Units World History (Second Semester)

1-The Renaissance, Scientific Revolution & Reformation.
2-Exploration And Conquest.
3-The Age of Kings: Absolutism
4-The Enlightenment and The Age of Revolutions (1700's-1830).
5-The Industrial Revolution (1750-1850).
6-Nationalism (Italy, Germany, the Balkans), Imperialism (1850-1914), and Chinese Revolution (1911).
7-World War I (1914-18) & The Russian Revolution (1905-1941).
8-World War II (1929-1945).
9-The Cold War (1945-1990).
10-The World Today (1991-Today).

I wanted to add some websites from other High Schools, with Study Guides and other resources:

AP European History                                                                AP World History

Horace Greeley HS, NY -- Ms. Pojer The CAVE -- Mr. Treadwell Chaffey HS, Ontario California--Mr. Steven Mercado Bishop Verot HS, Florida -- Mr. J. Hamann Bullard H.S., California -- Mr. Lloyd The Oakridge School, Texas -- Dr. Sanderson Study Guides & Exams developed by New York High School

Mrs. Bond-Lamberty's  Mr. Schuler's from Roswell High School Mr. Stanton's from Poolesville High School Jay Harmon's Mr. Burnett's Dr. Murnane’s Mr. Donniehuck's from Harker Heights High Mr. Morrison's from Okemos High School Stephenson's from North Cobb High School

==>Most of the definitions in these Lecture Notes (Vocabulary, Leaders, etc) and hyperlinks to obtain extra information, came from / belong to Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.

STRAND(S) and STANDARD(S):      

World History      (Standard 1:  Utilize historical inquiry skills and analytical processes)

                                (Standard 4:  Analyze the causes and events, and effects of the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and Age of Exploration)

Humanities           (Standard 1:  Identify and analyze the historical, social, and cultural contexts of the arts)

                                (Standard 2: Respond critically and aesthetically to various works in the arts)

                                (Standard 3: Understand how transportation, trade, communication, science and technology influence the progression and regression of cultures)

Content Benchmarks:

SS.912.W.4.1:  Identify the economic and political causes for the rise of the Italian city-states (Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome and Venice).                                                                                                                                                                    

SS.912.W.4.2:  Recognize major influences on the architectural, artistic, and literary developments of Renaissance Italy (Classical, Byzantine, Islamic, Western European).                                                                                                                                                                     

SS.912.W.4.3:  Identify the major artistic, literary, and technological contributions of individuals during the Renaissance.                                                                                                                                                                     

SS.912.W.4.4:  Identify characteristics of Renaissance humanism in works of art.                                                                                                                                                                     

SS.912.W.4.5:  Describe how ideas from the Middle Ages and Renaissance led to the Scientific Revolution.                                                                                                                                                                       

SS.912.W.4.6:  Describe how scientific theories and methods of the Scientific Revolution challenged those of the early classical and medieval periods.                                                                                                                                                                       

SS.912.W.4.7:  Identify criticisms of the Roman Catholic Church by individuals such as Wycliffe, Hus and Erasmus and their impact on later reformers.                                                                                                                                                                       

SS.912.W.4.8:  Summarize religious reforms associated with Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, Henry VIII, and John of Leyden and the effects of the Reformation on Europe.                 

SS.912.W.4.9:  Analyze the Roman Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation in the forms of the Counter and Catholic Reformation.

SS.912.W.4.10:  Identify the major contributions of individuals associated with the Scientific Revolution.

==> Please, watch the following videos (Free) <==

Youtube:

Renaissance Europe: Overview (2 minutes): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9KI0ozIvrw&feature=related
Renaissance Europe: The Medicci (2 minutes):  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kaWAH6VNeJ0&feature=relmfu
Renaissance Europe: Brunelleschi (2 minutes): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4qkgZ18-ns&feature=relmfu
Renaissance Europe: Michelangelo: (2 minutes) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7cD5AVSpJE&feature=relmfu
Leonardo Da Vinci (History Channel...10 parts)... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_3qOFuheB4
The Scientific Revolution (13 minutes)... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZR3rcWZmvws
Turning Points in History: The Scientific Revolution: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hodYUDDfsY
Turning Point in History: The Reformation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gi5qR7tflG0&feature=related
The Protestant Reformation (3 parts)... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h025a8GFlyI

Annenberg Learner (28 minutes each)

1-The National Monarchies: http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=842
2-The Renaissance and the Age of Discovery: http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=843
3-The Reformation: http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=845
4-The Rise of the Middle Class: http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=846
5-The Wars of Religion: http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=847
6-The Rise of the Trading Cities: http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=848

VOCABULARY

1-BLACK DEATH: The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. Thought to have started in China, it traveled along the Silk Road and had reached the Crimea by 1346. From there, probably carried by Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships, it spread throughout the Mediterranean and Europe. The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30–60 percent of Europe's population, reducing the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400. This has been seen as having created a series of religious, social and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover. The plague returned at various times, killing more people, until it left Europe in the 19th century.

2-RENAISSANCE: REBIRTH IN FRENCH. THE DISCOVERY BY SCHOLARS (HUMANISTS), ARTISTS, EXPLORERS, AND SCIENTISTS OF MANY NEW LAWS, FORMS OF ART AND LITERATURE, NEW RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL IDEAS, NEW LANDS (AMERICA). THE CLASSICAL STYLES AND THEMES WERE USED IN ARCHITECTURE AND ART: REBIRTH OF CLASSICAL CULTURE. RARE PERIOD OF GENIUS.

3-HUMANISM: INTEREST IN THE LIFE AND ACTIVITIES OF HUMAN BEINGS. IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND ACHIEVE HAPPINESS ON THIS EARTH INSTEAD OF IN HEAVEN AFTER DEATH.

4-SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: The Scientific Revolution is an era associated primarily with the 16th and 17th centuries during which new ideas and knowledge in physics, astronomy, biology, medicine and chemistry transformed medieval and ancient views of nature and laid the foundations for modern science.

5-KNOWLEDGEABLE: HAVING KNOWLEDGE OR UNDERSTANDING IN/OF MANY DIFFERENT AREAS (GREEK, LATIN, ART, SCIENCE), HAVING FINE MANNERS, SOCIAL SKILLS, AND BEING PHYSICALLY STRONG AND ATHLETIC. IDEALLY EDUCATED PERSON.

6-TUTORS: PRIVATE TEACHERS.

7-FRESCO: PICTURE PAINTED ON A WET PLASTER.

8-MASTERPIECE: A creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or to a work of outstanding creativity, skill or workmanship.

9-PATRONS: WEALTHY CUSTOMERS AND SUPPORTERS OF ARTISTS.

10-REALISM: Realism in the arts concerns the depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life.

11-SCHOLARS:  Scientists, university professors.

12-CLASSIC: The word classic means something that is a perfect example of a particular style, something of lasting worth or with a timeless quality.

13-SCIENCE: "TO KNOW" IN LATIN.

14-SCIENTIFIC METHOD: THE SEARCH FOR THE TRUTH USING EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS.
14.1-HYPOTHESIS: EDUCATED GUESS, THEORY.
14.2-EXPERIMENT: CONTROLLED TEST.
14.3-LAW: PREDICTABLE PATTERN IN SCIENCE.

15-ELLIPSE: OVAL FORM. PLANETS’ PATH.

16-EQUATION: MATHEMATICAL FORMULA.

17-INQUISITION: It was create by the Roman Catholic Church to "fight against heretics". It started in the 12th century, with the introduction of torture in the persecution of heresy. Inquisition practices were used also on offences against canon law other than heresy.

18-PENDULUM: A pendulum clock is a clock that uses a pendulum, a swinging weight, as its timekeeping element. The advantage of a pendulum for timekeeping is that it is a resonant device; it swings back and forth in a precise time interval dependent on its length, and resists swinging at other rates. From its invention in 1656 by Christian Huygens until the 1930s, the pendulum clock was the world's most precise timekeeper, accounting for its widespread use

19-HELIOCENTRISM: The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around a stationary Sun at the center of the solar system. Historically, heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the Earth at the center. It was not until the 16th century that a fully predictive mathematical model of a heliocentric system was presented, by the Renaissance mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic monk Nicolaus Copernicus, leading to the Copernican Revolution. In the following century, this model was elaborated and expanded by Johannes Kepler and supporting observations made using a telescope were presented by Galileo Galilei.

20-HERESY / HERETIC: A controversial change to a system of beliefs, especially in religion, that conflicts with established dogma. It is distinct from apostasy, which is the formal denunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is irreverence toward religion. Thousands were executed by the Catholic Church accused of heresy.

21-REFORMATION / REFORMER: The Protestant Reformation , also known as the Protestant Revolt", was led by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers" who objected to ("protested") the doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Catholic Church, led to the creation of new national Protestant churches. This was encouraged by the series of events such as the black death or Great Schism, that led to the loss of people's faith in the church. This plus many other factors contributed to the growth of lay criticism in the church, and the creation of the Protestant Religion. The Catholics responded with a Counter-Reformation, led by the Jesuit order, which reclaimed large parts of Europe, such as Poland. In general, northern Europe, with the exception of Ireland and pockets of Britain, turned Protestant, and southern Europe remained Catholic, while fierce battles that turned into warfare took place in central Europe.

22-NINETY-FIFE THESES: The document was written by Martin Luther in 1517 and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences.

23-INDULGENCE: In Catholic theology, an indulgence is the full or partial remission of temporal punishment due for sins which have already been forgiven. The indulgence is granted by the Catholic Church after the sinner has confessed and received absolution. The belief is that indulgences draw on the Treasury of Merit accumulated by Christ's superabundantly meritorious sacrifice on the cross and the virtues and penances of the saints. They are granted for specific good works and prayers. Indulgences replaced the severe penances of the early Church. More exactly, they replaced the shortening of those penances that was allowed at the intercession of those imprisoned and those awaiting martyrdom for the faith. Alleged abuses in selling and granting indulgences were a major point of contention when Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation (1517).

24-EXCOMMUNICATE: Excommunication is a religious censure used to deprive, suspend or limit membership in a religious community. The word means putting [someone] out of communion. In some religions, excommunication includes spiritual condemnation of the member or group. Excommunication may involve banishment, shunning, and shaming, depending on the religion, the offense that caused excommunication, or the rules or norms of the religious community.

25-HUGUENOTS: The Huguenots were members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Since the seventeenth century, people who formerly would have been called Huguenots have instead simply been called French Protestants, a title suggested by their German co-religionists, the Calvinists. French Protestants were inspired by the writings of John Calvin in the 1530s, and they were called Huguenots by the 1560s. By the end of the 17th century, roughly 200,000 Huguenots had been driven from France during a series of religious persecutions.

26-ANGLICANISM: The word Anglican originates in ecclesia anglicana, a medieval Latin phrase dating to at least 1246 meaning the English Church. Adherents of Anglicanism are called Anglicans. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international Anglican Communion. Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid 16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Reformed Protestantism. Anglicans are the Protestants of England, where the king was also the leader of the Church. King Henry VIII played a mayor role in the establishment of the Anglican Church of England.

27-ANABAPTISTE: Protestant Christians of the Radical Reformation of 16th-century Europe, and their direct descendants, particularly the Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites. Anabaptists rejected conventional Christian practices such as wearing wedding rings, taking oaths, and participating in civil government. They adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount and Believer's baptism. The name Anabaptist is derived from the Latin term anabaptista, or "one who baptizes over again", in reference to practicing adult baptism, because, as a new faith, they baptized converts who already had been baptized (as infants) in the older Christian churches. Anabaptists required that candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so refused baptism to infants. As a result, Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th by both other Protestants and Roman Catholics.

28-COUNTER-REFORMATION: The Counter-Reformation (also the Catholic Revival^[1] or Catholic Reformation) denotes the period of Catholic revival beginning with the Council of Trent (1545–1563) and ending at the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648 as a response to the Protestant Reformation. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort, composed of four major elements:

1. Ecclesiastical or structural reconfiguration
2. Religious orders
3. Spiritual movements
4. Political dimensions

Such reforms included the foundation of seminaries for the proper training of priests in the spiritual life and the theological traditions of the Church, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with Christ, including the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality. It also involved political activities that included the Roman Inquisition.

29-CENSORSHIP: Censorship is the suppression of speech or other public communication which may be considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient to the general body of people as determined by a government, the Church, or other controlling body.

30-MISSIONARY: A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to do evangelism or ministries of service, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care and economic development. The word "mission" originates from 1598 when the Jesuits sent members abroad to spread the ideas of the Catholic Church and to stop the ideas of the Reformation.

31-EDICT: An edict is an announcement of a law, often associated with monarchism. The Pope and various national leaders are currently the only persons who still issue edicts.

32-CONCORDAT: FORMAL AGREEMENT.

33-TITHE: INCOME TAX (1/10) PAID TO THE PARISH.

34-DEPICT: To render a representation of something, using words, sounds, images, or other means.

35-SCAFFOLD: A structure made of scaffolding, for workers to stand on while working on a building. An elevated platform on which a criminal is executed.

36-CHISEL: A cutting tool consisting of a slim oblong block of metal with a sharp wedge or bevel formed on one end. It may be provided with a handle at the other end, which is generally perpendicular to, but occasionally parallel to the cutting edge of the tool, depending upon its intended use. It is used to remove parts of stone, wood or metal by placing the sharp edge against the material to be cut and pushing or pounding the other end with a hammer, or mallet. The cutting edge of a chisel is most frequently straight, but may be curved or otherwise shaped (v-shaped, for example), to suit the characteristics of the material being worked, or the shape to be achieved by the chisel's use.

37-GENIUS: Someone possessing extraordinary intelligence or skill; especially somebody who has demonstrated this by a creative or original work in science, music, art etc.

38-MILAN: Milan  is the second-largest city in Italy, the capital city of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. Milan became one of the most prosperous Italian cities during the High Middle Ages, playing a primary role in the Lombard League. Later Milan became the capital city of the Duchy of Milan, being ruled by the Visconti, the Sforza, the Spanish and the Austrians.

39-VENICE: A city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. One of the main centers of the Renaissance. The Republic of Venice was a major maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as a very important center of commerce (especially silk, grain and spice trade) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century. This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period.

40-FLORENCE: "The Athens of Italy". The capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. The city lies on the River Arno; it is known for its history and its importance in the Middle Ages and in the Renaissance, especially for its art and architecture and, more generally, for its cultural heritage. A centre of medieval European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of the time, Florence is considered the birthplace of the Renaissance. A turbulent political history included periods of rule by the powerful Medici family, religious and republican revolution.

41-ROME: Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city. After the Middle Ages, Rome was ruled by popes such as Alexander VI and Leo X, who transformed the city into one of the major centers of the Italian Renaissance, along with Florence. The current version of St Peter's Basilica was built and the Sistine Chapel was painted by Michelangelo. Famous artists and architects, such as Bramante, Bernini and Raphael resided for some time in Rome, contributing to its Renaissance and Baroque architecture.

42-PERSPECTIVE: The way in which objects appear to the eye based on their spatial attributes; or their dimensions and the position of the eye relative to the objects. Sense of depth in a painting.

43-PREDESTINATION: Predestination, in Calvinistic theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God. John Calvin interpreted biblical predestination to mean that God willed eternal damnation for some people and salvation for others. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the so-called "paradox of free will", that God's omniscience is seemingly incompatible with human free will.

