTAS. HE ABOLISHED PRIVATE FARMS AND THE N.E.P.: COLLECTIVIZATION. MILLIONS WERE SENT TO SIBERIA. TOTAL CENSORSHIP IN THE NEWSPAPERS, BOOKS, AND ANY OTHER KIND OF PUBLICATION. NO DEBATE, POLITICAL OR THEORETICAL DISCUSSION WERE ALLOWED. POLITICAL PURGES INSIDE THE PARTY AND THE RED ARMY(1934-39): PERSONAL DICTATORSHIP. THOUSANDS WERE ARRESTED BY THE KGB, INCLUDING OLD BOLSHEVIKS, TERROR WAS USED AS A POLITICAL TOOL, INNOCENT PEOPLE WERE FORCED TO ACCEPT GUILT, MANY OTHERS WERE EXECUTED OR SENT TO EXILE (SIBERIA OR REMOTE TOWNS ). CONCENTRATION CAMPS WERE CREATED. HE DID NOT ACCEPT ANY KIND OF OPPOSITION, POLITICAL RIVALRY, OR ANYBODY ELSE TALENT OR REAL MERIT. THE CULT TO THE PERSONALITY. EDUCATION AND MEDICAL CARE WERE IMPROVED. STANDARDS OF LIVING GOT BETTER. THE SOVIET UNION BECAME A POWERFUL, INDUSTRIALIZED, AND MODERN NATION, AND A POLICE STATE. THE NATION, UNDER HIS COMMAND, PLAYED A DECISIVE ROLE DURING THE WW II.


Members of the last Russian Royal Family (Romanov):
Nicholas,
Alexandra,
Olga,
Tatiana,
Maria,
Anastasia,
and Alexei


Russian Revolution:
February Revolution &
October Revolution the Bolshevik-led revolution

Russian cruiser
Aurora



Soviet Propaganda

Lenin's Death: 21 January 1924 (aged 53)
The Mummy
The Mausoleum


The Five Year Plans:
Stalin introduced the Five Year Plans. This brought all industry under state control and all industrial development was planned by the state. The state would decide what would be produced, how much would be produced and where it should be produced. An organization called GOSPLAN was created to plan all this out.
The first five year plan was from 1928 to 1932.
The second five year plan was from 1933 to 1937.
The third five year plan was from 1938 to 1941 when the war interrupted it.
Each plan set a target which industries had to meet. Each factory was set a target which it had to meet. The targets were completely unrealistic and could not be met but vast improvements were made. The emphasis was on heavy industries such as coal, oil, iron and steel and electricity.
The following table gives some idea of what progress was made when the base line figure is 1927 - before the five year plans. The target for both plans is in brackets.
|
|
1927 | 1932 | 1937 |
| Coal |
35 million tons |
64 mt (75 mt target) |
128 mt (152 mt target) |
| Oil |
12 million tons |
21 mt (22 mt target) | 29 mt (47 mt target) |
| Iron Ore |
5 million tons |
12 mt (19 mt target) | unknown |
| Pig Iron |
3 million tons |
6 mt (10 mt target) | 15 mt (16 mt target) |
| Steel |
4 million tons |
6 mt (10 mt target) | 18 mt (17 mt target) |
mt = millions of tons
Though these appear excellent results, it must be remembered that the base line for 1927 was small by west European standards. However, the improvements did represent a massive jump forward.
The second five year plan continued to emphasize heavy industries but there was also a commitment to communication systems such as railways and new industries such as the chemical industry.
The third five year plan put an emphasis on weapons production (which required an input from heavy industries) as war did seem to be approaching.


The Gulag was the Soviet system of
forced labor camps established in 1919. GULAG is actually an acronym that
translates into “The Main Administration of Camps”. The prisoners, called “Zeks”,
included persons such as murderers, thieves, political and religious dissenters,
prisoners of war, and other common criminals. The Gulag was considered a place
for these individuals to be contained and also as a mechanism to repress any
political opposition to the Soviet state. The total number of documentable
deaths in the Soviet corrective labor system from 1934-1953 amounts to 1,054,000.
Still, the number does not include executions of “counterrevolutionaries” which
were usually performed outside the camp system.

