Units World History (Second Semester)

1-The Renaissance, Scientific Revolution & Reformation.
2-Exploration And Conquest.
3-The Age of Kings: Absolutism
4-The Enlightenment and The Age of Revolutions.
5-The Industrial Revolution.
6-Nationalism and Imperialism.
7-World War I & The Russian Revolution.
8-World War II.
9-The Cold War.
10-The World Today.

I wanted to add some websites from other High Schools, with Study Guides and other resources:

AP European History                                                                AP World History

Horace Greeley HS, NY -- Ms. Pojer The CAVE -- Mr. Treadwell Chaffey HS, Ontario California--Mr. Steven Mercado Bishop Verot HS, Florida -- Mr. J. Hamann Bullard H.S., California -- Mr. Lloyd The Oakridge School, Texas -- Dr. Sanderson Study Guides & Exams developed by New York High School

Mrs. Bond-Lamberty's  Mr. Schuler's from Roswell High School Mr. Stanton's from Poolesville High School Jay Harmon's Mr. Burnett's Dr. Murnane’s Mr. Donniehuck's from Harker Heights High Mr. Morrison's from Okemos High School Stephenson's from North Cobb High School

1-List the economic, social, and political achievements of the Renaissance (V C).

2-Identify the major artistic works and schools of the Renaissance and the masters who created them.

3-Describe and explain the importance of the scientific discoveries and inventions during the 1400’s - 1600’s.

4-Explain how the Roman Catholic Church responded to the Reformation (II C).

5-Explain the role of conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism in the history of Europe in 16th. and 17th. centuries (II C).

6-Describe the events that led to the Protestant Reformation and the role leading figures played in the Reformation (VI B).

7-Compare and contrast schisms that occurred in major world religions and assess their impact on political and economic development in various societies (VI B).

VOCABULARY

1-BLACK DEATH: BUBONIC PLAGUE (1300’s).

2-RENAISSANCE: REBIRTH IN FRENCH. THE DISCOVERY BY SCHOLARS (HUMANISTS), ARTISTS, EXPLORERS, AND SCIENTISTS OF MANY NEW LAWS, FORMS OF ART AND LITERATURE, NEW RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL IDEAS, NEW LANDS (AMERICA). THE CLASSICAL STYLES AND THEMES WERE USED IN ARCHITECTURE AND ART: REBIRTH OF CLASSICAL CULTURE. RARE PERIOD OF GENIUS.

3-HUMANISM: INTEREST IN THE LIFE AND ACTIVITIES OF HUMAN BEINGS. IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND ACHIEVE HAPPINESS ON THIS EARTH INSTEAD OF IN HEAVEN AFTER DEATH.

4-SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION:

5-KNOWLEDGEABLE: HAVING KNOWLEDGE OR UNDERSTANDING IN/OF MANY DIFFERENT AREAS (GREEK, LATIN, ART, SCIENCE), HAVING FINE MANNERS, SOCIAL SKILLS, AND BEING PHYSICALLY STRONG AND ATHLETIC. IDEALLY EDUCATED PERSON.

6-TUTORS: PRIVATE TEACHERS.

7-"THE ATHENS OF ITALY": FLORENCE.

8-FRESCO: PICTURE PAINTED ON A WET PLASTER.

9-MASTERPIECE:

10-PATRONS: WEALTHY CUSTOMERS AND SUPPORTERS OF ARTISTS.

11-REALISM:

12-SCHOLARS:

13-CLASSICAL:

14-TYRANT:

15-SCIENCE: "TO KNOW" IN LATIN.

16-SCIENTIFIC METHOD: THE SEARCH FOR THE TRUTH USING EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS.

17-HYPOTHESIS: EDUCATED GUESS, THEORY.

18-EXPERIMENT: CONTROLLED TEST.

19-ELLIPSE: OVAL FORM. PLANETS’ PATH.

20-EQUATION: MATHEMATICAL FORMULA.