RENAISSANCE CATHEDRALS

1-Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore: The cathedral church (Duomo) of Florence, Italy, begun in 1296 to the design of Arnolfo di Cambio and completed structurally in 1436 with the dome engineered by Filippo Brunelleschi.

2-St. Peter's Cathedral: The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter, officially known in Italian as Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St. Peter's Basilica, is a Late Renaissance church located within the Vatican City. St. Peter's Basilica has the largest interior of any Christian church in the world. It is regarded as one of the holiest Catholic sites. It has been described as "holding a unique position in the Christian world" and as "the greatest of all churches of Christendom"

3-St. Mark's Basilica: The Patriarchal Cathedral Basilica of Saint Mark (officially known in Italian as the Basilica Cattedrale Patriarcale di San Marco and commonly known as Saint Mark's Basilica) is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Venice, northern Italy. It is the most famous of the city's churches and one of the best known examples of Byzantine architecture. It lies at the eastern end of the Piazza San Marco, adjacent and connected to the Doge's Palace.

LEADERS / OUTSTANDING PEOPLE

1-GIOTTO (1266-1337): DANTE’S FRIEND. TRANSITION. PAINTER: FLORENCE.

2-JAN van EYCK (1390-1441): PAINTER, FLANDERS. USE OF OIL TO PAINT.

3-MICHELANGELO (1475-1564): SCULPTOR, PAINTER, AND ARCHITECT: TUSCANY, FLORENCE, AND ROME.

4-RAPHAEL SANTI (1483-1520): PAINTER, ROME.

5-LEONARDO da VINCI (1452-1519): PAINTER, SCIENTIST, INVENTOR: FLORENCE

6-DONATO BRAMANTE (1444-1514): ARCHITECT: MILAN & ROME.

7-JACOB TINTORETTO (1518-1594): PAINTER, VENETIAN SCHOOL.

8-TITIAN (1488-1576): PAINTER, VENETIAN SCHOOL.

9-SANDRO BOTTICELLI (1444-1510): PAINTER, FLORENCE.

10-ALBERT DURER (1471-1528): German painter, printmaker, engraver, mathematician, and theorist from Nuremberg. His prints established his reputation across Europe when he was still in his twenties, and he has been conventionally regarded as the greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance ever since.

11-MEDICI FAMILY: THE MOST IMPORTANT AND RICH FAMILY IN FLORENCE DURING THE RENAISSANCE. PATRONS OF ART AND SCIENCE. SEVERAL POPES WERE MEDICI.  LORENZO DE MEDICI, "THE MAGNIFICENT": POLITICIAN AND PATRON IN FLORENCE ACCUSED OF TYRANT. FAMOUS MEETINGS.

12-BRUNELLESCHI: Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. He is perhaps most famous for inventing linear perspective and designing the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also included bronze artwork, architecture (churches and chapels, fortifications, a hospital, etc), mathematics, engineering (hydraulic machinery, clockwork mechanisms, theatrical machinery, etc) and even ship design. His principal surviving works are to be found in Florence, Italy.

13-WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616): ENGLISH PLAYWRIGHT.

14-MIGUEL DE CERVANTES (1547-1616): SPANISH WRITER. THE ONE-HANDED OF LEPANTO.

15-FRANCESCO PETRARCA (1304-1374): He known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar, poet and one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch is often called the "Father of Humanism"^. In the 16th century,  Petrarch's sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry. He is also known for being the first to develop the concept of the Dark Ages.

16-GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO (1313-1375): An Italian author and poet, a friend, student, and correspondent of Petrarch, an important Renaissance humanist and the author of a number of notable works including the Decameron, On Famous Women, and his poetry in the Italian vernacular. Boccaccio is particularly notable for his dialogue, of which it has been said that it surpasses in verisimilitude that of virtually all of his contemporaries.

17-JOHANN GUTENBERG (1400-1468): GERMAN INVENTOR (THE PRINTING PRESS - 1440 - USING MOVEABLE METAL TYPES).

18-DONATELLO (1386-1466): SCULPTOR, FLORENCE.

19-ERASMUS (1469-1536): "THE PRINCE OF HUMANISTS". DUTCH PHILOSOPHER AND WRITER. "ADAGIA", "COLLOQUIA", "THE PRAISE OF FOLLY".

20-MACHIAVELLI (1469-1527): POLITICIAN AND WRITER. FLORENCE. "THE PRINCE".

21-FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626): ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER WHO WORKED OUT THE BASICS STEPS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD:

22- PTOLEMY (2nd. CENTURY AD.): AUTHOR OF THE THEORY OF THE EARTH AS THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE (GEOCENTRISM). THIS IDEA LASTED 14 CENTURIES.

23- NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543): POLISH ASTRONOMER WHO CHALLENGED PTOLEMY’S THEORY SAYING THAT THE EARTH REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN. HE DID NOT EXPERIMENTS BUT HE JUST USED LOGICAL THINKING AND GEOMETRY.

24-JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630): GERMAN ASTRONOMER. AFTER MANY EXPERIMENTS AND USING MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS, HE PROVED COPERNICUS’ THEORY.

25-GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642): THE MOST IMPORTANT SUPPORTER OF COPERNICUS’ THEORY. TEACHER OF MATHEMATICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PADUA. HE BUILT A TELESCOPE, DISCOVERED THE ROUGH SURFACE OF THE MOON, THE SUN SPOTS, AND JUPITER’S MOONS. HE EXPERIMENTED ON GRAVITY. THE MEDICIS SUPPORTED HIS WORK. GALILEO WAS FORCED BY THE INQUISITION TO DENY HIS DISCOVERY.

26-ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727): ENGLISH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHYSICIST. HE DISCOVERED THAT THE WHITE SUNLIGHT IS COMPOSED FOR ALL THE COLORS AND EXPLAINED WHY PLANETS REMAIN IN THEIR ORBITS: FORCE OF GRAVITY ( G = 9,75 M/SEG2 GF = Gm1.m2 GF: GRAVITY FORCE R2 R: DISTANCE BETWEEN THE OBJECTS).

27-ANDREAS VERSALIUS (1514-1564): FLEMISH DOCTOR WHO STUDIED HUMAN BODY USING CORPSES. HE VIOLATED THE CHURCH RULES.

28-WILLIAM HARVEY (1578-1657): ENGLISH DOCTOR WHO STUDIED THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND BLOOD CIRCULATION.

29-WILLIAM GILBERT (1544-1603): ENGLISH DOCTOR AND PHYSICIST WHO STUDIED MAGNETISM AND STATIC ELECTRICITY.

30-RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650): FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER. HE CREATED ANALYTIC GEOMETRY (REPRESENT POINTS IN SPACE USING A GRAPH. EVERY LINE ON A GRAPH COULD BE REPRESENTED BY AN EQUATION).

31-GABRIEL FAHRENHEIT (1686-1736): HE MADE THE FIRST MERCURY THERMOMETER IN 1714.

32-ROBERT BOYLE (1627-1691): He was a 17th century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor, also noted for his writings in theology. Boyle is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental scientific method.

33-ROGER BACON (1214–1294): Also known as Doctor Mirabilis (meaning "wonderful teacher"), was an English philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on the study of nature through empirical methods. He is sometimes credited, mainly starting in the 19th century, as one of the earliest European advocates of the modern scientific method.

34-THOMAS MORE (1478^-1535): Also known by Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was an important councilor to Henry VIII of England and, for three years toward the end of his life, Lord Chancellor. He is recognized as a saint within the Catholic Church and is commemorated by the Church of England as a 'Reformation martyr'. He was an opponent of the Protestant Reformation and in particular of Martin Luther and William Tyndale.

Click to see PowerPoints

Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore

St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City

Saint Mark's Basilica, Venice

Flight into Egypt                                                                           Lamentation
Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337), painter

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (March 6, 1475-February 18, 1564), one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance.
 
La Pietà (1499)                                                                      Moses (1513-1515)

 
David, a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture sculpted by Michelangelo from 1501 to 1504

God creating Adam, detail (Sistine Chapel)

Michelangelo painted 12,000 square feet (1,100 m²) of the Sistine Chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512. Twenty years later, he also painted The Last Judgment, the mural on the altar wall from 1534 to 1541.

         
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (1452-1519)                     The Vitruvian Man, 1487
 
Mona Lisa or La Gioconda
Leonardo da Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 and, according to Vasari, "after he had lingered over it four years, left it unfinished...." He is thought to have continued to work on it for three years after he moved to France and to have finished it shortly before he died in 1519

The School of Athens, is one of the most famous paintings by artist Raphael Sanzio (March 28, 1483 – April 6, 1520). It was painted between 1510 and 1511 as a part of Raphael's commission to decorate with frescoes the rooms now known as the Stanze di Raffaello

Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi, better known as Sandro Botticelli (March 1, 1445-May 17, 1510)

The Birth of Venus (1485)

Primavera / Spring (1478)

The Arnolfini Portrait (1434), by Jan van Eyck (1395-1441), one of the best Northern European painters of the 15th century.

Use of Perspective or sense of depth, another contribution of the Renaissance

German  goldsmith Johann Gutenberg invented the Printing Press around 1439.

 
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (September 29, 1547-April 22, 1616), author of Don Quixote

William Shakespeare (26 April 1564-23 April 1616)

 
Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564-8 January 1642), Tuscan (Italian) physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution.

The Black Death

Mechanical Clocks

La Reconquista

European Revival: 1200-1500 (Renaissance)

Latin Christians were more inclined to fight with each other than to join forces for any common good. They had no head that all will obey. The numerous kingdoms and principalities of Western Europe had never achieved unity. From 1200 to 1500 they will experience times of unusual progress: splendid architecture, institutions of higher learning, cultural achievements, more powerful weapons, and more unified monarchies. Economic competition, the pursuit of success, and the effective use of borrowed technologies and learning (from the Islamic world and China) made all this possible. They called themselves “Latins”.

Population & Agriculture

Most Europeans were serfs: nine out of ten people were farmers. Each noble had between 13 and 30 peasant families working for him in return for the use of the land. Despite numerous holidays, peasants worked long hours and half of the fruits of their labor went to the lord. Women were subordinated to men. Poverty increased because inefficient farming methods, social inequality, and population growth.  Population in Europe in 1300 was about 80 million. It grew significantly during 1100-1345 thanks to the reviving economy. The average life expectancy for a European was 30 to 35 years. New technique in northern Europe increased the farmland available: Three-field system (crops on two-thirds of land and use the third to plant oats to rejuvenate soil and feed plow-horses (more efficient than oxen). Draining swamps and clearing forests also brought more lands under cultivation. Looking for lands to settle, Germans, members of the Order of Teutonic Knights, moved to the eastern Baltic, later called Prussia.

An unusually cold winter provoked the Great Famine of 1315-17.

The Black Death, which begun in Central Asia and spread to Europe during the 1340s, caused the deaths of 75 million people worldwide, approximately 25–50 million of which occurred in Europe, which represented around 35% of Europe's population. It’s now believed that the Black Death was a combination of two diseases: anthrax and bubonic plague. Because of these massive deaths, some people became more religious while others turned to reckless enjoyment. The Black Death trigged social changes. Skilled and manual laborers demanded higher pay and peasants rose up against wealthy nobles and churchmen, looting castles and killing people. Serfdom disappeared in Western Europe as a result of all this. Free peasants used their higher wages to buy land and work for themselves. In urban areas employers had to raise wages too and Guilds reduced the period of apprenticeship.

Industry & Technology

Mining, metalworking, and the use of mechanical energy expanded significantly. Mills powered by water or wind had long been common in the Islamic world; now, Europeans learned to use them. Watermills (England & France many rivers) and Windmills (dry areas: Spain & northern Europe). Waterpower supported the expansion of iron making to produce armors, nails, horseshoes, and tools. Techniques for deep mining developed in Central Europe and spread to the west.

Pollution of the rivers was the negative effect of urban tanneries, combined with human wastes and runoff from slaughterhouses. Deforestation resulted from the massive cut of trees for building ships and growing cities, as well as for clearing forests to make room for farming. Glass and iron industries also consumed great quantities of charcoal.

Cities

By the later Middle Ages wealthy commercial centers stood all along the Mediterranean, Baltic, and Atlantic. Prosperity was visible in the impressive new churches, guild halls, and residences. It was the result of the growth of trade and manufacturing. The cities of northern Italy benefited from their maritime trade with the east. In northern Europe, commercial cities in the County of Flanders also created a major network of trade.

Italian Eastern Mediterranean trade became stronger when Venice took advantage of the assault against Constantinople in 1204, conquering Crete and expanding its trade around the Black Sea. Mongol expansion opened trade routes from Europe to China (See Marco Polo). Even after Mongol decline, Venetian merchants continued to send their galleys to Constantinople to buy goods from Asia to sell in Europe. Like Venice, Genoa also established colonies on the eastern Mediterranean and around the Black Sea.
 

In northern Europe an association of trading cities was created: the Hanseatic League, which traded in the Baltic, with Russia and England. The Flemish towns of Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres were famous for manufacturing fine cloth, using raw wool from England. These cities offered people more social freedom than rural areas. German cities were independent. Others held special royal charters, excepting them from the authority of local nobles. This allowed them to change to market conditions more quickly than those under imperial authorities. Anyone living in charter cities for over a year might claim freedom. Jews were welcomed here for their skills.
 

Even when Jews where under the protection of the church, they were subject to discrimination and violence. They were blamed for the Black Death, supposedly poisoning the wells: many were tortured and burnt. Jews were frequently accused of sorcery and witchcraft. Only in the papal city of Rome Jews were undisturbed. Some tried to convert them to Christianity, even baptizing their children against the will of the parents; Tomas Aquinas and the pope opposed this practice. Because they were not bound by church laws against usury, Jews were important moneylenders. Jews were not able to bear witness against Christians. Spanish Jews once constituted one of the largest and most prosperous Jewish communities under Muslim rule. In 1492, they were expelled from Spain by the order of the King and Queen.
 

Trade Fairs appeared along the route from Flanders to northern Italy, the most important of which was located in Champagne. When this territory came under the control of the king of France, merchants from every nation received safe conducts, promoting international fairs in the region.
 

In the late 1200,s English tax policies made more profitable to manufacture their wool into cloth than exporting it to Flanders. They hired Flemish textile specialists and acquired spinning wheels and other devices. England became an exporter of cloth competing w/ Flanders. Florence also became a center for high-quality cloth making. The members of the Medici family were bank operators, supported the manufacture of cloth, were patrons of the arts, and controlled the government of the city. Europeans learned and started to manufacture their own silk, cotton textiles, glassware, mirrors, jewelry, and paper that previously they had to buy from the east. By 1500 the greatest banking family in Europe was the Fuggers of Augsburg.
 

Guilds were associations of craft specialists. They dominated civil life in the cities, regulated the business practices of its members and the prices of their products. Guilds trained apprentices and promoted their interests with the city government. They denied membership to outsiders, especially to Jews. Only men were accepted as full members; women may join as wives, widows, or daughters of male members.

A new class of wealthy merchant-bankers appeared, operating on a vast scale lending money, providing checking accounts, creating shareholding companies, and investing in growing industries. They also took care of the transmission to the pope of funds known as Pete’s pence, a collection taken up annually in every church. They also lend money to the rulers (pay for wars and lavish courts).
 

Master builders were in great demand in the thriving cities, where the Gothic Cathedrals (pointed arches, external / flying buttresses, giant windows of brilliantly colored stained glass, and high towers and spires) were the wonders of this period.