Art: Modernism & Avant Garde Click to see PowerPoint Presentations

Fauvism: Matisse,
Henri (French, 1869-1954)

Gypsy. 1906
Odalisques. 1928

Cubism: Picasso,
Pablo (Spanish, 1881-1973)
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907
Guernica, 1937
Paloma Picasso, 1956

Dadaism: Duchamp,
Marcel (French, 1887-1968)

Portrait of Dr. R. Dumouchel. 1910
The Large Glass. 1915-23

Symbolism: Chagall,
Marc (Russian-Jewish, 1887-1985) A study for the painting "Over
Vitebsk". 1914

Study for the painting "Rain". 1911
I and the Village. 1911

Surrealism: Dali, Salvador
(Spanish, 1904-1989) The Persistence of Memory. 1931

The Dream. 1937
Young Virgin Auto-Sodomized by the Horns of Her Own Chastity. 1954

Miró,
Joan (Spanish, 1893-1983)

Harlequin's Carnival. 1924-25.
Dutch Interior I. 1928
8-World War II
(1939-45).
Objectives
1-Identify the factors which led to the United States decision to use the atomic bomb on Japan (II A).
2-Describe the reasons the United States entered WW II (III A, VI A).
3-Discuss selected policy issues and actions that shaped American thought (VI A).
4-Analyze the role of major world powers and describe the major battles during the WW II.
5-Describe the conditions in post - WW I Europe that led to the rise of dictatorships (III A).
6-List and discuss the steps taken by the Third Reich to destroy the European Jews and other selected groups (V B).
7-Identify the different stages of the WW II as well as the new weapons developed during the war.
8-Explain the causes and consequences of the WW II. Analyzed how it led to the Cold War.

VOCABULARY
2-COLECTIVE FARM:
3-APPEASEMENT: PRACTICE OF LETTING HITLER DO WHATEVER HE WANTED IN ORDER TO AVOID A NEW WAR.
4-MANCHUKUO: PUPPET STATE IN THE MANCHURIA TERRITORY (NORTHERN CHINA) UNDER JAPANESE CONTROL.
5-LEND-LEASE: AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY TO HELP ITS EUROPEAN ALLIES (FOOD, WEAPONS, AND OTHER WAR SUPPLIES).
7-ISLAND HOPPING: AMERICAN PLAN TO CAPTURE JAPANESE-HELD ISLANDS IN THE PACIFIC, ONE BY ONE.
8-SOME KEY WEAPONS: TANKS & ARTILLERY ( PANZERS, TIGERS, T-34, SHERMAN, KATYUSHA), PLANES: Fighters & Bombers (B-26 & B-29, YAKs AND MIGs, MESSERSCHMITT, SPITFIRE AND HAWKER), MACHINE GUN AND FLAME GUN, SHIPS [CRUISER (Large vessel with long range, big guns, high speed, and little protection. Used as anti-aircraft and shore bombardment. Today, they are mainly used as missile-launchers), BATTLESHIP (Large vessel with high speed, long range, maximum big-gun armament and protection. The Bismarck), AIRCRAFT-CARRIER, SUBMARINE, FRIGATE (Small vessel with high speed, armed with light guns, torpedoes and missiles. Coast defense), DESTROYER (Small vessel with limited range, great speed and light & rapid-fire, armed with torpedoes and anti-sub weapons. The largest part of any fleet. Used like escort in convoys)].