21-INQUISITION: THE CHURCH COURT.

22-LAW: PREDICTABLE PATTERN IN SCIENCE.

23-CORPSES: BODIES OF DEAD PEOPLE.

24-PENDULUM: IN 1656, THE PENDULUM CLOCK WAS INVENTE

25-HERESY / HERETIC:

26-REFORMATION / REFORMER:

27-SCHOLAR:

28-NEGLECT:

28-INDULGENCE: PARDON FOR SINS.

29-PURGATORY:

30-CONFRONTATION:

31-EXCOMMUNICATE:

32-RITUAL: RELIGIOUS CEREMONY:

33-HUGUENOTS: FRENCH CALVINISTS.

34-ELDER:

35-CENSOR:

36-MISSIONARY:

37-EDICT:

38-CONCORDAT: FORMAL AGREEMENT.

39-TITHE: INCOME TAX (1/10) PAID TO THE PARISH.

RENAISSANCE & SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

1-GIOTTO (1266-1337): DANTE’S FRIEND. TRANSITION. PAINTER. FLORENCE.

2-JAN van EYCK (1390-1441): PAINTER. FLANDERS. USE OF OIL TO PAINT.

3-MICHELANGELO (1475-1564): SCULPTOR, PAINTER, AND ARCHITECT. TUSCANY, FLORENCE, AND ROME.

4-RAPHAEL SANTI (1483-1520): PAINTER. ROME.

5-LEONARDO da VINCI (1452-1519): PAINTER, SCIENTIST, INVENTOR. FLORENCE

6-DONATO BRAMANTE (1444-1514): ARCHITECT. MILAN & ROME.

7-JACOB TINTORETTO (1518-1594): PAINTER. VENETIAN SCHOOL.

8-TITIAN (1488-1576): PAINTER. VENETIAN SCHOOL.

9-SANDRO BOTTICELLI (1444-1510): PAINTER. FLORENCE.

10-DE MEDICI FAMILY: THE MOST IMPORTANT AND RICH FAMILY IN FLORENCE DURING THE RENAISSANCE. PATRONS OF ART AND SCIENCE. SEVERAL POPES WERE MEDICI.

11- LORENZO DE MEDICI, "THE MAGNIFICENT": POLITICIAN AND PATRON IN FLORENCE ACCUSED OF TYRANT. FAMOUS MEETINGS.

12-WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616): ENGLISH PLAYWRIGHT.

13-MIGUEL DE CERVANTES (1547-1616): SPANISH WRITER. THE ONE-HANDED OF LEPANTO.

14-JOHANN GUTENBERG (1400-1468): GERMAN INVENTOR (THE PRINTING PRESS - 1440 - USING MOVEABLE METAL TYPES).

15-DONATELLO (1386-1466): SCULPTOR. FLORENCE.

16-ERASMUS (1469-1536): "THE PRINCE OF HUMANISTS". DUTCH PHILOSOPHER AND WRITER. "ADAGIA", "COLLOQUIA", "THE PRAISE OF FOLLY".

17-MACHIAVELLI (1469-1527): POLITICIAN AND WRITER. FLORENCE. "THE PRINCE".

18-FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626): ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER WHO WORKED OUT THE BASICS STEPS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD:

a- DECIDE ON A PROBLEM OR QUESTION.

b- HYPOTHESIS.

c- EXPERIMENT.

d- OBSERVE AND TAKE NOTES.

e- CONCLUSION.

19- PTOLEMY (2nd. CENTURY AD.): AUTHOR OF THE THEORY OF THE EARTH AS THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE. THIS LASTED 14 CENTURIES.

20-- NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543): POLISH ASTRONOMER WHO CHALLENGED PTOLEMY’S THEORY SAYING THAT THE EARTH REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN. HE DID NOT EXPERIMENTS BUT HE JUST USED LOGICAL THINKING AND GEOMETRY.