Mechanical clocks, invented by craftsmen of the Song Dynasty centuries earlier, became –for the first time everywhere- a regular part of urban life in Western European cities.

Learning, Art, and Literature.

The growing cities were home to intellectuals, artists, and universities after 1200. In the 1350’s, the pace of expanding cultural life quickened starting the often called Renaissance, which began in northern Italy. The Italian Renaissance was a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th century to about 1600. Some of the “lost knowledge” of the Greek and Arab world (which is going to feed the Renaissance) came into the Latin West through the recapture of southern Italy from the Byzantines, and Sicily and Toledo from the Muslims.

Italian Renaissance literature includes such figures as the humanists Petrarch (the sonnets of The Canzoniere), Boccaccio (the tales of The Decameron), and Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (The Praise of Folly, Handbook of a Christian Knight, On Civility in Children, etc. ), the writers Dante Aligheri (the Divine Comedy**), Geoffrey Chaucer (the Canterbury Tales), Baldasare da Castiglione (The Book of the Courtier), Ludovico Ariosto (Mad Orlando) and Torquato Tasso (Jerusalem Delivered) and prose authors such as Machiavelli (The Prince). Around 1450, three technical improvements revolutionalized printing: movable pieces of type consisting of individual letters, new ink suitable for printing on paper, and the printing press of Johann Gutenberg (a mechanical device that pressed inked type onto sheets of paper). By 1500 at least 10 million printed copies had issued forth from presses in 238 towns in Western Europe. This was a major contribution to the spread of knowledge and culture.

Italian Renaissance painting exercised a dominant influence on Western painting for centuries afterwards, with artists such as Giotto (mosaic of the Navicella, frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, etc.), Michelangelo (David, Moses, Pieta, frescos of the Sistine Chapel, etc.), Raphael (Portrait of Pope Julius II , The Madonna and Child, The School of Athens, Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione, etc.), Botticelli (The Birth of Venus, The Annunciation, La Primavera, etc.) Titian (Flora, Bacchus and Ariadne, The Venus of Urbino, Mars, Venus, and Amor, etc.), Leonardo da Vinci (Vitruvian Man, Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Lady with an Ermine, Portrait of Ginevra de'Benci, etc.), and Jan van Eyck (who was among the first using linseed oil instead of diluted egg yolk to mix with colored pigments to paint) and the same is true for architecture, with Andrea Palladio and works such as Florence Cathedral and St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The patronage of the wealthy merchants and bankers fostered this artistic growth.

Before 1100, Byzantine and Islamic scholarship surpassed scholarship in Latin Europe. The Dominicans and Franciscans contributed many talented professors to the growing number of new independent (charters) colleges created after 1200. It was in Western Europe where these modern universities, degree-granting corporations, specialized in multidisciplinary research and advance teaching, were created for the first time in the world. Between 1300 and 1500 sixty (60) new universities joined the twenty (20) existing institutions of higher learning. Guilds of professors were created . Students who passed the exams at the end of their apprenticeship received a diploma or “license”. Students who completed a longer training and defended a scholarly treatise became “masters” or “doctors”. All courses were taught in Latin and each university was famous in a particular field: Bologna: Law, Montpellier and Salerno: Medicine, Paris and Oxford: Theology. Theology was specially important because many students were destined for ecclesiastical careers. Many tried to reconcile reason (Aristotle & Avicena) with faith: Scholasticism (the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West during the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries). The most notable scholastic work was the Summa Theologica (1267-1273), by Thomas Aquinas, a brilliant Dominican priest, professor of theology at the University of Paris.

Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement that reformed secondary education in Europe. Beginning in Florence in the last decades of the 14th century. Humanism described a curriculum — the studia humanitatis — comprising grammar, rhetoric, moral philosophy, poetry and history as studied via classical authors. The early beliefs of humanism were that, although God created the universe, it was humans that developed and industrialized it.

Politics, Wars, New Monarchies

In 1200, knights were still the backbone of western European fighting forces. European feudalism, based on land in exchange for loyalty and military service were still the predominant socioeconomic and political characteristic of this part of the continent. Kings, nobles, and the Church were constantly struggling for power. The emergence of independent trade cities, organizations like the Hanseatic League, the growing number and influence of wealthy merchants and bankers, and some military innovations changed everything.
 

Improved crossbows that could shoot metal-tipped arrows able to pierce helmets and light body armor, led to the hiring of professional crossbowmen. The English longbow could shoot farther and more rapidly than the crossbow. Firearms, based on the Chinese invention of gunpowder and cannons to shoot metal projectiles, completely changed the way wars were fought. Cannons were very effective in blasting holes through the heavy walls of medieval castles and cities. Hand-held firearms were able to pierce even the heaviest armor hastened the demise of armored knights. These reduced the role of nobles as providers of soldiers and knights and increased the power of kings who can now hire the armies to fight their wars, sometimes borrowing money from bankers and merchants and some other times taxing the land of their vassals or / and taxing merchants and cities. The Church also became a source of revenue, making “voluntary” contributions to a war effort.
 

When Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303) asserted that divine law made the papacy superior to any king, King Philip IV of France (1285-1314) sent an army to arrest him, who died as part of the process. Then, Philip “organized” the election of a French pope, with residence at Avignon, in southern France. After the Great Western Schism (1378-1415), with papal claimants at Avignon and Rome, the conflict was solved returning the papal residence to Rome. The papacy regained its independence, but the Church lost political influence and power, and monarchs became more powerful. During the 1400’s, the English and French monarchs gained the right to appoint important ecclesiastical officials in their realms.
 

The English monarch was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, limiting his authority. This was the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law. By 1500, Parliament had become a permanent part of English government.
 

After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, France ruled over the island. The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) started because three consecutive French kings were not able to produce an heir and Edward III, son of Princess Isabella of France and king of England, laid claim to the French throne. At the beginning, the English occupied a vast territory in France. First use of artillery was in the Battle of Agincourt (1415), which was a major victory for the English. Joan of Arch helped the French to defeat the English, but was captured and burned at the stake in 1431. At the end, the French monarchy recovered control of its country.

Spain and Portugal became more centralized states as a result of the fighting against the Muslims in the Reconquest War, which advanced in waves: Toledo (1085), Cordova (1236), Seville (1248), Ceuta (1415), and Granada (1492). The marriage of Princess Isabella of Castille and Prince Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 led to the permanent union of their kingdoms into Spain. In 1492, just after expelling the last Muslim armies out of Granada, Christopher Columbus started his famous voyage and the Jews were expelled from Spain.

Contrasting the Renaissance and Later Middle Ages
 

Renaissance	Later Middle Ages
Philosophy:  Humanism – Emphasis on secular concerns due to rediscovery and study of ancient Greco-Roman culture.	Religion dominates Medieval thought. Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas – reconciles Christianity with Aristotelian science.
Ideal: ·        Virtù – Renaissance Man should be well-rounded (Castiglione)	Ideal: ·        Man is well-versed in one subject.
Literature: ·        Humanism; secularism ·        Northern Renaissance focuses also on writings of early church fathers ·        Vernacular (e.g. Petrarch, Boccacio) ·        Covered wider variety of subjects (politics, art, short stories) ·        Focused on the individual ·        Increased use of printing press; propaganda	Literature: ·        Based almost solely on religion. ·        Written in Latin ·        Church was greatest patron of arts and literature. ·        Little political criticism. ·        Hand-written
Religion: ·        The state is supreme to the church. ·        “New Monarchs” assert power over national churches. ·        Rise of skepticism ·        Renaissance popes worldly and corrupt	Religion: ·        Dominated politics; sought unified Christian Europe. ·        Church is supreme to the state. ·        Inquisition started in 1223; dissenters dealt with harshly
Sculpture: ·        Greek and Roman classical influences. ·        Free-standing (e.g. Michelangelo’s David) ·        Use of bronze (e.g. Donatello’s David)	Sculpture: ·        More gothic; extremely detailed. ·        Relief
Art: ·        Increased emphasis on secular themes. ·        Classic Greek and Roman ideals. ·        Use of perspective. ·        chiaroscuro ·        Increased use of oil paints. ·        Brighter colors ·        More emotion ·        Real people and settings depicted. ·        Patronized largely by merchant princes ·        Renaissance popes patronized renaissance art	Art: ·        Gothic style ·        Byzantine style dominates; nearly totally religious. ·        Stiff, 1-dimentional figures. ·        Less emotion ·        Stylized faces (faces look generic) ·        Use of gold to illuminate figures. ·        Lack of perspective. ·        Lack of chiaroscuro ·        Patronized mostly by the church
Architecture: ·        Rounded arches, clear lines; Greco-Roman columns ·        Domes (e.g. Il Duomo by Brunelleschi) ·        Less detailed ·        Focus on balance and form	Architecture: ·        Gothic style ·        Pointed arches; barrel vaults, spires ·        Flying buttresses ·        Elaborate detail
Technology: ·        Use of printing press ·        New inventions for exploration	Technology: ·        Depended on scribes
Marriage and Family: ·        Divorce available in certain cases ·        More prostitution ·        Marriages based more on romance. ·        Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castiglione) ·        Sexual double standard ·        Increased infanticide	Marriage and Family: ·        Divorce nonexistent ·        Marriages arranged for economic reasons. ·        Prostitution in urban areas ·        Ave. age for men: mid-late twenties ·        Avg. age for women: less than 20 years old. ·        Church encouraged cult of paternal care. ·        Many couples did not observe church regulations on marriage. ·        Manners shaped men to please women. ·        Relative sexual equality
Status of Women: ·        Legal status of women declined. ·        Most women not affected by Renaissance ·        Educated women allowed involvement but subservient to men. ·        Rape not considered serious crime.	Status of Women: ·        Legal status better than in Renaissance
Politics: ·        State is supreme over the church. ·        New Monarchs assert control over national churches. ·        Machiavelli	Politics: ·        Church is supreme over the state.
African slavery introduced.	Few blacks lived in Europe.
Exploration and expansion.	Crusades

REFORMATION

POPES

1-BONIFACE VIII (1294-1303): REFUSED TO PAY TAXES TO KING PHILIP IV AND HE ARRESTED HIM (1303).

2-CLEMENT V (1305-1314): HE ACCEPTED TO PAY THE TAXES, DISSOLVED THE ORDER OF THE TEMPLAR KNIGHTS, AND MOVED TO FRENCH TERRITORY.

3-LEO X (1513-1521): THE RENAISSANCE POPE, SUPPORTER OF ARTS. THE SALES OF INDULGENCES. LUTHER’S SCHISM.

4-CLEMENT VII (1523-1534): PROBLEM WITH HENRY VIII.

5-PAUL III (1534-1549): COUNCIL OF TRENT. THE INQUISITION. THE SOCIETY OF JESUS (THE COUNTER-REFORMATION).

REFORMERS

6-JOHN WYCLIFFE (1323-1384): ENGLISH WHO CRITICIZED BISHOPS AND PRIESTS FOR NEGLECTING THEIR RELIGIOUS DUTIES AND BEING INTERESTED ONLY IN WEALTH AND POWER.

7-JOHN HUSS (1369-1415): CZECH. HE ASKED FOR THE REMOVAL OF CHURCH OFFICIALS IN BOHEMIA. HE WAS ARRESTED BY THE CHURCH AND BURNED AT THE STAKE.

8-MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546): GERMAN PROTESTANT. HE BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE SALVATION DEPENDS ON THEIR FAITH INSTEAD ON GOOD WORKS OR DEEDS, THAT THE BIBLE IS THE SOURCE OF RELIGIOUS TRUTH AND PEOPLE SHOULD READ IT BY THEMSELVES, THAT PRIEST AND POPE SHOULD NOT BE SPECIAL PEOPLE, THAT CEREMONIES AND RITUALS ARE NOT NECESSARY. HE WROTE THE NINETY-FIVE THESIS. POPE LEO X EXCOMMUNICATED HIM. GERMAN PRINCES PROTECTED HIM.

9-JOHN CALVIN (1509-1564): FRENCH PROTESTANT. HE BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE ARE BORN SINFUL AND THAT THERE ARE SPECIAL PERSONS, "THE ELECTED OF GOD" WHOSE MISSION IS TO GUIDE THE CHRISTIAN SOCIETY. HE HAD TO FLEE FROM FRANCE TO GENEVA. IN 1560, ABOUT 15% OF FRENCH POPULATION WAS CALVINIST: HUGUENOTS. SEE THE SAINT BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY MASSACRE (1572).

KINGS AND PRINCES

10-PHILIP IV, THE FAIR (1285-1314): HE ARRESTED BONIFACE VIII (1303), MADE DISSOLVE THE ORDER OF THE TEMPLAR TO GET ITS MONEY AND LANDS, MADE THE NEW POPE TO MOVE TO FRENCH TERRITORY TO CONTROL HIM.

11-FREDERICK ,THE WISE: GERMAN PRINCE WHO HELPED LUTHER.

12-CHARLES I OF SPAIN AND V OF THE HOLY EMPIRE (1517-1556): THE MOST POWERFUL KING IN EUROPE DURING THE 16th. CENTURY.

13-HENRY VIII (1491-1547): ENGLISH KING, FOUNDER OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. THE TUDOR FAMILY. SIX WIVES:

. CATHERINE OF ARAGON (1485-1536): 18 YEARS OF MARRIAGE.

. ANNE BOLEYN (1507-1536): BEHEADED.

. JANE SEYMOUR (1509-1537): MOTHER OF EDWARD VI.

. ANNE DE CLEVES (1515-1557): REPUDIATED.

. CATHERINE HOWARD (1522-1542): BEHEADED.

. CATHERINE PARR (1512-1548): HIS LAST WIFE.

14-EDWARD VI (1537-1553): ONLY SON OF HENRY VIII. KING OF ENGLAND AFTER HIS FATHER DEATH. UNHEALTHY.

15-MARY I TUDOR, "BLOODY MARY" (1516-1558): DAUGHTER OF CATHERINE OF ARAGON. CATHOLIC. SHE PERSECUTED PROTESTANTS. WIFE OF PHILIP II OF SPAIN. QUEEN OF ENGLAND AFTER EDWARD VI DEATH.

16-ELIZABETH I (1533-1603): DAUGHTER OF ANNE BOLEYN. QUEEN OF ENGLAND AFTER MARY'S DEATH. SHE ESTABLISHED A STRONG GOVERNMENT, CREATED A NAVAL FORCE OF PIRATES (FRANCIS DRAKE) TO ATTACK SPANISH GALLEONS AND STEAL THE GOLD FROM AMERICAN COLONIES, FOUGHT AND DEFEATED HIS BROTHER IN LAW, PHILIP II OF SPAIN (LA ARMADA INVINCIBLE). SHE TRIED TO UNIFY CATHOLICS & PROTESTANTS IN ENGLAND (PURITANS OPPOSED TO THIS; MANY FLED TO AMERICA).

17-PHILIP II OF SPAIN, THE PRUDENT (1527-1598): KING OF SPAIN. CREATED A STRONG GOVERNMENT. HE BUILT THE MONASTERY OF THE ESCORIAL (22 YEARS - 1563) WHERE THE KING USED TO GO LOOKING FOR REST. CREATED THE ARMADA TO FIGHT ENGLISH PIRATES.

18-HENRI IV OF FRANCE (1553-1610): He was the first monarch of the Bourbon branch of the Capetian dynasty in France. As a Huguenot, Henry was involved in the Wars of Religion before ascending the throne in 1589. Before his coronation as King of France at Chartres, he changed his faith from Calvinism to Catholicism and, in 1598, he enacted the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious liberties to the Protestants, thereby effectively ending the civil war. He was said to have declared that Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a Mass"). One of the most popular French kings, both during and after his reign, Henry showed great care for the welfare of his subjects and displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the time. He was assassinated by a fanatical Catholic. See Queen Margot.