9-GERMAN MILITARY INSTITUTIONS: SEE NEXT
10-PARTISAN: IRREGULAR TROOPS, HIT AND RUN. THE RESISTANCE.
11-KAMIKAZE: SUICIDAL JAPANESE PILOTS.
12-BATTLE OF BRITAIN: DEFENSE AGAINST MASSIVE GERMAN AIR ATTACKS.
13-OPERATION BARBAROSSA: INVASION OF THE SOVIET UNION
14-THE GERMAN BLITZKRIEG OR LIGHTNING WAR:
15-OPERATION ZITADELLE or THE BATTLE OF KURSK.
16-OPERATION OVERLORD: PLAN TO DISEMBARK IN NORMANDY. (D-DAY). THE GERMANS WERE WAITING THE LANDING. THEY HAD PREPARED MINE FIELDS ALONG THE BEACHES, STRUNG MILES OF BARBED WIRE, DUG DITCHES, BUILT ANTITANK CONCRETE WALLS, ETC.
17-HOLOCAUST: MASSIVE AND DELIBERATE PLANNED EXTERMINATION OF 15 MILLIONS OF JEWS, GYPSIES, SLAVS, ETC. THE NIGHT OF THE BROKEN GLASS (1938) IN GERMANY WAS THE BEGINNING. CONCENTRATION CAMPS: AUSCHWITZ, TREBLINKA, BELZEC, MAIDANEK, BUCHENWALD, MAUTHAUSEN, TEREZIN. THE GAS CHAMBERS AND HUMAN INCINERATORS OR CREMATORIA.
18-SWASTICA: ANCIENT SYMBOL (1000 BC) . THE IMAGE HAS BEEN USED BY MANY CULTURES. THE WORD COMES FROM SANSKRIT, MEANING "BE GOOD"; IN OTHER CULTURES APPEARED WITH OTHER MEANINGS: LIFE, SUN, POWER, STRENGTH, AND GOOD LUCK. FOR THE NAZIS, THE MEANING OF THE FLAG WITH THE SWASTIKA WAS: RED-SOCIAL IDEA OF THE MOVEMENT; WHITE-NATIONALISTIC IDEA, THE PURITY OF THE ARYAN RACE; SWASTIKA-THE IDEA OF STRUGGLE FOR VICTORY. THE NAZIS' FLAG IS A SYMBOL OF HATE, ANTI-SEMITISM,. VIOLENCE, DEATH, AND MURDER.
LEADERS
AMERICANS:
1-FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT (1882-1945): 32nd. PRESIDENT (1933-45).
2-HARRY S. TRUMAN: 33rd. PRESIDENT (1945-52). THE A-BOMB (HIROSHIMA & NAGASAKI).
3-DWIGHT EISENHOWER (IKE): COMMANDER OF ALLIED FORCES IN EUROPE DURING WW II. 34th. PRESIDENT (1952-60). KOREA.
4-DOUGLAS McARTHUR: GENERAL. THE PACIFIC, JAPAN, KOREA.
5-GEORGE PATTON: COMMANDER IN NORTH AFRICA, CHIEF OF THE 3rd. U.S. ARMY IN EUROPE (SO FAST THROUGH FRANCE -50,000 MILES- THAT HE RAN OUT OF GAS).
6-GEORGE MARSHALL (1880-1959): KEY AMERICAN GENERAL. SEE Marshall Plan
BRITISH:
6-WINSTON CHURCHILL (1874-1965): PRIME MINISTER
7-BERNARD MONTGOMERY: COMMANDER IN NORTH AFRICA. HE DEFEATED ROMMEL.
RUSSIANS:
8-JOSEPH STALIN (1879-1953): 1st SECRETARY OF THE POLITICAL BUREAU. DICTATOR (1924-53).
9-KLIMENT VOROSHILOV: MARSHALL OF THE SOVIET UNION, MINISTER OF DEFENSE.
10-GEORGY K. ZHUKOV: MARSHALL OF THE SOVIET UNION. GREATEST SOVIET GENERAL (MOSCOW, LENINGRAD, AND STALINGRAD).
11-Konstantin Rokossovsky (1896-1968): Marshal of the Soviet Union
12-Aleksandr Vasilevsky (1895-1977): Marshal of the Soviet Union
13-Ivan
Konev
(1897-1973):
Marshal of the Soviet
Union
FRENCH:
14-CHARLES DE GAULLE (1890-1970): FRENCH RESISTANCE, THE NAVY. PRESIDENT OF FRANCE (1959-69).
15-Philippe Pétain (1856-1951)
GERMANS:
Nazi
Institutions &
Leaders