21-JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630): GERMAN ASTRONOMER. AFTER MANY EXPERIMENTS AND USING MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS, HE PROVED COPERNICUS’ THEORY.

22-GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642): THE MOST IMPORTANT SUPPORTER OF COPERNICUS’ THEORY. TEACHER OF MATHEMATICS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PADUA. HE BUILT A TELESCOPE, DISCOVERED THE ROUGH SURFACE OF THE MOON, THE SUN SPOTS, AND JUPITER’S MOONS. HE EXPERIMENTED ON GRAVITY. THE MEDICIS SUPPORTED HIS WORK. GALILEO WAS FORCED BY THE INQUISITION TO DENY HIS DISCOVERY.

23-ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727): ENGLISH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHYSICIST. HE DISCOVERED THAT THE WHITE SUNLIGHT IS COMPOSED FOR ALL THE COLORS AND EXPLAINED WHY PLANETS REMAIN IN THEIR ORBITS: FORCE OF GRAVITY ( G = 9,75 M/SEG2 GF = Gm1.m2 GF: GRAVITY FORCE R2 R: DISTANCE BETWEEN THE OBJECTS).

24-ANDREAS VERSALIUS (1514-1564): FLEMISH DOCTOR WHO STUDIED HUMAN BODY USING CORPSES. HE VIOLATED THE CHURCH RULES.

25-WILLIAM HARVEY (1578-1657): ENGLISH DOCTOR WHO STUDIED THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND BLOOD CIRCULATION.

26-WILLIAM GILBERT (1544-1603): ENGLISH DOCTOR AND PHYSICIST WHO STUDIED MAGNETISM AND STATIC ELECTRICITY.

27-RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650): FRENCH MATHEMATICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER. HE CREATED ANALYTIC GEOMETRY (REPRESENT POINTS IN SPACE USING A GRAPH. EVERY LINE ON A GRAPH COULD BE REPRESENTED BY AN EQUATION).

28-GABRIEL FAHRENHEIT (1686-1736): HE MADE THE FIRST MERCURY THERMOMETER IN 1714.

Click to see PowerPoints

Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore

St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City

Saint Mark's Basilica, Venice

Flight into Egypt                                                                           Lamentation
Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337)

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (March 6, 1475-February 18, 1564), one of the greatest artists of the Renaissance.
 
La Pietà (1499)                                                                      Moses (1513-1515)

 
David, a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture sculpted by Michelangelo from 1501 to 1504

God creating Adam

Michelangelo painted 12,000 square feet (1,100 m²) of the Sistine Chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512. Twenty years later, he also painted The Last Judgment, the mural on the altar wall from 1534 to 1541.

         
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (1452-1519)                     The Vitruvian Man, 1487
 
Mona Lisa or La Gioconda
Leonardo da Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 and, according to Vasari, "after he had lingered over it four years, left it unfinished...." He is thought to have continued to work on it for three years after he moved to France and to have finished it shortly before he died in 1519

The School of Athens, is one of the most famous paintings by artist Raphael Sanzio (March 28, 1483 – April 6, 1520). It was painted between 1510 and 1511 as a part of Raphael's commission to decorate with frescoes the rooms now known as the Stanze di Raffaello

Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi, better known as Sandro Botticelli (March 1, 1445-May 17, 1510)

The Birth of Venus (1485)

Primavera / Spring (1478)

The Arnolfini Portrait (1434), by Jan van Eyck (1395-1441), one of the best Northern European painters of the 15th century.

Use of Perspective or sense of depth, another contribution of the Reinassace

German  goldsmith Johann Gutenberg invented the Printing Press around 1439.

 
Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (September 29, 1547-April 22, 1616), author of Don Quixote

William Shakespeare (26 April 1564-23 April 1616)

 
Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564-8 January 1642), Tuscan (Italian) physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution.