CHURCH MEN

19-MONK JOHN TETZEL (1465-1519): THE SALE OF INDULGENCES. HIS SLOGAN: "AS SOON AS THE COIN IN THE COFFER RINGS, THE SOUL FROM PURGATORY SPRINGS".

20-IGNATIUS LOYOLA (1491-1556): FOUNDER OF THE SOCIETY OF JESUS.

MAJOR EVENTS OF THE REFORMATION

The Protestant Reformation, also known as the Protestant Revolt or the Reformation, was the European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a constituent branch of contemporary Christianity. It was led by Martin Luther, John Calvin and other early Protestants. The efforts of the self-described "reformers", who objected to ("protested") the corruption, doctrines, rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Catholic Church, led to the creation of new national Protestant churches. The Catholics responded with a Counter-Reformation, led by the Jesuit order, which reclaimed large parts of Europe, such as Poland. In general, northern Europe, with the exception of Ireland and pockets of Britain, turned Protestant, and southern Europe remained Catholic, while fierce battles that turned into warfare took place in the central Europe. The largest of the new denominations were the Anglicans (based in England), the Lutherans (based in Germany and Scandinavia), and the Reformed churches (based in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Scotland). There were many smaller bodies as well. The most common dating begins in 1517 when Luther published The Ninety-Five Theses, and concludes in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars

1-1530 - 1546: CHARLES V  DECLARED WAR AGAINST THE LUTHERAN PRINCES. THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG LET EACH PRINCE TO DECIDE WHICH RELIGION WOULD EXIST IN HIS TERRITORY.

2-ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY, AUGUST 24, 1572: MOBS OF CATHOLICS ATTACKED AND KILLED HUGUENOTS IN PARIS. DURING ALL THE MONTH, PROTESTANTS WERE MURDERED IN ALL FRANCE (12,000). SEE French Wars of Religion (1562–98). See Margaret of Valois (Queen Margot) & Henry III of Navarre (King Henri IV of France)

3-THE THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618-1648): WARS THAT STARTED BETWEEN GERMAN PRINCES IN THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE (CATHOLICS VS. PROTESTANTS). TREATY OF WESTPHALIA: GERMAN STATES WOULD HAVE INDEPENDENT GOVERNMENTS. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE SHOULD HAVE THE CONSENT OF THE STATES TO MAKE LAWS, RAISE TAXES, ETC. THE WAR, EVENTUALLY,  EVOLVED INTO A MAJOR EUROPEAN WAR: PROTESTANT COUNTRIES (SWEDEN, ENGLAND, FRANCE) VS CATHOLIC COUNTRIES (HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE & SPAIN). SPAIN AGAINST FRANCE. SPAIN LOST HOLLAND AND PORTUGAL (INDEPENDENCE).

4-THE COUNTERREFORMATION:

. CORRECT PROBLEMS WITHIN THE CHURCH.

.CENSORSHIP OF BOOKS.

.THE HOLY INQUISITION.

.THE COUNCIL OF TRENT (1545-1563).

.THE SOCIETY OF JESUS (1540): RELIGIOUS CRUSADERS, MILITARY UNITS, MISSIONARIES, DISCIPLINE.

           
Martin Luther, Saxony,                       John Calvin, Picardie region, France          Henry VIII, King of England 
Holy Roman Empire (Germany)

Counter Reformation: Burning Books                                  Ignacio López de Loyola (1491-1556) founder of the
                                                                                          Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572): Around 30,000 Huguenots were killed by Roman Catholic mobs in France.

                                                                                                 Thirty Years War: 1618 –1648

Belligerents
Sweden  Bohemia Denmark  Dutch Republic France Saxony Electoral Palatinate England Brandenburg-Prussia Transylvania Hungarian anti-Habsburg rebels Zaporozhian Cossacks	Holy Roman Empire Catholic League Austria Bavaria Kingdom of Hungary Spanish Empire
Commanders
Earl of Leven Gustav II Adolf  † Johan Banér Frederick V Christian IV of Denmark Maurice of Nassau Piet Pieterszoon Hein Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Vicomte de Turenne Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I of Saxony Gabriel Bethlen	Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly  † Albrecht von Wallenstein Ferdinand II Ferdinand III Franz von Mercy  † Johann von Werth Maximilian I Count-Duke Olivares Ambrogio Spinola Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
Strength
~495,000, 150,000 Swedes, 20,000 Danish, 75,000 Dutch, ~100,000 Germans, 150,000 French, 6,000 Transylvanian and 20-30,000 Hungarian soldiers	~450,000, 300,000 Spanish, ~100-200,000 Germans, aprox. 20,000 Hungarian and Croatian cavalry

Chart above from Wikipedia Encyclopedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years_War

2-Exploration and Conquest.

 

STRAND(S) and STANDARD(S):      

World History      (Standard 1:  Utilize historical inquiry skills and analytical processes)

                                (Standard 4:  Analyze the causes and events, and effects of the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, and Age of Exploration)

Humanities           (Standard 1:  Identify and analyze the historical, social, and cultural contexts of the arts)

                                (Standard 2: Respond critically and aesthetically to various works in the arts)

                                (Standard 3: Understand how transportation, trade, communication, science and technology influence the progression and regression of cultures)

Content Benchmarks:

SS.912.W.4.11:  Summarize the causes that led to the Age of Exploration, and identify major voyages and sponsors.                                                                                                                                                                    

SS.912.W.4.12:  Evaluate the scope and impact of the Columbian Exchange on Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas.                                                                                                                                                                     

SS.912.W.4.13:  Examine the various economic and political systems of Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, France, and England in the Americas.                                                                                                                                                                     

SS.912.W.4.14:  Recognize the practice of slavery and other forms of forced labor experienced during the 13th through 17th centuries in East Africa, West  Africa, Europe, Southwest Asia, and the Americas.                                                                                                                                                                   

SS.912.W.4.15:  Explain the origins, developments, and impact of the trans-Atlantic slave trade between West Africa and the Americas.                                    

==> Please, watch the following videos (free) <==

Youtube

Turning Points in History: Age of Exploration: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3fYF6YvesA
Conquest of America: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Orf_qaL8PiY&feature=fvsr

Annenberg Learner (28 minutes each)

Food, Demographics and Culture (Info)... Video: http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=2159
The Renaissance and the New World:  http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=844

VOCABULARY

1-MERCHANTS: TRADERS.

2-TREATY OF TORDESILLAS: The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed at Tordesillas (now in Valladolid province, Spain), 7 June 1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa). This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde Islands (already Portuguese) and the islands discovered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage (claimed for Spain). The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain. The treaty was ratified by Spain, 2 July 1494 and by Portugal, 5 September 1494. The other side of the world would be divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza, signed on 22 April 1529. Originals of both treaties are kept at the Archivo General de Indias in Spain and at the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo in Portugal.
2.1-LINE OF DEMARCATION: The line dividing the Spanish and Portuguese territories, according the Treaty of Tordesillas.

3-CONQUISTADORES (CONQUERORS): Spanish and Portuguese soldiers, explorers, and adventurers (looking for gold, lands, and glory) who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain and Portugal in the 15th to 16th centuries, following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492. The two perhaps most famous conquistadors were Hernán Cortés who conquered the Aztec Empire and Francisco Pizarro who led the conquest of the Incan Empire. They were second cousins and both of them were born in Extremadura as well as many of the conquerors who were from Spain. Conquistadors in the Americas resembled a volunteer militia more than than a regular organized military in that they had to supply their own materials, weapons and horses.

4-ADELANTADO: This was a military title held by some Spanish conquistadores of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. Adelantados were granted directly by the Monarch the right to become governors and justices of a specific region, which they charged with conquering, in exchange for funding and organizing the initial explorations, settlements and pacification of the target area on behalf of the Crown of Castile. These areas were usually outside of the jurisdiction of an audiencia or viceroy, and adelantados were authorized to communicate directly with the Council of the Indies.

5-JESUIT: MISSIONARIES. THEIR MISSION WAS TO CONVERT NATIVES TO CHRISTIANITY.

6-SMALLPOX: Smallpox is an infectious disease unique to human. The term "smallpox" was first used in Europe in the 15th century to distinguish it from the "great pox" (syphilis). In 1507 smallpox was introduced into the Caribbean island of Hispaniola and to the mainland in 1520, when Spanish settlers from Hispaniola arriving in Mexico brought smallpox with them. Smallpox devastated the native Amerindian population and was an important factor in the conquest of the Aztecs and the Incas by the Spaniards. Settlement of the east coast of North America in 1633 in Plymouth, Massachusetts was also accompanied by devastating outbreaks of smallpox among Native American populations, and subsequently among the native-born colonists. Some estimates indicate case fatality rates of 80–90% in Native American populations during smallpox epidemics.

7-MEASLES: Measles, also known as rubeola, is an infection of the respiratory system caused by a virus. Measles is an endemic disease, meaning it has been continually present in a community, and many people develop resistance. In populations not exposed to measles, exposure to a new disease can be devastating. In 1529, a measles outbreak in Cuba killed two-thirds of the natives who had previously survived smallpox. Two years later, measles was responsible for the deaths of half the population of Honduras, and had ravaged Mexico, Central America, and the Inca civilization

8-ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM: A system that was employed mainly by the Spanish crown during the colonization of the Americas to regulate Native American labor. In the encomienda, the crown granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. In theory, the receiver of the grant was to protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith: in return they could extract tribute from the natives in the form of labor, gold or other products. In practice, the difference between encomienda and slavery could be minimal. Natives were forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted.

9- SCURVY: Scurvy is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of collagen in humans. Scurvy was at one time common among sailors, pirates and others aboard ships at sea longer than perishable fruits and vegetables could be stored (subsisting instead only on cured and salted meats and dried grains) and by soldiers similarly separated from these foods for extended periods. It was described by Hippocrates (c. 460 BC–c. 380 BC), and herbal cures for scurvy have been known in many native cultures since prehistory. Scurvy was one of the limiting factors of marine travel, often killing large numbers of the passengers and crew on long-distance voyages. This became a significant issue in Europe from the beginning of the modern era in the Age of Discovery in the 15th century

10-VICEROY: KING’S REPRESENTATIVE IN AMERICA.

11-AGE OF DISCOVERY: The Age of Discovery, also known as the Age of Exploration, was a period in history starting in the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans engaged in intensive exploration of the world, establishing direct contacts with Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania and mapping the planet. Historians often refer to the 'Age of Discovery' as the pioneer Portuguese and Spanish long-distance maritime travels in search of alternative trade routes to "the Indies", moved by the trade of gold, silver and spices.

12-COLUMBUS DAY: Many countries in the New World and elsewhere celebrate the anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas, which occurred on October 12, 1492, as an official holiday. The event is celebrated as Columbus Day in the United States, as Día de la Raza in many countries in Latin America, as Discovery Day in the Bahamas, as Día de la Hispanidad and Fiesta Nacional in Spain and as Día de las Américas (Day of the Americas) in Uruguay. These holidays have been celebrated unofficially since the late 18th century, and officially in various areas since the early 20th century.

13-MERCANTILISM: Mercantilism is the economic doctrine that says government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the prosperity and security of a state. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade. In thought and practice it dominated Western Europe from the 16th to the late-18th century. Mercantilism was a cause of frequent European wars in that time. It also was a motive for colonial expansion.

Mercantilist policies have included:

• High tariffs, especially on manufactured goods;
• Monopolizing markets with staple ports;
• Exclusive trade with colonies;
• Forbidding trade to be carried in foreign ships;
• Export subsidies;
• Banning all export of gold and silver;

14-BALANCE OF TRADE: The balance of trade (or net exports) is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period. It is the relationship between a nation's imports and exports. A positive balance is known as a trade surplus if it consists of exporting more than is imported; a negative balance is referred to as a trade deficit or, informally, a trade gap.

15-COLONY: In politics and history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a state. Some colonies were historically countries, while others were territories without definite statehood from their inception. The metropolitan state is the state that owns the colony. Mother country is a reference to the metropolitan state from the point of view of citizens who live in its colony. Unlike a puppet state or satellite state, a colony has no independent international representation, and its top-level administration is under direct control of the metropolitan state. Owning colonies leads to sources of raw materials, cheap / free labor, international prestige and power, places to install military bases, etc.
15.1-COLONIALISM: Colonialism is the establishment, maintenance, acquisition and expansion of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. It is a process whereby the metropolis claims sovereignty over the colony and the social structure, government, and economics of the colony are changed by colonizers from the metropolis. Colonialism is a set of unequal relationships between the metropolis and the colony and between the colonists and the indigenous population.

16-COMPASS: A compass is a navigational instrument that shows directions in a frame of reference that is stationary relative to the surface of the earth. The frame of reference defines the four cardinal directions (or points), north, south, east, and west. Intermediate directions are also defined. Usually, a diagram called a compass rose, which shows the directions (with their names usually abbreviated to initials), is marked on the compass. When the compass is in use, the rose is aligned with the real directions in the frame of reference, so, for example, the "N" mark on the rose really points to the north.

17-TRIANGULAR TRADE: Triangular trade, or triangle trade, is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions. The best-known triangular trading system is the transatlantic slave trade, that operated from the late 16th to early 19th centuries, carrying slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between West Africa, Caribbean or American colonies and the European colonial powers, with the northern colonies of British North America, especially New England, sometimes taking over the role of Europe.

18-COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE: The Columbian Exchange was a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres (Old World and New World). It was one of the most significant events concerning ecology, agriculture, and culture in all of human history. Christopher Columbus' first voyage to the Americas in 1492 launched the era of large-scale contact between the Old and the New Worlds that resulted in this ecological revolution, hence the name "Columbian" Exchange. The term was coined by Alfred W. Crosby, a historian, professor and author, in his 1972 book The Columbian Exchange.

19-MIDDLE PASSAGE: The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were taken to the New World, as part of the Atlantic slave trade. Ships departed Europe for African markets with manufactured goods, which were traded for purchased or kidnapped Africans, who were transported across the Atlantic as slaves; the slaves were then sold or traded for raw materials, which would be transported back to Europe to complete the voyage. A single voyage on the Middle Passage was a large financial undertaking, and they were generally organized by companies or groups of investors rather than individuals.

20-SPICE TRADE: The spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of spices, incense, hemp, drugs and opium. Civilizations of Asia were involved in spice trade from the ancient times, and the Greco-Roman world soon followed by trading along the Incense route and the Roman-India routes. By mid-7th century the rise of Islam closed off the overland caravan routes through Egypt. Arab traders eventually took over conveying goods via the Levant and Venetian merchants to Europe until the rise of the Ottoman Turks cut the route again by 1453. This led the Europeans to search for a maritime route to Asia.

21-BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY:  An early English joint-stock company that was formed initially for pursuing trade with the East Indies, but that ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent and China. The Company was granted an English Royal Charter, by Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies, the largest of which was the Dutch East India Company. The East India Company traded mainly in cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, tea, and opium. The Company also came to rule large areas of India, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions, to the exclusion, gradually, of its commercial pursuits; it effectively functioned as a mega corporation. Company rule in India, which effectively began in 1757 after the Battle of Plassey, lasted until 1858, when, following the events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, and under the Government of India Act 1858, the British Crown assumed direct administration of India. The Company itself was finally dissolved on 1 January 1874.