Nazi Party
or NSDAP:
National Socialist German Workers' Party, created in 1920 The party's
top leader was Adolf
Hitler (1889-1945),
the Führer,.
Hitler established a
totalitarian regime known as the
Third Reich. The head of the
Party Chancellery and private secretary to
Hitler was Martin
Bormann (1900-1945)
who gained Hitler's trust and derived immense power by
controlling access to the Führer. Rudolf
Hess (1894-1987)
acted as Hitlers deputy in the
Party. Nazi ideology stressed the racial
purity of the German people and persecuted those it perceived
either as enemies or "unworthy of life". (This included
Jews,
Gypsies,
Slavs and
homosexuals, along with
Jehovah's Witnesses, the
mentally and/or physically disabled,
socialists, and
communists.).
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SS
(Schutzstaffel):
Originally, it was the Sturmabteilung
(SA), storm troopers or
personal guard unit, established in
1925, often
referred to as the "brown shirts,
for the protection of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. Later, under the
leadership of Heinrich
Himmler between
1929 and
1945, the SS grew from a small
paramilitary formation to become one of the
largest and most powerful organizations in
Nazi Germany. The Nazis regarded the SS as
an elite unit, the party's "Praetorian
Guard". In contrast to the black-uniformed
Allgemeine-SS,
the political wing of the SS, the military wing, the
Waffen-SS
evolved into a second German army
within the Wehrmacht
and it gained a
reputation for its notorious brutality against civilians and
prisoners of war.
SS-Totenkopfverbände
(SS-TV)
were made
up of
Nazi
Germany's
camp guards.The
SS was given authority to establish and run the
Sicherheitsdienst
(SD), the Security and
Intelligence Service (led by
Reinhard
Heydrich,
who was later
assassinated and replaced by
Dr.
Ernst
Kaltenbrunner,
and the Geheime
Staatspolizei (Gestapo), the
Secret Police (led by Heinrich
Müller), effectively
putting the SS above the law.
Heinrich
Himmler
(1900-1945),
the leader of the SS, was one of the chief architects of the
Final
Solution. The SS
Einsatzgruppen,
the Mobile Killing Units, murdered many civilian non-combatants
in the countries occupied by Germany during
World War II. The SS was responsible for
establishing and operating
concentration camps and
extermination camps in which millions of
inmates died of inhumane treatment, overwork, malnutrition,
systematic mass gassing, or medical experiments.
Wehrmacht:
the
armed forces led by
Wilhelm
Keitel (1882-1946)
and Alfred
Jodl (1890-1946).
See also
Günther von
Kluge
(1882-1944),
Gerd von
Rundstedt
(1875-1953),
Erwin Rommel
(1891-1944),
Georg von
Küchler
(1881-1968),
Erich von
Manstein
(1887-1973),
Friedrich
Paulus
(1890-1957),
Ferdinand
Schörner
(1892-1973)
Abwehr: Military Intelligence Agency from 1921 to 1944. It dealt exclusively with human intelligence , especially raw intelligence reports from field agents and other sources. The Chief of the Abwehr, Wilhelm Franz Canaris (1887-1945), reported directly to the German High Command. Intelligence, under Himmler.
Luftwaffe:
the
German
air force, led by
Hermann
Göring (1893-1946).
See also
Hugo Sperrle
(1885-1953)
&
Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen
(1895-1945).
Kriegsmarine:
the German Navy, led by Karl
Dönitz (1891-1980).
See also Erich
Raeder
(1876-1960),
Erich
Topp
(1914-2005),
Otto
Kretschmer
(1912-1998)