The Hundred Years War (1337 to 1453)

Joan of Arc

Mechanical Clocks

European Revival: 1200-1500 (Renaissance)

Latin Christians were more inclined to fight with each other than to join forces for any common good. They had no head that all will obey. The numerous kingdoms and principalities of Western Europe had never achieved unity. From 1200 to 1500 they will experience times of unusual progress: splendid architecture, institutions of higher learning, cultural achievements, more powerful weapons, and more unified monarchies. Economic competition, the pursuit of success, and the effective use of borrowed technologies and learning (from the Islamic world and China) made all this possible. They called themselves “Latins”.

Population & Agriculture

Most Europeans were serfs: nine out of ten people were farmers. Each noble had between 13 and 30 peasant families working for him in return for the use of the land. Despite numerous holidays, peasants worked long hours and half of the fruits of their labor went to the lord. Women were subordinated to men. Poverty increased because inefficient farming methods, social inequality, and population growth.  Population in Europe in 1300 was about 80 million. It grew significantly during 1100-1345 thanks to the reviving economy. The average life expectancy for a European was 30 to 35 years. New technique in northern Europe increased the farmland available: Three-field system (crops on two-thirds of land and use the third to plant oats to rejuvenate soil and feed plow-horses (more efficient than oxen). Draining swamps and clearing forests also brought more lands under cultivation. Looking for lands to settle, Germans, members of the Order of Teutonic Knights, moved to the eastern Baltic, later called Prussia.

An unusually cold winter provoked the Great Famine of 1315-17.

The Black Death, which begun in Central Asia and spread to Europe during the 1340s, caused the deaths of 75 million people worldwide, approximately 25–50 million of which occurred in Europe, which represented around 35% of Europe's population. It’s now believed that the Black Death was a combination of two diseases: anthrax and bubonic plague. Because of these massive deaths, some people became more religious while others turned to reckless enjoyment. The Black Death trigged social changes. Skilled and manual laborers demanded higher pay and peasants rose up against wealthy nobles and churchmen, looting castles and killing people. Serfdom disappeared in Western Europe as a result of all this. Free peasants used their higher wages to buy land and work for themselves. In urban areas employers had to raise wages too and Guilds reduced the period of apprenticeship.

Industry & Technology

Mining, metalworking, and the use of mechanical energy expanded significantly. Mills powered by water or wind had long been common in the Islamic world; now, Europeans learned to use them. Watermills (England & France many rivers) and Windmills (dry areas: Spain & northern Europe). Waterpower supported the expansion of iron making to produce armors, nails, horseshoes, and tools. Techniques for deep mining developed in Central Europe and spread to the west.

Pollution of the rivers was the negative effect of urban tanneries, combined with human wastes and runoff from slaughterhouses. Deforestation resulted from the massive cut of trees for building ships and growing cities, as well as for clearing forests to make room for farming. Glass and iron industries also consumed great quantities of charcoal.

Cities

By the later Middle Ages wealthy commercial centers stood all along the Mediterranean, Baltic, and Atlantic. Prosperity was visible in the impressive new churches, guild halls, and residences. It was the result of the growth of trade and manufacturing. The cities of northern Italy benefited from their maritime trade with the east. In northern Europe, commercial cities in the County of Flanders also created a major network of trade.

Italian Eastern Mediterranean trade became stronger when Venice took advantage of the assault against Constantinople in 1204, conquering Crete and expanding its trade around the Black Sea. Mongol expansion opened trade routes from Europe to China (See Marco Polo). Even after Mongol decline, Venetian merchants continued to send their galleys to Constantinople to buy goods from Asia to sell in Europe. Like Venice, Genoa also established colonies on the eastern Mediterranean and around the Black Sea.
 