22-DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY: A chartered company established in 1602, when the States-General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia. It was the second multinational corporation in the world (the British East India Company was founded two years earlier) and the first company to issue stock. It was also arguably the world's second mega corporation, possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, coin money, and establish colonies.

23-ARAWAK: The Arawak people are some of the indigenous peoples of the West Indies. They were the natives whom Christopher Columbus encountered when he first arrived in the Americas in 1492. The Spanish described them as a peaceful primitive people. The Arawak people include the Taíno, who occupied the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas; the Nepoya and Suppoya of Trinidad, and the Igneri, who were supposed to have preceded the Caribs in the Lesser Antilles, together with related groups (including the Lucayans) which lived along the eastern coast of South America, as far south as what is now Brazil.

24-THE PHILIPPINES: A country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 marked the beginning of an era of Spanish interest and eventual dominance. Manila became the Asian hub of the Manila–Acapulco galleon fleet. Christianity was widely adopted.

25-FORT JESUS: Fort Jesus is a Portuguese fort built in 1593 by order of King Philip I of Portugal (King Philip II of Spain), then ruler of the joint Portuguese and Spanish Kingdoms, located on Mombasa Island to guard the Old Port of Mombasa, Kenya. It was built in the shape of a man (viewed from the air), and was given the name of Jesus. It was the first European-style fort constructed outside of Europe designed to resist cannon fire. When the British colonized Kenya, they used it as a prison, until 1958, when they converted it into a historical monument.

26-KINGDOM OF CONGO: The Kingdom of Kongo (1400-1914)  was an African kingdom located in west central Africa. In approximately 1400, Lukeni lua Nimi, became the founder of Kongo when he conquered the kingdom of the Mwene Kabunga, which lay upon a mountain to his south. He transferred his rule to this mountain, the  "mountain of Kongo", and made Mbanza Kongo, the town there, his capital. By the end of the sixteenth century, Congo's population was probably close to half a million people in a core region of some 130,000 square kilometers. This concentration allowed resources, soldiers and surplus foodstuffs to be readily available at the request of the king. This made the king overwhelmingly powerful and caused the kingdom to become highly centralized. By the time of the first recorded contact with the Europeans, the Kingdom of Kongo was a highly developed state at the center of an extensive trading network. Apart from natural resources and ivory, the country manufactured and traded copperware, ferrous metal goods, raffia cloth, and pottery. The Kongo people spoke in the Kikongo language. The eastern regions, especially that part known as the Seven Kingdoms of Kongo dia Nlaza, were particularly famous for the production of cloth.

In 1483, the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão sailed up the uncharted Congo River, stumbling on Kongo villages and becoming the first European to encounter the Kongo kingdom. During his visit, Cão left his men in Kongo while taking Kongo nobles and bringing them to Portugal. He returned with the Kongo nobles in 1485. At that point the ruling king, Nzinga a Nkuwu, converted to Christianity. Cão returned to the kingdom with Roman Catholic priests and soldiers in 1491, baptizing Nzinga a Nkuwu as well as his principal nobles. At the same time a literate Kongo citizen returning from Portugal opened the first school. Nzinga a Nkuwu took the name of João I in honor of Portugal's king at the time, João II. In the following decades, the Kingdom of Kongo became a major source of slaves for Portuguese traders and other European powers. Portugal and the Dutch will eventually fight for control over Congo.

27-PLANTATIONS: A plantation is a large artificially established forest, farm or estate, where crops are grown for sale, often in distant markets rather than for local on-site consumption. Crops grown on plantations include fast-growing trees (often conifers), cotton, coffee, tobacco, sugar cane, sisal, oil palms, and rubber trees. A plantation is always a monoculture over a large area and does not include extensive naturally occurring stands of plants that have economic value. Because of its large size, a plantation takes advantage of economies of scale. Plantation agriculture grew rapidly with the increase in international trade and the development of a worldwide economy that followed the expansion of European colonial empires.

28-HACIENDAS: Hacienda is a Spanish word for an estate. Some haciendas were plantations, mines, or even business factories. Many haciendas combined these productive activities. The hacienda system of Argentina, parts of Brazil, Chile, Mexico and New Granada was a system of large land-holdings that were an end in themselves. The hacienda aimed for self-sufficiency in everything but luxuries meant for display, which were destined for the handful of people in the circle of the patrón. Haciendas originated in land grants, mostly made to conquistadors. In Spanish America, the owner of a hacienda was called the hacendado or patrón. Aside from the small circle at the top of the hacienda society, the remainder were peones, campesinos (peasants), or mounted ranch hands variously called vaqueros, gauchos (in the Southern Cone), among other terms. The peones worked land that belonged to the patrón. The campesinos worked small holdings, and owed a portion to the patrón.

29-MITA SYSTEM: Mit'a (Quechua) was a mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. Historians use the Hispanicize term mita to identify the system that was modified by the Spanish, under whom it became a form of legal servitude which in practice bordered slavery.

30-CASTA SYSTEM OF COLONIAL AMERICA:
30.1-PENINSULARES / SPANIARDS: A peninsular was a Spanish-born Spaniard or mainland Spaniard residing in the New World, as opposed to a person of full Spanish descent born in the Americas (known as criollos). The word "peninsular" makes reference to the Iberian Peninsula where Spain is located.
30.2-CREOLES / CRIOLLOS: A Spanish term meaning "native born and raised," criollo historically was applied to both white and black non-indigenous persons born in the Americas. In the contemporary historical literature, the term usually means only people who in theory were of full direct Spanish ancestry, born in the Americas. In reality white Criollos could also have some native ancestry, but this would be disregarded for families who had maintained a certain status.
30.3-MESTIZOS: Mestizo is a term traditionally used in Latin America and Spain for people of mixed European and Native American heritage or descent. It was used to describe those who had one European-born parent and one who was a member of an indigenous American population. In the Casta system mestizos had fewer rights than European born persons called "Peninsular" and "Criollos" who were persons born in the New World of two European-born parents, but more rights than "Indios" and "Negros".
30.4-MULATTOES or PARDOS: Persons of the first generation of a Spanish and Black mix. If they were born into slavery (that is their mother was a slave), they would be slaves, unless freed by their master or were manumitted.
30.5-INDIANS: The original inhabitants of the Americas and considered to be one of the three "pure races" in Spanish America, the law treated them as minors, and as such were to be protected by royal officials, but in reality were often abused by the local elites.
30.6-CASTIZO: Castizos were people with one Mestizo parent and one Spanish parent.
30.7-CHOLOS / COYOTES: Persons with one Indian parent and one Mestizo parent.
30.8-ZAMBOS: Persons who were of mixed Indian and Black ancestry.
30.9-BLACKS / NEGROS: These were people of full Sub-Saharan African descent. Many, especially among the first generation, were slaves, but there were sizable free-Black communities. Distinction was made between Blacks born in Africa (Negros Bozales) and therefore possibly less acculturated, Blacks born in the Iberian Peninsula (Black Ladinos), and Blacks born in the Indies, these sometimes referred to as negros criollos. Their low social status was enforced legally. They were prohibited by law from many positions, such as entering the priesthood, and their testimony in court was valued less than others.

31-POTOSI: It was the location of the Spanish colonial mint: it was the major supply of silver for Spain during the period of the New World Spanish Empire. This silver was taken by llama and mule train to the Spanish Main  whence it was then taken to Spain on the Spanish treasure fleets.

32-SUGAR MILL: A cane sugar mill is a factory that processes sugar cane to produce raw or white sugar.

33-MAROON: Maroons ("cimarrón", "fugitive, runaway", "living on mountaintops") were runaway slaves in the West Indies, Central America, South America, and North America, who formed independent settlements together.

34-MANUMISSION: Manumission is the act of a slave owner freeing one or more of his or her slaves. Firstly, manumission may present itself as a sentimental and benevolent gesture. Some manumitted slaves were the offspring of sexual relations between the master an a slave.

35-ABOLITIONISM: Abolitionism is a movement to end slavery.

36-YUCATAN / CANEK REBELLION: Oppressive policies of inequality and prejudice were imposed on the native Mayans by the Spanish colonial government. In November 1761, Jacinto Canek, a Mayan from the town of Cisteil (now located in Yaxcabá Municipality), led an armed uprising against the government, which was quickly put down. Captured insurgents were taken to Mérida, Yucatán, where they were tried and tortured. As a warning to the population against rebellion, Cisteil was burned and covered with salt. This abortive rebellion was not of great consequence to the colonial regime, but it marked the history of the peninsula and clearly delineated anti-colonial tensions in the region. The uprising was a precursor to the social upheaval that would explode less than a century later, as the CASTE WAR. The Canek rebellion is remembered today as a symbol of the racial and social conflict that predominated for centuries in the Spanish colonies.

OUTSTANDING PEOPLE, LEADERS

1-PRINCE HENRY, THE NAVIGATOR (1394-1460): HE ESTABLISHED A SCHOOL FOR SAILORS TO PROMOTE EXPLORATIONS. (PORTUGAL).

2-CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS (1451-1506): ITALIAN SAILOR (GENEVA) WHO "DISCOVERED" THE AMERICAS FOR SPAIN.

3-FERDINAND II OF ARAGON (1452-1516): KING OF SPAIN

4-ISABELLE I OF CASTILE (1451-1504): QUEEN OF SPAIN

5-THE PINZON BROTHERS: SAILORS FROM PALOS DE MOGUER, SPAIN, WHO CAME WITH COLUMBUS TO AMERICA: MARTIN ALONSO (LA PINTA), VICENTE YANEZ (LA NINA).

6-VASCO DE GAMA (1469-1524): PORTUGUESE SAILOR. IN 1497, HE ROUNDED THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE AND REACHED CALCUTTA, INDIA. THE JOURNEY TOOK 2 YEARS.

7-FERDINAND MAGELLAN (1480-1521): PORTUGUESE SAILOR. FIRST TO SAIL AROUND THE WORLD. HE NAMED THE STRAIT. (5 SHIPS, 256 CREWMEN / 1 SHIP, 18 SAILORS).

8-HERNAN CORTEZ (1485-1547): CONQUEROR OF THE AZTECS.

9-MOCTEZUMA II (1466-1520): LAST EMPEROR OF THE AZTECS.

10-FRANCISCO PIZARRO (1475-1541): CONQUEROR OF THE INCAS.

11-ATAHUALPA (1500-1533): LAST EMPEROR OF THE INCAS.

12-BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS (1474-1566): DOMINICAN PRIEST WHO TRIED TO PROTECT AND HELP THE INDIANS.

13-JOHN CABOT (1450-1498): ITALIAN EXPLORER WHO FOUNDED THE FIRST BRITISH COLONY IN NORTH AMERICA.

14-SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN (1567-1635): FRENCH EXPLORER WHO FOUNDED QUEBEC, THE FIRST FRENCH COLONY IN NORTH AMERICA.

15-AMERIGO VESPUCCI (1454-1512): ITALIAN GEOGRAPHER AND SAILOR. HIS NAME WAS GIVEN TO THE NEW CONTINENT.

16-BERNAL DIAZ DEL CASTILLO (1493 - 1584): Author of the  "The True History of the Conquest of New Spain".

17-ZHENG HE (1371–1433): Zheng He was a Hui-Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral, who commanded voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa, collectively referred to as the Voyages of Zheng He from 1405 to 1433.

18-OLAUDAH EQUIANO (1745-1797): Also known as Gustavus Vassa, he was a prominent African involved in the British movement towards the abolition of the slave trade. His autobiography depicted the horrors of slavery and helped influence British lawmakers to abolish the slave trade through the Slave Trade Act of 1807. Despite his enslavement as a young man, he purchased his freedom and worked as an author, merchant and explorer in South America, the Caribbean, the Arctic, the American colonies, and the United Kingdom.

==>   Why did the Europeans abandon their cities to come to America, risking their lives?    The Three G's: Gold, God, and Glory <==

Before Columbus

Before 1500 most overland and maritime expansion had come from Asia, as had the most useful technologies and the most influential systems of belief. By 1450 much had been accomplished with regard to technology and trade. The greatest success was the trading system that united people around the Indian Ocean.

The greatest sailors of the Atlantic before the 1400’s were the Vikings. They were explorers and pirates. They discovered and settled Iceland (770), Greenland (982), and Vinland / Newfoundland in North America. (986). Genoese and Portuguese expeditions discovered and settled the island of Madeira, the Azores, and the Canaries in the 14^th. Century.

The voyages of Polynesian people out of sight of land over vast distances across the Pacific Ocean are one of the most impressive feats in maritime history before 1450. Polynesian sailors settled the islands of the eastern Pacific as a result of planned expeditions. Evidence supporting this theory: The plants and domesticated animals found in these islands were common to other Polynesia islands. The languages are also related to those spoken in the western Pacific and Malaysia. The 1976 voyage of the Hokulea proved it was possible. The island of Madagascar was settled by both Malayo-Indonesians and Africans.

Sailing the Indian Ocean was less difficult than other places because the monsoon winds were predictable. The rise of medieval Islam gave trade in this region an important boost. Muslim cities in the Middle East created a demand for commodities from the Far East. Muslim traders shared a common ethic, language, and religion making communications / relations easy. Muslims traders tied the region together in many ways.  The Indian Ocean traders operated largely independently of the empires and states they served.

In 1368 the Ming dynasty overthrew Mongol rule in China. The Ming wanted to establish contacts with the people of the Indian Ocean. They sent out seven imperial fleets between 1405 and 1433, led by Admiral Zheng He, a Muslin Chinese eunuch. Reasons: to satisfy curiosity / learn from other people, to enhance China’s commerce, and to show Ming’s power and wealth (give gifts to visited rulers). Treasure Ships carried rich silks, precious metals, and other valuable goods. These voyages were extended to Africa and as a result, at least three trading cities in East Africa sent delegations to China in 1415 (one brought a giraffe). The Swahili silk market was stimulated by these voyages. The Chinese imported more pepper because of this exchange. At the end, the Ming court suspended the voyages because the increase in trade was less than expected, the Mongols were pressuring from the north, and Japanese pirates were also creating problems. China had other priorities. Chinese rulers opposed contacts with peoples whom they regarded as barbarians with no real contributions to make to China. This decision left a power vacuum in the Indian Ocean.

Amerindians voyages used ocean currents to travel northward from Peru (Incas) to Mexico (Mayas & Aztecs) between 300 and 900 C.E. and also colonized the West Indies.. By the year 1000 the Arawak had moved up from small islands in the Lesser Antilles (Barbados and Martinique) into the Greater Antilles (Cuba and Hispaniola). The Carib followed the same route later overrunning most Arawak settlements. They both also organized voyages to North American mainland.

European Expansion

The epic sea voyages sponsored by the Iberian kingdoms (Spain & Portugal) began a maritime revolution that altered the course of world history. They ended the isolation of the Americas. The ways in which African, Asians, and Amerindians perceived and reacted to their new visitors were different and that influenced their future relations.

Iberian rulers had strong economic, religious, and political motives to expand their contacts and increase their dominance. Their maritime and military technologies gave them the means to master the oceans, seize control of maritime routes, and conquer new lands. The individual ambitions and adventurous personalities of the rulers of these states contributed to these events. Many other factors led to these voyages: revival of urban life and trade, struggle with Islamic powers for dominance of the Mediterranean, desire to spread the Christian faith, need to expand trade with distant lands, growing intellectual curiosity about the outside world, need to find a direct maritime route with Asia to avoid trading with the middlemen (Muslims), and alliance between European merchants and rulers. (Also see 3 Gs). The Italian cities of Genoa and Venice did not lead the way in these voyages of exploration because their ships were not suited to sail the Atlantic and they preferred a system of alliances with the Muslim.