ITALIAN:
20-BENITO MUSSOLINI (1883-1945): FOUNDER OF THE FASCIST PARTY (1919). DICTATOR (1924-45).
SPANISH:
21-FRANCISCO FRANCO (1892-1975): DICTATOR (1939-75) AFTER THE CIVIL WAR (1936-39).
CAUSES OF THE WW II
1-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS (CRISIS OF 1930) IN CAPITALIST COUNTRIES.
2-THE RADICAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN GERMANY AND ITALY ASKED FOR STRONG LEADERS TO AVOID A REVOLUTION.
3-WORLD CONCERN ABOUT COMMUNISM (SOVIET UNION) AND ITS POSSIBLE EXPANSION.
4-GERMANY WAS OVERWHELMED WITH THE WW I DEBTS.
5-REVENGE, MILITARISM.
6-IMPERIALISM (ITALY, GERMANY, AND JAPAN).
THE ALLIANCES
1-THE AXIS BERLIN -ROME-TOKYO (NAZI-FASCISM).
2-THE ALLIES (GB., FRANCE, THE SOVIET UNION, THE U.S.).
THE ROAD TO WAR.
THE APPEASEMENT POLICY: GB & FRANCE DID NOTHING.
1-JAPAN OCCUPIED MANCHURIA (1931).
2-ITALY INVADED ETHIOPIA (1935).
3-CIVIL WAR IN SPAIN (1936-39): THE SOVIETS HELPED THE REPUBLIC AND HITLER HELPED FRANCISCO FRANCO (WINNER)
4-GERMANY ANNEXED AUSTRIA (1938).
5-GERMANY ATTACKED CZECHOSLOVAKIA (1939)
6-NAZI-SOVIET SECRET PACT (1939): DO NOT ATTACK EACH OTHER, DIVIDE UP POLAND, THE BALTIC REPUBLICS, AND FINLAND.
7-GERMANY ATTACKED POLAND (SEPTEMBER 1st., 1939) AND THE USSR OCCUPIED FINLAND AND THE BALTIC REPUBLICS. GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE DECLARED WAR TO GERMANY: THE WW II BEGAN, BUT ONLY FORMALLY.
8-WAR PROPAGANDA (SEE POSTERS)
THE GERMAN BLITZKRIEG
1-GERMANY OCCUPIED DENMARK, NORWAY, HOLLAND, BELGIUM, AND FRANCE (FROM APRIL TO JUNE 0F 1940).
2-DUNKIRK (MAY 1940): THOUSANDS OF ALLIED TROOPS WERE RESCUED.
3-THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN (1940-41)
4-OPERATION BARBAROSSA (JUNE 21st., 1941). THE STORM: IN OCTOBER, THE NAZIS HAD OCCUPIED ALL UKRAINE AND
BYELORUSSIA, AND HAD BESIEGED LENINGRAD. THEN, THEY BEGAN OPERATION TYPHOON (THE ATTACK ON MOSCOW).
5-TORA, TORA, TORA: JAPAN ATTACKED PEARL HARBOR (DEC. 7th., 1941). 19 WARSHIPS AND 150 PLANES WERE DESTROYED. 2,400 DIED. THE U.S. DECIDED ENTER IN WW II.
THE AMERICAN ECONOMY OF WAR
1-TEN MILLION MEN WERE RECRUITED.
2-MILITARY BASES WERE SET UP ALL ACROSS THE COUNTRY.
3-THE INDUSTRY FOCUSED ON PROVIDING WEAPONS AND SUPPLIES FOR THE MILITARY. THE ECONOMY BOOMED AGAIN.
4-AS PART OF THE LEND-LEASE ACT, THE U.S. GAVE $50,940 BILLIONS TO THE ALLIED NATIONS. (SEE TABLE)
MAJOR BATTLES
BATTLE OF BRITAIN (1940): IN THE AIR
SIEGE OF LENINGRAD (872 DAYS): 1941-44
MIDWAY (1942): AMERICAN PLANES SANK 4 JAPANESE AIRCRAFT-CARRIERS.
GUADALCANAL (1942): MARINES LANDED IN THE SALOMON ISLANDS.
EL ALAMEIN, EGYPT (1942): THE BRITISH DEFEATED THE AFRIKA KORPS OF ROMMEL.
STALINGRAD / VOLGOGRAD (FEBRUARY 1943): PAULUS WAS CAPTURED. THE SOVIET COUNTER OFFENSIVE BEGAN.
SICILY (JULY 1943): THE ALLIES INVADED ITALY: OPERATION HUSKY
KURSK / OPERATION ZITADELLE (JULY 1943): GREATEST BATTLE OF TANKS IN HISTORY (3,400 TANKS AND 28,000 PIECES OF ARTILLERY)
D-DAY (JUNE 6th., 1944): THE ALLIES LANDED IN NORMANDY.
5,300 WARSHIPS
12,000 PLANES
155,000 SOLDIERS
THE BATTLE OF BULGE (1944): GERMAN COUNTER ATTACK (FAILURE).
ALLIES FINAL OFFENSIVE (1944-45): THE SOVIETS FROM THE EAST, AMERICANS / BRITISH FROM THE WEST.
V-E DAY (MAY 8th., 1945): GERMANY SURRENDERED.
ISLAND HOPPING (1945): THE U.S. IN THE PACIFIC (OKINAWA, IWO JIMA)
HIROSHIMA (AUG. 7): 70,000 PEOPLE DIED & NAGASAKI (AUG. 9): 40,000
V-J DAY (AUG. 14th., 1945): JAPAN SURRENDERED. WW II ENDED.
ALLIES CONFERENCES
1-TEHERAN, IRAN (NOV. 1943)
2-YALTA, CRIMEA (FEB. 1945):
3-POSTDAM, GERMANY (JULY, 1945):
THE AFTERMATH
1-MORE THAN 60 MILLION PEOPLE DIED.
2-EUROPEAN TERRITORY AND ECONOMY WERE DEVASTATED.
3-THE UNITED STATES BECAME THE FIRST WESTERN POWER.
4-THE SOVIET UNION BECAME A WORLD POWER. THE RED ARMY HAD LIBERATED SEVERAL EUROPEAN AND ASIAN TERRITORIES. MOST OF THOSE NATIONS BECAME SOVIET SATELLITES: THE COMMUNIST BLOCK. THE IRON CURTAIN.
5-NUREMBERG TRIALS: THE GERMAN WAR CRIMINALS WERE SENTENCED TO DEATH.
6-THE MARSHALL PLAN: THE U.S. DECIDED TO HELP TO REBUILT EUROPE (BILLIONS OF DOLLARS).
7-GERMANY WAS DIVIDED IN FOUR PIECES.
8-THE UNITED NATIONS WAS CREATED.
9-THE COLD WAR BEGAN (WESTERN DEMOCRACIES vs. COMMUNISM).

Germany
Japan
Italy

USA
Soviet Union
Great Britain

FDR
Stalin &nbs