In northern Europe an association of trading cities was created: the Hanseatic League, which traded in the Baltic, with Russia and England. The Flemish towns of Bruges, Ghent, and Ypres were famous for manufacturing fine cloth, using raw wool from England. These cities offered people more social freedom than rural areas. German cities were independent. Others held special royal charters, excepting them from the authority of local nobles. This allowed them to change to market conditions more quickly than those under imperial authorities. Anyone living in charter cities for over a year might claim freedom. Jews were welcomed here for their skills.
 

Even when Jews where under the protection of the church, they were subject to discrimination and violence. They were blamed for the Black Death, supposedly poisoning the wells: many were tortured and burnt. Jews were frequently accused of sorcery and witchcraft. Only in the papal city of Rome Jews were undisturbed. Some tried to convert them to Christianity, even baptizing their children against the will of the parents; Tomas Aquinas and the pope opposed this practice. Because they were not bound by church laws against usury, Jews were important moneylenders. Jews were not able to bear witness against Christians. Spanish Jews once constituted one of the largest and most prosperous Jewish communities under Muslim rule. In 1492, they were expelled from Spain by the order of the King and Queen.
 

Trade Fairs appeared along the route from Flanders to northern Italy, the most important of which was located in Champagne. When this territory came under the control of the king of France, merchants from every nation received safe conducts, promoting international fairs in the region.
 

In the late 1200,s English tax policies made more profitable to manufacture their wool into cloth than exporting it to Flanders. They hired Flemish textile specialists and acquired spinning wheels and other devices. England became an exporter of cloth competing w/ Flanders. Florence also became a center for high-quality cloth making. The members of the Medici family were bank operators, supported the manufacture of cloth, were patrons of the arts, and controlled the government of the city. Europeans learned and started to manufacture their own silk, cotton textiles, glassware, mirrors, jewelry, and paper that previously they had to buy from the east. By 1500 the greatest banking family in Europe was the Fuggers of Augsburg.
 

Guilds were associations of craft specialists. They dominated civil life in the cities, regulated the business practices of its members and the prices of their products. Guilds trained apprentices and promoted their interests with the city government. They denied membership to outsiders, especially to Jews. Only men were accepted as full members; women may join as wives, widows, or daughters of male members.

A new class of wealthy merchant-bankers appeared, operating on a vast scale lending money, providing checking accounts, creating shareholding companies, and investing in growing industries. They also took care of the transmission to the pope of funds known as Pete’s pence, a collection taken up annually in every church. They also lend money to the rulers (pay for wars and lavish courts).
 

Master builders were in great demand in the thriving cities, where the Gothic Cathedrals (pointed arches, external / flying buttresses, giant windows of brilliantly colored stained glass, and high towers and spires) were the wonders of this period.

Mechanical clocks, invented by craftsmen of the Song Dynasty centuries earlier, became –for the first time everywhere- a regular part of urban life in Western European cities.

Learning, Art, and Literature.

The growing cities were home to intellectuals, artists, and universities after 1200. In the 1350’s, the pace of expanding cultural life quickened starting the often called Renaissance, which began in northern Italy. The Italian Renaissance was a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 14th century to about 1600. Some of the “lost knowledge” of the Greek and Arab world (which is going to feed the Renaissance) came into the Latin West through the recapture of southern Italy from the Byzantines, and Sicily and Toledo from the Muslims.

Italian Renaissance literature includes such figures as the humanists Petrarch (the sonnets of The Canzoniere), Boccaccio (the tales of The Decameron), and Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam (The Praise of Folly, Handbook of a Christian Knight, On Civility in Children, etc. ), the writers Dante Aligheri (the Divine Comedy**), Geoffrey Chaucer (the Canterbury Tales), Baldasare da Castiglione (The Book of the Courtier), Ludovico Ariosto (Mad Orlando) and Torquato Tasso (Jerusalem Delivered) and prose authors such as Machiavelli (The Prince). Around 1450, three technical improvements revolutionalized printing: movable pieces of type consisting of individual letters, new ink suitable for printing on paper, and the printing press of Johann Gutenberg (a mechanical device that pressed inked type onto sheets of paper). By 1500 at least 10 million printed copies had issued forth from presses in 238 towns in Western Europe. This was a major contribution to the spread of knowledge and culture.