Portugal conquered the city of Ceuta (Morocco) in 1415. Portuguese conquerors found that homes there were so big and beautiful that made those in Portugal look like pigsties. The attack was led by young Prince Henry (1394-1460), soon to be known as Henry the Navigator. He wanted to convert Africans to Christianity, to make contact with the rulers of Africa (mainly to gain access to the sub-Saharan gold trade), and to crusade against the Muslims. He also founded a “research institute” at Sagres to promote the study of navigation and to collect info about the lands beyond Muslim North Africa. He worked to improve navigational instruments (magnetic compass and the astrolabe) originally created by the Chinese & the Arabs or Greeks and to design appropriate vessels for the voyages of exploration: the Caravel (fast, strong, maneuverable, and a good fighting ship). In the years that followed, Henry’s explores made an important addition to the maritime revolution: learning to speedily return home from the coasts of Africa by sailing northwest to ride westerly winds.  Henry derived fund for his expeditions from the Order of Christ, a military religious order that inherited the properties of the Knights Templar and of which he was governor. The first financial return from the voyages came from the sale of slaves captured in African coasts. However, the gold trade quickly became more important than the slave trade one the Portuguese made contact with the trading networks of West Africa (Mali). In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias was the first Portuguese explorer to round the southern tip of Africa and enter the Indian Ocean. In 1497-98 Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa and reached India. In 1500, ships in an expedition under Pedro Alvarez Cabral, while attempting to find a favorable wind around Africa, discovered by accident the east coast of South America (Brazil).

Many Africans along the West African coast were eager for trade with the Portuguese, including the African king Caramansa who received the Portuguese with a ceremony pledging goodwill and mutual benefits.  The oba (king) of the kingdom of Benin in the Niger Delta, received the visit of the Portuguese in 1486. He established a royal monopoly on trade with them, selling pepper, ivory tusks, stone textiles, and prisoners of war. In return, the Portuguese provided Benin with copper and brass, fine textiles, glass beads, and a horse. In the early 1500’s, as the demand for slaves grew, the oba first raised the prices and later limited the sale of slaves. The Portuguese tried to persuade Africans to accept Christianity. In 1538 the ruler of Benin declined to receive more missionaries and closed the market of slaves. The slave trade was controlled by monopolies held by African kings in West Africa. As Vasco da Gama fleet sailed up the coast of East Africa most rulers gave him a cool reception. Malindi, one of the rulers even provided a pilot to guide him to India. Seven years later, when da Gama returned, bombarded and looted most of the coastal cities, but spared Malindi’s. Portuguese aid helped the Christian Ethiopian kingdom from the attacks from the Ottoman Empire. Europeans remained a minor presence in most Africa in 1550. They were more interested in the Indian Ocean trade.

Vasco da Gama’s arrival on the Malabar Coast of India in 1498 did not make a great impression. The samorin (ruler) of Calicut and his Muslim officials received the gifts brought by da Gama with a derisive laughter. The Indian Ocean had been an open sea. Now the Portuguese intended to make it Portugal’s sea, its private property. They counted on the superiority of its ships and weapons. In 1505 the Portuguese fleet of 81 ships and 7,000 men bombarded Swahili Coast cities. Next were Indian ports, like Goa that fell in 1510.  The port of Hormuz, controlling the entry to the Persian Gulf, was taken in 1515. The conquest of the port of Diu (Gujarati) in 1535 consolidated Portuguese dominance of the western Indian Ocean. On the China coast, local officials and merchants interested in profitable trade persuaded the imperial government to allow the Portuguese to establish a trading post at Macao in 1557. Operating from there, Portuguese ships monopolized trade between China and Japan. The Portuguese used their control of key port cities to monopolize trade in the Indian Ocean. All ships had to pay taxes, custom duties, and even to carry Portuguese passports. Portuguese patrols seized vessels trying to avoid these requirements, confiscating their cargoes. China and the Mughal empires largely ignored Portugal’s maritime intrusions, only concerned with their vast land possessions. The Ottomans responded more aggressively, trying to fight back. They were defeated twice. Portuguese control was ocean-based. They had little impact on the Asian and African mainland, in sharp contrast to what happened in the Americas, where the Spain built a huge territorial empire. The result of the domination of the Indian Ocean trade generated considerable profits for Portugal, more spices and luxury goods were shipped to Europe, and the prices offered by the Portuguese were lower than those of Venice or Genoa.

The Indian Ocean trade was first controlled by the Portuguese (1497-1663); then, after the Dutch -Portuguese War (1602-1663), the Dutch acquired supremacy in the region; and finally, after 1815, the British took over the main ports and territories in the Indian Ocean, including India, Australia, , Egypt, South Africa, among others.

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506), a Genoese sailor, was the leader of Spain overseas missions. He thought that sailing west he could find a shorter way to Asia. In 1492, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand agreed to fund a modest expedition. Columbus departed Friday, the 3^rd. of August, with a crew of 90 men and three ships; he carried a letter from Isabella and Ferdinand to the Grand Khan / Chinese Emperor. The 12^th. day of October the expedition reached one of the islands of the Bahamas. After other three voyages, Columbus still thought that he had reached Asia. Others, like Amerigo Vespucci, were convinced that Columbus had discovered a new continent, which Amerigo decided to name America. Spain and Portugal agreed to split the “new world” between them. The Treaty of Tordesillas, negotiated by the Pope in 1494, drew an imaginary line dividing the Spanish possessions (west) from the Portuguese (east). By chance, in 1513, a Spanish adventurer named Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crossed the isthmus of Panama from the east and sighted the Pacific Ocean. In 1519 the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the world, which laid the basis for Spanish colonization of the Philippine islands after 1564.

The first Amerindians to encounter Columbus were the Arawak of Hispaniola. During the first contacts, Amerindians welcomed the Europeans. In dealing with small communities in the Caribbean, the European settlers resorted to conquest and plunder rather than trade. At the same time, they were eager to persuade the Indians to accept Christianity. Same practice was used later on the American mainland. The spread of deadly diseases among Amerindians after 1518 killed millions of them, weakening their ability to resist. Those who fought back had a major disadvantage: the Spaniards had horses, firearms, and body armor. The Spanish behaved in America following the same patterns they used during the wars against the Muslims: seeking to serve God and become rich in the process. Conquistadores (conquerors) like Juan Ponce de Leon (1460-1521) participated in the seizure of Hispaniola conquered the island of Borinquen in 1508 and explored Florida in 1513. Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire with the help of native allies who hated the Aztecs.  Even when initially the Aztecs destroyed half of the Spanish force and thousands of their allies, they recaptured Tenochtitlan in 1521 thanks to the spread of the smallpox among the city’s defenders, that died by the thousands. In 1532 Francisco Pizarro (1478-1541) and his 180 men captured the Inca emperor, Atahualpa, killing thousand of his soldiers. After receiving a ransom of 6,000 kg. of gold and 12,000 kg. of silver that the Incas paid for their emperor’s freedom, Atahualpa was executed by the Spaniards. In 1533 the Spaniards took Cuzco.

European conquests of the Americas were no more rapid or brutal than the Mongol conquest of Eurasia, but their empires would continue to expand for three-and-a-half centuries after 1550. Unlike the Chinese, the Europeans did not turn their backs on the world after an initial burst of exploration. From this point on, the world experienced the European supremacy and control of the world.

                                         Before Columbus

The Vikings explored the Atlantic Ocean and discovered America, in the 900's.

The Polynesian explored the Pacific Ocean.

Marco Polo moved around Asia.                                                                                  

Ibn Battuta (1304–1368)) traveled the Islamic world.

Chinese explorer explored the Indian Ocean.
  

The Spice Trade: The economically important Silk Road (red) and spice trade routes (blue) blocked by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 with the fall of the Byzantine Empire, spurring exploration motivated initially by the finding of a sea route around Africa and triggering the Age of Discovery.

Christopher Columbus

First Encounter

Vasco da Gama's Expedition

                                                    Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

Hernán Cortéz and the conquest of the Aztecs

Pizarro captured  the Inca emperor, Atahualpa.

Pizarro, after receiving a ransom of 6,000 kgs. of gold and 12,000 kgs. of silver that the
Incas paid for their emperor’s freedom, ordered the execution of Atahualpa.

       Syphilis=====>          <=====Smallpox

 
                                                                            Triangular Trade

                                 Middle Passage

THE CONQUEST OF THE AZTECS

-IN 1519, HERNAN CORTEZ SAILED WITH 11 SHIPS, 500 SOLDIERS, AND 16 HORSES FROM CUBA TO MEXICO. HE BURNED HIS SHIPS WHEN HE LANDED.

-THE AZTECS WERE WAITING THE QUETZALCOATL (LEGEND). THEY BELIEVED THE SPANIARDS WERE GODS. MOCTEZUMA HAD AN ARMY OF 200,000 WARRIORS, BUT INSTEAD OF FIGHTING THE SPANIARDS, HE SENT GIFTS OF SOLID GOLD TO THEM. CORTEZ WAS RECEIVED IN TENOCHTITLAN.

-NEIGHBOR PEOPLES THAT WERE CONQUERED BY THE AZTECS HATED THEM AND HELPED CORTEZ TO FIGHT AGAINST TENOCHTITLAN.

-MOCTEZUMA WAS KILLED BY HIS OWN PEOPLE. TENOCHTITLAN WAS DEFEATED IN 1521.

THE CONQUEST OF THE INCAS

-IN 1532, FRANCISCO PIZARRO LED 180 SPANIARDS TO SOUTH AMERICA.

-ATAHUALPA WAS FIGHTING A CIVIL WAR AGAINST HIS BROTHER.

-PIZARRO ATTACKED BY SURPRISE AND CAPTURED ATAHUALPA WHO OFFERED A FULL ROOM OF GOLD AS RANSOM. PIZARRO AGREED, BUT WHEN HE HAD THE GOLD, HE EXECUTED ATAHUALPA.

-WITHOUT THEIR LEADER, THE INDIANS ACCEPTED SPANISH RULE.

WHY DID THE AMERICAN EMPIRES FALL SO EASY ?

1-HISTORICAL COINCIDENCE (LEGEND OF THE QUETZALCOATL) AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS.

2-INTERNAL PROBLEMS IN NATIVE AMERICAN EMPIRES (DIVISIONS, CIVIL WARS).

3-EUROPEANS HAD CANNONS, GUNS, ARMORS, AND HORSES.

4-MILLIONS OF INDIANS DIED BECAUSE NEW DISEASES (SMALLPOX & MEASLES).

SPANISH COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS & SPANISH RULE IN AMERICA

-CASA DE CONTRATACION DE SEVILLA (1503): CONTROLLED THE TRADE BETWEEN SPAIN THE NEW WORLD. (See Archivo General de Indias)

-CONSEJO DE INDIAS (1524): KING'S ADVISORS

-ADELANTADOS: FIRST GOVERNORS.

-VICEROY: KING'S REPRESENTATIVE (CIVIL & MILITARY). See VICEROYALTIES

-CAPTAINCY: ARMY CHIEF IN AN IMPORTANT CITY OR PROVINCE.

-AUDIENCES: JUDICIAL DECISIONS.

-CABILDOS: LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

VICEROYALTIES:

NEW SPAIN (1535) Mexico,  South of USA, Central America

PERU (1542): Andes

NEW GRANADA (1717) PANAMA, VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA & ECUADOR.

LA PLATA (1776) ARGENTINA, CHILE, URUGUAY

OTHER IMPORTANT COMPONENTS

-ENCOMIENDAS (INDIANS) / MINES / PLANTATIONS (SLAVES)

-MISSIONARIES (BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS). THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH: CHRISTIANIZATION

-AFRICAN SLAVES. THE SLAVE TRADE. THE MIDDLE PASSAGE.

-TRIANGULAR TRADE

-TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS: PUEBLOS, PRESIDIOS OR FORTRESSES, AND MISSIONS

RESULTS OF EXPLORATION & COLONIZATION

1-EUROPEANS GAINED POLITICAL AND ECONOMICAL POWER; THEY BECAME THE RULING GROUP IN THE WORLD AND THEIR CULTURE BECAME THE SUPERIOR ONE.

2-MILLIONS OF NATIVE AMERICANS DIED AND THEIR CIVILIZATION WAS DESTROYED.

3-AFRICA EXPERIENCED THE ROBBERY / EXTRACTION OF MILLIONS OF ITS BEST CHILDREN WHICH WILL HAVE AN IMPACT IN ITS FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

4-WORLD TRADE CHANGED PEOPLE’S LIVES (NEW ANIMALS, PLANTS, PRODUCTS, AND HABITS).

5-THE WORLD "GREW".

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE

Control over this region, after the discovery of the "New World", passed from Portugal, to the Dutch, to Great Britain.

3-The Age of Kings (Absolutism)

 

STRAND(S) and STANDARD(S):

World History      (Standard 1:  Utilize historical inquiry skills and analytical processes)  

                                (Standard 5:  Analyze the causes, events and effects of the Enlightenment and its impacts on the American, French and other Revolutions)

Humanities           (Standard 1:  Identify and analyze the historical, social, and cultural contexts of the arts)

                                (Standard 2: Respond critically and aesthetically to various works in the arts)

                                (Standard 3: Understand how transportation, trade, communication, science and technology influence the progression and regression of cultures)

Content Benchmarks:

SS.912.W.5.1:  Compare the causes and effects of the development of constitutional monarchy in England with those of the development of absolute monarchy in France, Spain and Russia. 

SS.912.W.5.2:  Identify major causes of the Enlightenment.                                        

SS.912.W.5.3:  Summarize the major ideas of Enlightenment philosophers.                                                                                                                                                                     

SS.912.W.5.4:  Evaluate the impact of Enlightenment ideals on the development of economic, political, and religious structures in the Western world.

==> Please, watch the following videos (Free) <==

Youtube

Elizabeth I. From the Prison to the Palace (4 parts): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8gxSjSom_s
Elizabeth I. The Virgin Queen (4 parts): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VV5SGe7ILq4&feature=related
Elizabeth I. The Heart of a King (4 parts): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTbokBUG1V4
Elizabeth I. Gloriana (4 parts): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TQPYr-Aj3aE&feature=related
Pirates of the Caribbean. History Channel (3 parts): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iy12HZdcBs0&feature=related
Versailles: The Dream of a King... 3 Parts... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzzZVLelXDg&feature=related
Absolutism & the State (45 Minutes)...Prof from Yale Univ.... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zeGaZf3vAM0
Engineering an Empire: Russia (3 parts): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yP3EBHZJW-8
Russia - Land of the Tsars (20 parts): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9r_WXKto268

 Annenberg Learner

1-The Age of Absolutism:     http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=849
2-Absolutism & the Society: http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=850
3-The Enlightened Despots:  http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=851

 

VOCABULARY

1- Absolutism: A form of monarchical power that is unrestrained by all other institutions, such as churches, legislatures, or social elites. Absolutism is typically used in conjunction with some European monarchs during the transition from feudalism to capitalism, and monarchs described as absolute can especially be found in the 16th century through the 19th century. Absolutism is characterized by the ending of feudal partitioning, consolidation of power with the monarch, rise of state power, unification of the state laws, and a decrease in the influence of the Church and the nobility. Absolute monarchs are also associated with the rise of professional standing armies, professional bureaucracies, the codification of state laws, and the rise of ideologies that justify the absolutist monarchy. Absolutist monarchs typically were considered to have the divine right of kings as a cornerstone of the philosophy that justified their power (as opposed to the previous order when the kings were considered vassals of the Pope and Emperor).

2-Cavaliers: Rich Anglicans. They used fancy clothes and wigs.

3-Roundheads / Puritans: They fought against cavaliers. They used simple clothes and short hair (Roundheads).

4-Baroque: Art and Architecture. Use of color instead of drawing, movement, fear to the vacuum, use of curve lines, exuberance in the forms, sensuality.

5-Versailles: Royal Palace built by Louis XIV.

6-Westminster: Westminster is an area of central London, within the City of Westminster, England. It lies on the north bank of the River Thames, southwest of the City of London and 0.5 miles (0.8 km) southwest of Charing Cross. It has a large concentration of London's historic and prestigious landmarks and visitor attractions, including Buckingham Palace, Westminster Cathedral, and Westminster Abbey.

7-Czar / Tsar: King of Russia.

8-Boyar: A member of the highest rank of the feudal Russian aristocracies / nobility, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th century through the 17th century.

9-Divine Right of Kings: A political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving his right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including (in the view of some, especially in Protestant countries) the Church. According to this doctrine, only God can judge an unjust king. The doctrine implies that any attempt to depose the king or to restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act. The remoter origins of the theory are rooted in the medieval idea that God had bestowed earthly power on the king, just as God had given spiritual power and authority to the Church, centering on the Pope.

10-Invincible Armada (1588): The Spanish Armada was the Spanish fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, with the intention of overthrowing Elizabeth I of England to stop English involvement in the Spanish Netherlands and English privateering (pirate attacks) in the Atlantic and the Pacific. The Armada was destroyed, Spain's plans failed, and England became more powerful.

11- English Civil War (1642–1651): It was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers). The first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. The Civil War led to the trial and execution of Charles I, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with first, the Commonwealth of England (1649–53), and then with a Protectorate (1653–59), under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule. The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent, although this concept was legally established only with the Glorious Revolution later in the century.

12-Glorious Revolution (1688): The Glorious Revolution was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England. King James's policies of religious tolerance after 1685 met with increasing opposition by leading political circles who were troubled by the King's Catholicism and his close ties with France. The crisis facing the king came to a head in 1688, with the birth of the King's son, James Francis Edward Stuart. This disrupted the existing line of succession by displacing his daughter Mary, a Protestant and the wife of William of Orange, with young James as the new heir. The prospect of a Roman Catholic dynasty in the kingdoms was now likely. Key leaders of the Tories united with members of the opposition Whigs and set out to resolve the crisis by inviting William of Orange to England, who feared an Anglo-French alliance.

13-Great Northern War (1700–21): It was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in northern Central Europe and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedish alliance were Peter I the Great of Russia, Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway and August II the Strong of Saxe-Poland-Lithuania. Frederik IV and August II were forced out of the alliance in 1700 and 1706 respectively, but re-joined it in 1709. George I of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Hanover) joined the coalition in 1714 for Hanover and in 1717 for Britain, and Frederick William I of Brandenburg-Prussia joined it in 1715. Charles XII led the Swedish army. On the Swedish side were Holstein-Gottorp, several Polish and Lithuanian magnates under Stanisław Leszczyński (1704–10) and the cossacks under the Ukrainian Hetman Ivan Mazepa (1708–10). The Ottoman Empire temporarily hosted Charles XII of Sweden and intervened against Peter I.

14-War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714): The War of the Spanish Succession was fought among several European powers, including a divided Spain, over the possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch. As France and Spain were among the most powerful states of Europe, such a unification would have drastically altered the European balance of power. The war was fought primarily by forces supporting the unification, the Spanish loyal to Philip V, France and the Electorate of Bavaria, against those opposing unification, the Spanish loyal to Archduke Charles, the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy. The forces were known as the Two Crowns and Grand Alliance, respectively. The war, over a decade long, was concluded by the treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Rastatt (1714). As a result, Philip V remained King of Spain but was removed from the French line of succession, averting a union of the two kingdoms. The Austrians gained most of the Spanish territories in Italy and the Netherlands. France's hegemony over continental Europe was ended and the idea of a balance of power became a part of the international order.

15-Thirty Years War (1618–1648): The Thirty Years' War  was fought primarily in what is now Germany, and at various points involved most countries in Europe. It was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as the main reason for the fighting. Initially, the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, although disputes over the internal politics and balance of power within the Empire played a significant part. Gradually, the war developed into a more general conflict involving most of the European powers. The Thirty Years' War was ended with the Peace of Westphalia (Protestants won the right to practice their religion).

16-War of Austrian Succession (1740–48): It involved nearly all the powers of Europe. The war began under the pretext that Maria Theresa of Austria was ineligible to succeed to the Habsburg thrones of her father, Charles VI, because Salic law precluded royal inheritance by a woman, though in reality this was a convenient excuse put forward by Prussia and France to challenge Habsburg power.

17-Seven Years War (1756–1763): The Seven Years' War was a global military conflict involving most of the great powers of the time, affecting Europe and North America (the French and Indian War). The war was driven by the antagonism between Great Britain House of Hanover) and the House of Bourbons (in France and Spain), resulting from overlapping interests in their colonial and trade empires, and by the antagonism between the House of Hohenzollerns (in Prussia) and Habsburgs (Holy Roman Emperors and archdukes in Austria), resulting from territorial and hegemonic conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire. The war ended with the peace treaties of Paris (Bourbon France and Spain, Great Britain) and of Hubertusburg (Hohenzollerns, Habsburgs, Saxon elector) in 1763. The war was characterized by sieges and arson of towns as well as open battles involving extremely heavy losses; overall, some 900,000 to 1,400,000 people died. Great Britain expelled her Bourbon rivals in the contested overseas territories, gaining the bulk of New France, Spanish Florida, some Caribbean islands, Senegal and superiority over the French outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The native American tribes were excluded from the peace settlement, and were unable to return to their former status after the resulting Pontiac's rebellion. In Europe, Frederick II of Prussia failed to complete his plans to strike Austria. Spain's short intervention resulted in the loss of Florida, though she gained French Louisiana west of the Mississippi in exchange and Britain returned Cuba as well as the Philippines.

18-Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721): It was the name of the centralized Russian state from Ivan IV's assumption of the title of Czar in 1547 till Peter the Great's foundation of the Russian Empire in 1721. From 1550 to 1700, Russia grew 35,000 km² a year. The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov Dynasty, drawn-out military conflict with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as well as the Russian conquest of Siberia, leading up to the 42-year reign of Peter the Great, who ascended in 1682 and transformed the Tsardom into a major European power, after a military victory over Sweden and Poland implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire in 1721.

19-Russian Empire (1721–1917): A state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union. It was one of the largest empires in world history, surpassed in landmass only by the British and Mongolian empires: at one point in 1866, it stretched from eastern Europe across Asia and into North America. Like all empires it represented a large disparity in economic, ethnic, and religious positions. Its government, ruled by the Emperor, was the last absolute monarchy in Europe. Prior to the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 Russia was one of the five major Great Powers of Europe.

20-Window to Europe / the West: On the Baltic Sea, Peter the Great founded a new capital called Saint Petersburg, later known as Russia's Window to Europe. Peter the Great's reforms brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia. Under Peter the Great, Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War, forcing it to cede several territories securing Russia's access to warm ports and sea trade. He also built Russia's Navy.

21-Pragmatic Sanction of 1713: A pragmatic sanction is a sovereign's solemn decree on a matter of primary importance and has the force of fundamental law. It referred more specifically to an edict issued by Emperor Charles VI: the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, a legal mechanism designed to ensure that the Austrian throne and Habsburg lands would be inherited by his daughter, Maria Theresa.

22-Petition of Rights (1628): The Petition of Right is a major English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing. Passed on 7 June 1628, the Petition contains restrictions on non-Parliamentary taxation, forced billeting of soldiers, imprisonment without cause, and restricts the use of martial law.

23-Short Parliament (1640): The Short Parliament was a Parliament of England that sat from 13 April to 5 May 1640 during the reign of King Charles I of England, so called because it lasted only three weeks. After 11 years of attempting personal rule (1629-1640), Charles recalled Parliament in 1640 on the advice of Lord Wentworth, recently created Earl of Strafford. He was forced to call the Short Parliament primarily to obtain money to finance his military struggle with Scotland in the Bishops' Wars. Like its predecessors, the new parliament had greater interest in redressing perceived grievances occasioned by the royal administration than in voting the King funds to pursue his war against the Scottish Covenanters. After he realized that the parliament was not going to approve the funds, he dissolved it.

24-Long Parliament (1640): The Long Parliament was made on 3 November 1640, following the Bishops' Wars. It received its name from the fact that through an Act of Parliament, it could only be dissolved with the agreement of the members, and those members did not agree to its dissolution until after the English Civil War and at the end of Interregnum in 1660. It sat from 1640 until 1648, when it was purged, by the New Model Army, of those who were not sympathetic to the Army's concerns. When this failed, General George Monck allowed the members barred in 1648 to retake their seats so that they could pass the necessary legislation to allow the Restoration and dissolve the Long Parliament. This cleared the way for a new Parliament, known as the Convention Parliament, to be elected.

25-English Bill of Rights (1689): The Bill of Rights was passed by Parliament on 16 December 1689. It was a re-statement of the Declaration of Right presented by the Convention Parliament to William and Mary in March 1689, inviting them to become joint sovereigns of England. It lays down limits on the powers of sovereign and sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech in Parliament, the requirement to regular elections to Parliament and the right to petition the monarch without fear of retribution. It reestablished the liberty of Protestants to have arms for their defense within the rule of law, and condemned James II of England for "causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law".

26-Tories: Toryism is a traditionalist and conservative political philosophy which grew out of the Cavalier faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It is a prominent ideology in the politics of the United Kingdom, but also features in parts of The Commonwealth, particularly in Canada. The Tory ethics can be summed up with the phrase 'God, King and Country'. Tories generally advocate monarchism, are usually of a High Church Anglican, and are opposed to the radical liberalism of the Whig faction.

27-Wigs: The Whigs were a party in the Parliament of Great Britain who contested the power with the rival Tories from the 1680s to the 1850s. Both parties were founded on rich politicians, more than on popular votes; there were elections to the House of Commons, but a small number of men controlled most of the voters. The Whig party slowly evolved during the 18th century. The Whig tendency supported the great aristocratic families, while some Tories supported the established Church of England and the gentry. Later on, the Whigs drew support from the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants, while the Tories drew support from the landed interests and the royal family. The Whigs were originally also known as the "Country Party" (as opposed to the Tories, the "Court Party").

ROYAL FAMILIES

-The House of Bourbon: The House of Bourbon is a European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Bourbon kings  first ruled Navarre and France in the 16th century. By the 18th century, members of the Bourbon dynasty also -including France- held thrones in Spain, Naples, Sicily, and Parma. Spain and Luxembourg currently have Bourbon monarchs.

-The House of Romanov : The House of Romanov was the second and last imperial dynasty to rule over Russia, reigning from 1613 until the February Revolution abolished the crown in 1917.

-The House of Hapsburg: Members of the House of Hapsburg were rulers of the Holy Roman Empire,  Spain, and Austria.

-The House of Hohenzollern: The House of Hohenzollern was a noble family and royal dynasty of electors, kings and emperors of Prussia, Germany and Romania.

-The House of Tudor: The House of Tudor was a royal house of Welsh origin that ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms, including the Lordship of Ireland, later the Kingdom of Ireland, from 1485 until 1603. Its first monarch was Henry Tudor, a descendant through his mother of a legitimized branch of the English royal House of Lancaster. The Tudor family rose to power in the wake of the Wars of the Roses, which left the House of Lancaster, to which the Tudors were aligned, extirpated.

-The House of Stuart / Stewart: The House of Stuart was a royal house founded by Robert II of Scotland. The Stewarts first became monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland during the late 14th century, and subsequently held the position of the Kings of Great Britain and Ireland. nine Stewart monarchs ruled just Scotland from 1371 until 1603. After this there was a Union of the Crowns under James VI & I who had become the senior genealogical claimant to all of the holdings of the extinct House of Tudor. Thus there were six Stuart monarchs who ruled both England and Scotland as well as Ireland (although the Stuart era was interrupted by an interregnum lasting from 1649–1660, as a result of the English Civil War).

-The House of Hanover: The House of Hanover was a deposed German royal dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Kingdom of Hanover, the Kingdom of Great Britain, the Kingdom of Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It succeeded the House of Stuart as monarchs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 and held that office until the death of Victoria in 1901.

-The House of Windsor: The House of Windsor is the current royal house of the Commonwealth realms. It was founded by King George V by royal proclamation on the 17 July 1917, when he changed the name of his family from the German Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the English Windsor, due to the anti-German sentiment in the United Kingdom during World War I. Currently, the most prominent member of the House of Windsor is Elizabeth II, the reigning monarch of the Commonwealth realms.

PEOPLE AND LEADERS

 Ferdinand of Aragon (1452 - 1516) &  Isabella of Castile (1451- 1504): The Catholic monarchs of Spain. Unification of Spain; end of the Reconquista.

 Charles I (Spain) and V (Holy Roman Empire) (1517- 1556): He inherited the Kingdom of Spain from his maternal grandfather, Ferdinand the Catholic, and in 1519, Charles succeeded his paternal grandfather Maximilian as Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria. He ruled over extensive domains in Central, Western, and Southern Europe; and the Spanish colonies in North, Central, and South America, the Caribbean, and Asia. Much of Charles' reign was devoted to the Italian Wars against the French king, Francis I, and his heir, king Henry II, which although enormously expensive, were militarily successful. Aside from this, Charles is best known for his role in opposing the Protestant Reformation.

 Philip II, the Most Catholic and the Prudent (1527 - 1598): King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and, while married to Mary I, King of England and Ireland. He ruled one of the world's largest empires which included territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip was born in Valladolid, the son of Charles I (Spain)  V (Holy Roman Empire), and his consort, Isabella of Portugal. During his reign, Spain was the foremost Western European power. Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, directing explorations all around the world and settling the colonization of territories in all the known continents.. The Invincible Armada & El Escorial.

 Henry VIII (1491 - 1547): Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII. Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry's struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority, the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Yet he remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings, even after his excommunication from the Catholic Church. Henry oversaw the legal union of England and Wales with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–42.

Mary I Tudor, "Bloody Mary" (1516-58): Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death. She was the eldest daughter of Henry VIII and only surviving child of Catherine of Aragon. As the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, she is remembered for restoring England to Roman Catholicism after succeeding her short-lived Protestant half brother, Edward VI. In the process, she had over 280 religious dissenters burned at the stake in the Marian Persecutions, earning her the sobriquet of "Bloody Mary". Her re-establishment of Roman Catholicism was reversed by her successor and half-sister, Elizabeth I.

 Elizabeth I (1533 -1603): Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a half years after her birth, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate. In 1558 Elizabeth succeeded the Catholic Mary I, during whose reign she had been imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels. In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father, brother and sister had been. In religion she was relatively tolerant, avoiding systematic persecution. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, moving between the major powers of France and Spain. In 1588 the war with Spain could no longer be avoided when Spain finally decided to invade and conquer England; the defeat of the Spanish Armada is popularly associated with her and it is considered as one of the greatest victories in English history. Elizabeth's reign is known as the Elizabethan era, famous above all for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare, and for the seafaring prowess of English adventurers such as Sir Francis Drake.

 James I (1566 - 1625): King of England from 1603 to 1625. Problems with the Parliament.

Charles I of England (1600 - 1649): King of England. During his kingdom, England suffered the Civil War. He was beheaded.

Oliver Cromwell (1599 - 1658): Leader of the Roundheads. He organized a New Model Army (officials had to be really good soldiers). Called the “Lord Protector”. He became a military dictator.

Charles II of England (1630 - 1685): Son of Charles I. The Restoration. He was called the “Merry Monarch” because he was a fun-loving.

James II of England: King from 1685 to 1688. Brother of Charles II. Catholic (This was a problem). The Glorious Revolution (not bloodshed). Parliament made him to abdicate and flee to France. His older daughter (Mary) who was Protestant got the throne.

Mary II (1662 - 1694) and William III (1650 - 1702): They had to sign a Bill of Rights before became monarchs: Constitutional Monarchy.

Henry IV of France (1553-1610): King of France from 1589 to 1610 and King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610. He was the first monarch of the Bourbon branch of the Capetian dynasty in France. As a Huguenot, Henry was involved in the Wars of Religion before ascending the throne in 1589. Before his coronation as King of France at Chartres, he changed his faith from Calvinism to Catholicism and, in 1598, he enacted the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious liberties to the Protestants, thereby effectively ending the civil war. One of the most popular French kings, both during and after his reign, Henry showed great care for the welfare of his subjects and displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the time. He was assassinated by a fanatical Catholic.

Louis XIII (1601 - 1643): He ruled under the influence of Richelieu (1585 - 1642): Louis XIII chief advisor. The real power behind the throne. He helped to consolidate the monarchy. ( See The Three Musketeers - Dumas)

 Louis XIV,  “The Sun King” (1638 - 1715): Known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was King of France and of Navarre. His reign, from 1643 to his death in 1715, began at the age of four and lasted seventy-two years, three months, and eighteen days. As such, it is one of the longest documented reigns of any European monarch. Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a centralized state governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of France and, by compelling the noble elite to inhabit his lavish Palace of Versailles, succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many members of which had participated in the Fronde rebellion during Louis' minority. By these means he consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France that endured until the French Revolution. His power was absolute.  Cardinal Mazarin (1602- 1661): Louis XIV chief advisor while he was young.

Ivan IV, the Terrible (1530-1584): Ivan IV Vasilyevich,  known in English as Ivan the Terrible, was Grand Prince of Moscow from 1533 until his death. His long reign saw the conquest of the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia, transforming Russia into a multiethnic and multi-confessional state spanning almost one billion acres, approximately 4,046,856 km² (1,562,500 sq mi). Ivan managed countless changes in the progression from a medieval state to an empire and emerging regional power, and became the first ruler to be crowned as Tsar / Czar of All Russia.

Mikhail Romanov (1613 - 1645): The first Russian Tsar of the house of Romanov. He was the son of Feodor Nikitich Romanov  and Xenia. His reign marked the end of the Time of Troubles. His dynasty ended in 1917, with the Russian revolution

Peter I, the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov (1672 - 1725): Grandson of Mikhail. He ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May 1682 until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his half-brother, Ivan V. He carried out a policy of modernization and expansion that transformed the Tsardom of Russia into a 5,000,000-square-mile (13,000,000 km²) Russian Empire and a major European power.  Peter implemented sweeping reforms aimed at modernizing Russia. Heavily influenced by his advisors from Western Europe, Peter reorganized the Russian army along modern lines and dreamed of making Russia a maritime power. To improve his nation's position on the seas, Peter sought to gain more maritime outlets. In 1697 he traveled incognito to Europe on an 18-month journey with a large Russian delegation–the so-called "Grand Embassy"— hoping to learn more about the West and to seek the aid of the European monarchs against the Ottoman Empire. Peter's visits to the West impressed upon him the notion that European customs were in several respects superior to Russian traditions. He commanded all of his courtiers and officials to cut off their long beards—causing his Boyars, who were very fond of their beards, great upset—and wear European clothing. Boyars who sought to retain their beards were required to pay an annual beard tax of one hundred rubles. He also sought to end arranged marriages, which were the norm among the Russian nobility. Peter declared war against Sweden; he sought to acquire control of the Baltic Sea (warm water ports): See the Great Northern War.  In 1725, the construction of Peterhof (Dutch for "Peter's Court") / St. Petersburg, was completed.  It was a grand residence, becoming known as the "Russian Versailles" and the new capital city of Russia: A window to Europe.

Catherine II, the Great (1729 -1796): Wife of Peter III (Crazy). She became the real and absolute power of Russia. Education, Culture and Art, Enlightenment.

Frederick William, the Great Elector (1620-1688): He was the Elector of Brandenburg and the Duke of Prussia ("Brandenburg-Prussia") from 1640 until his death. He was of the House of Hohenzollern and is popularly known as the Great Elector because of his military and political skill. Frederick William was also a staunch pillar of the Calvinist faith, associated with the rising commercial class. He saw the importance of trade and promoted it vigorously. The Great Elector's shrewd domestic reforms gave Prussia a strong position in the post-Westphalia political order of north-central Europe, setting Prussia up for elevation from duchy to kingdom, achieved under his successor.

Frederick William I, “The Sergeant King” (1688-1740): The first King of Prussia (1701–1713). From 1707 he was the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel. He was also the grandfather of Frederick the Great.

Frederick II, “The Great” (1712-1786): King of Prussia (1740–1786) from the Hohenzollern dynasty. Upon ascending to the Prussian throne, he attacked Austria and claimed Silesia during the Silesian Wars, winning military acclaim for himself and Prussia. Near the end of his life, Frederick physically connected most of his realm by conquering Polish territories in the First Partition of Poland. Frederick was a proponent of enlightened absolutism. For years he was a correspondent of Voltaire, with whom the king had an intimate, if turbulent, friendship. He modernized the Prussian bureaucracy and civil service and promoted religious tolerance throughout his realm. Frederick patronized the arts and philosophers, and wrote flute music.

Maria Theresa of Austria (1717-1780): She was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, the Austrian Netherlands and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress. She started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, died in October 1740. Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. Upon the death of her father, Saxony, Prussia, Bavaria and France repudiated the sanction they had recognized during his lifetime. Prussia proceeded to invade the affluent Habsburg province of Silesia, sparking a nine-year conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession. Maria Theresa would later unsuccessfully try to reconquer Silesia during the Seven Years' War. She married Francis Stephen of Lorraine and had sixteen children, including Queen Marie Antoinette of France. Maria Theresa promulgated financial and educational reforms, promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganized Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing.

EUROPEAN CULTURE

SPAIN

1- El Greco (1541 - 1614)

2- Velazquez (1599 - 1660)

BELGIUM

1- Rubens (1577 - 1640)

NETHERLANDS

Rembrandt (1606 - 1669)

AUSTRIA

1- Mozart (1756 - 1791)

FRANCE

1- Moliere (Juan Bautista Poquelin) (1622 - 73): Theater (Comedies).

2- Jean Racine (1639 - 99): Theater (Tragedies on classics).

3-Jean de La Fontaine (1621 - 1695): Poet and writer of fables (Aesop).

MAJOR EVENTS

• The Two Roses War (1455 - 1485): York against Lancaster. Henry VII unified both.
• The Invincible Armada (1588). Spain vs. Great Britain.
• The English Civil War  (1642 - 1643): Cavaliers (monarchy) against Roundheads (parliament). The King (Charles I) was beheaded in 1649. Cromwell established a military dictatorship.
• The Glorious Revolution (not bloodshed).  King James II was forced to abdicate (Catholic). His daughter (Mary) became queen after signing a Bill of Rights: Constitutional Monarchy. Parliament will be the law maker.
• The Thirty Years War (1618 - 1648): German Princes in the Holy Roman Empire. (Catholics against Protestants). Spain vs. France. The Peace of Westphalia.
• The War of Spanish Succession (1701 - 1714): France against Europe. France had to agree that the same king would never rule both nations (France and Spain).
• Russian Expansion: Peter the Great "Window to  Europe" (The Great Embassy) & Warm Water Ports: Russian Wars against the Swedish: Northern War (over control of the Baltic Sea) &  against the Ottoman Empire (over control of the Black Sea) . Construction of St. Petersburg.
• Prussian Expansion
• The War of Austrian Succession (1740 - 48): France + Spain + Prussia vs. Austria + England + Russia
• The Seven Years War (1756 - 63): Prussia & Great Britain vs. France + Austria + Russia + Spain.  England vs. France  (the French and Indian War). Results: Prussia doubled its size, Spain lost Florida, Austria became more powerful, France became weaker, while Britain became the predominant power in Europe.

 
Philip II, King of Spain                                       El Escorial

Elizabeth I, Queen of England

Palace of Westminster: British Parliament

Tower of London

 
Cardinal Richelieu of France                                        Louis XIV, King of France

                                                                                               Palace of Versailles

Saint Petersburg                                                                                         Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia

  
Frederick II of Prussia, Holy Roman Emperor                       Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia

Art: Baroque    Click to see PowerPoints

 
Doménikos Theotokópoulos, El Greco                            El Caballero de la mano al pecho or The Knight of the hand on the chest, by El Greco

El Entierro del Conde de Orgaz or The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, by El Greco

 
Diego Velazquez                                                                          Las Meninas or The Maids of Honour, by Velazquez.

La Venus del Espejo or Venus in the Mirror, by Velazquez

Peter Paul Rubens                                       The Judgment of Paris, by Rubens

The Intervention of the Sabine Women, by Rubens                       The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus, by Rubens

Rembrandt van Rijn                                                       The Night Watch, by Rembrandt

 
The Syndics, by Rembrandt                                                                         The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Tulp, by Rembrandt

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 

4-The Enlightenment & The Age of Revolutions (1700's-1830).

 

STRAND(S) and STANDARD(S): 

World History      (Standard 1:  Utilize historical inquiry skills and analytical processes)

                                (Standard 5:  Analyze the causes, events, and effects of the Enlightenment and its impact on the American, French and other Revolutions)

(Standard 6:  Understand the development of Western and non-Western Nationalism, industrialization and imperialism, and the significant processes and consequences of each)

Humanities           (Standard 1:  Identify and analyze the historical, social, and cultural contexts of the arts: Romanticism)

                                (Standard 2: Respond critically and aesthetically to various works in the arts)

                                (Standard 3: Understand how transportation, trade, communication, science and technology influence the progression and regression of cultures)

Content Benchmarks:

SS.912.W.5.2:  Identify major causes of the Enlightenment.                                        

SS.912.W.5.3:  Summarize the major ideas of Enlightenment philosophers.        

SS.912.W.5.4:  Evaluate the impact of Enlightenment ideals on the development of economic, political, and religious structures in the Western world.           

SS.912.W.5.5:  Analyze the extent to which the Enlightenment impacted the American and French Revolutions.         

SS.912.W.5.6:  Summarize the important causes, events, and effects of the French Revolution including the rise and rule of Napoleon.

SS.912.W.5.7:Describe the causes and effects of 19th Latin American and Caribbean independence movements led by people including Bolivar, de San Martin, and L' Ouverture.

SS.912.W.6.3:  Compare the philosophies of capitalism, socialism, and communism as described by Adam Smith, Robert Owen, and Karl Marx.

 SS.912.W.6.4:  Describe the 19th and early 20th century social and political reforms and reform movements and their effects in Africa, Asia, Europe, the United States.

==> Please, watch the following videos (Free) <==

Youtube

The Enlightenment (2 parts)... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddVcJT63LrE&feature=related
Enlightenment Philosophers... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYwaXKGWTJs&feature=related
The American Revolution (Several Episodes)... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DnZ_ZY3lgA
Turning Points in History: French Revolution: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8shdb_RaJVQ
The French Revolution (History Channel...10 parts)... http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aZtEsLMy5uQ
Engineering an Empire: Napoleon (History Channel, 5 parts): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7YVM2AyygQ
 

Annenberg Learner (28 minutes each)

Ideas Shape the World (Info)...Video: http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=2160
The Enlightenment ... http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=852
The Enlightenment and Society ... http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=853
The Modern Philosophers... http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=854
The American Revolution: http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=855
The American Republic: http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=856
The Death of the Old Regime: http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=857
The French Revolution: http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=858
Revolution and Romantics: http://www.learner.org/vod/vod_window.html?pid=861

People

1-THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679): ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER. ORDER IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN FREEDOM. PEOPLE GIVE UP THEIR FREEDOM TO GAIN ORDER AND SAFETY.

2-JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704): ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER. PEOPLE ARE BORN WITH THREE BASIC RIGHTS: LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY. GOVERNMENT HAS TO PROTECT THESE RIGHTS. IF IT DOES NOT DO SO, PEOPLE HAVE THE RIGHT TO REBEL AND REPLACE ANY GOVERNMENT.

3-BARON DE MONTESQUIEU (1689-1755): FRENCH WRITER. EACH TYPE OF GOVERNMENT HAS A “SPIRIT” : -DICTATORSHIP ....FEAR , -MONARCHY...........HONOR, -REPUBLIC...............VIRTUE. HE ASKED FOR THE SEPARATION OF POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT IN DIFFERENT BRANCHES.

4-JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778): FRENCH WRITER. CIVILIZATION CAUSES PEOPLE TO BEHAVE BAD. BEFORE CIVILIZATION PEOPLE WERE COOPERATIVE AND PEACEFUL. HE BELIEVED THAT ALL PEOPLE WERE EQUAL. NO ONE SHOULD HAVE SPECIAL PRIVILEGES. IT IS IMPORTANT TO LIVE A SIMPLE LIFE. A SOCIETY HELD TOGETHER WHEN PEOPLE SHARE A COMMON CULTURE OR “GENERAL WILL”.

5-FRANCOIS AROUET (VOLTAIRE) (1694-1778): FRENCH WRITER. HE WAS A CRITIC OF WEALTH AND PRIVILEGES. IN FAVOR OF FREE SPEECH AND FREE RELIGION. GOVERNMENT SHOULD NOT INTERFERE WITH PEOPLE FREEDOM. FAMOUS QUOTATIONS: "IF GOD DID NOT EXIST, IT WOULD BE NECESSARY TO INVENT HIM". “I DO NOT AGREE WITH A WORD YOU SAID, BUT I WILL DEFEND TO THE DEATH YOUR RIGHT TO SAY IT”

6-DENIS DIDEROT (1713-1784): FRENCH PHILOSOPHER. HE SPENT 30 YEARS TO PREPARE AND PUBLISH THE FIRST  ENCYCLOPEDIA PUBLISHED IN THE WEST.

7-ADAM SMITH (1723-1790): SCOTTISH ECONOMIST. CONSIDERED THE “FATHER OF CAPITALISM”. SOCIETIES SHOULD ALLOW INDIVIDUALS TO FOLLOW THEIR OWN INTERESTS. WHAT MOTIVATE PEOPLE TO WORK IS THE DESIRE TO HELP THEMSELVES. PEOPLE SHOULD HAVE THE FREEDOM TO PRODUCE AND SELL PRODUCTS FOR A PROFIT. COMPETITION BETWEEN PRODUCERS WILL LEAD TO BETTER AND CHEAPER GOODS. WEALTH SHOULD  BE USED TO PRODUCE MORE WEALT