Italian Renaissance painting exercised a dominant influence on Western painting for centuries afterwards, with artists such as Giotto (mosaic of the Navicella, frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, etc.), Michelangelo (David, Moses, Pieta, frescos of the Sixtine Chapel, etc.), Raphael (Portrait of Pope Julius II , The Madonna and Child, The School of Athens, Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione, etc.), Botticelli (The Birth of Venus, The Annunciation, La Primavera, etc.) Titian (Flora, Bacchus and Ariadne, The Venus of Urbino, Mars, Venus, and Amor, etc.), Leonardo da Vinci (Vitruvian Man, Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, Lady with an Ermine, Portrait of Ginevra de'Benci, etc.), and Jan van Eyck (who was among the first using linseed oil instead of diluted egg yolk to mix with colored pigments to paint) and the same is true for architecture, with Andrea Palladio and works such as Florence Cathedral and St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The patronage of the wealthy merchants and bankers fostered this artistic growth.

Before 1100, Byzantine and Islamic scholarship surpassed scholarship in Latin Europe. The Dominicans and Franciscans contributed many talented professors to the growing number of new independent (charters) colleges created after 1200. It was in Western Europe where these modern universities, degree-granting corporations, specialized in multidisciplinary research and advance teaching, were created for the first time in the world. Between 1300 and 1500 sixty (60) new universities joined the twenty (20) existing institutions of higher learning. Guilds of professors were created . Students who passed the exams at the end of their apprenticeship received a diploma or “license”. Students who completed a longer training and defended a scholarly treatise became “masters” or “doctors”. All courses were taught in Latin and each university was famous in a particular field: Bologna: Law, Montpellier and Salerno: Medicine, Paris and Oxford: Theology. Theology was specially important because many students were destined for eclesiastical careers. Many tried to reconcile reason (Aristotle & Avicena) with faith: Scholasticism (the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West during the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries). The most notable scholastic work was the Summa Theologica (1267-1273), by Thomas Aquinas, a brilliant Dominican priest, professor of theology at the University of Paris.

Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement that reformed secondary education in Europe. Beginning in Florence in the last decades of the 14th century. Humanism described a curriculum — the studia humanitatis — comprising grammar, rhetoric, moral philosophy, poetry and history as studied via classical authors. The early beliefs of humanism were that, although God created the universe, it was humans that developed and industrialized it.

Politics, Wars, New Monarchies

In 1200, knights were still the backbone of western European fighting forces. European feudalism, based on land in exchange for loyalty and military service were still the predominant socioeconomic and political characteristic of this part of the continent. Kings, nobles, and the Church were constantly struggling for power. The emergence of independent trade cities, organizations like the Hanseatic League, the growing number and influence of wealthy merchants and bankers, and some military innovations changed everything.
 

Improved crossbows that could shoot metal-tipped arrows able to pierce helmets and light body armor, led to the hiring of professional crossbowmen. The English longbow could shoot farther and more rapidly than the crossbow. Firearms, based on the Chinese invention of gunpowder and cannons to shoot metal projectiles, completely changed the way wars were fought. Cannons were very effective in blasting holes through the heavy walls of medieval castles and cities. Hand-held firearms were able to pierce even the heaviest armor hastened the demise of armored knights. These reduced the role of nobles as providers of soldiers and knights and increased the power of kings who can now hire the armies to fight their wars, sometimes borrowing money from bankers and merchants and some other times taxing the land of their vassals or / and taxing merchants and cities. The Church also became a source of revenue, making “voluntary” contributions to a war effort.
 

When Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303) asserted that divine law made the papacy superior to any king, King Philip of France (1285-1314) sent an army to arrest him, who died as part of the process. Then, Philip “organized” the election of a French pope, with residence at Avignon, in southern France. After the Great Western Schism (1378-1415), with papal claimants at Avignon and Rome, the conflict was solved returning the papal residence to Rome. The papacy regained its independence, but the Church lost political influence and power, and monarchs became more powerful. During the 1400’s, the English and French monarchs gained the right to appoint important ecclesiastical officials in their realms.
 

The English monarch was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215, limiting his authority. This was the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law. By 1500, Parliament had become a permanent part of English government.
 

After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, France ruled over the island. The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) started because three consecutive French kings were not able to produce an heir and Edward III, son of Princess Isabella of France and king of England, laid claim to the French throne. At the beginning, the English occupied a vast territory in France. First use of artillery was in the Battle of Agincourt (1415), which was a major victory for the English. Joan of Arch helped the French to defeat the English, but was captured and burned at the stake in 1431. At the end, the French monarchy recovered control of its country.

Spain and Portugal became more centralized states as a result of the fighting against the Muslims in the Reconquest War, which advanced in waves: Toledo (1085), Cordova (1236), Seville (1248), Ceuta (1415), and Granada (1492). The marriage of Princess Isabella of Castille and Prince Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469 led to the permanent union of their kingdoms into Spain. In 1492, just after expelling the last Muslim armies out of Granada, Christopher Columbus started his famous voyage and the Jews were expelled from Spain.

Contrasting the Renaissance and Later Middle Ages
 

Renaissance	Later Middle Ages
Philosophy:  Humanism – Emphasis on secular concerns due to rediscovery and study of ancient Greco-Roman culture.	Religion dominates Medieval thought. Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas – reconciles Christianity with Aristotelian science.
Ideal: ·        Virtù – Renaissance Man should be well-rounded (Castiglione)	Ideal: ·        Man is well-versed in one subject.
Literature: ·        Humanism; secularism ·        Northern Renaissance focuses also on writings of early church fathers ·        Vernacular (e.g. Petrarch, Boccacio) ·        Covered wider variety of subjects (politics, art, short stories) ·        Focused on the individual ·        Increased use of printing press; propaganda	Literature: ·        Based almost solely on religion. ·        Written in Latin ·        Church was greatest patron of arts and literature. ·        Little political criticism. ·        Hand-written
Religion: ·        The state is supreme to the church. ·        “New Monarchs” assert power over national churches. ·        Rise of skepticism ·        Renaissance popes worldly and corrupt	Religion: ·        Dominated politics; sought unified Christian Europe. ·        Church is supreme to the state. ·        Inquisition started in 1223; dissenters dealt with harshly
Sculpture: ·        Greek and Roman classical influences. ·        Free-standing (e.g. Michelangelo’s David) ·        Use of bronze (e.g. Donatello’s David)	Sculpture: ·        More gothic; extremely detailed. ·        Relief
Art: ·        Increased emphasis on secular themes. ·        Classic Greek and Roman ideals. ·        Use of perspective. ·        chiaroscuro ·        Increased use of oil paints. ·        Brighter colors ·        More emotion ·        Real people and settings depicted. ·        Patronized largely by merchant princes ·        Renaissance popes patronized renaissance art	Art: ·        Gothic style ·        Byzantine style dominates; nearly totally religious. ·        Stiff, 1-dimentional figures. ·        Less emotion ·        Stylized faces (faces look generic) ·        Use of gold to illuminate figures. ·        Lack of perspective. ·        Lack of chiaroscuro ·        Patronized mostly by the church
Architecture: ·        Rounded arches, clear lines; Greco-Roman columns ·        Domes (e.g. Il Duomo by Brunelleschi) ·        Less detailed ·        Focus on balance and form	Architecture: ·        Gothic style ·        Pointed arches; barrel vaults, spires ·        Flying buttresses ·        Elaborate detail
Technology: ·        Use of printing press ·        New inventions for exploration	Technology: ·        Depended on scribes
Marriage and Family: ·        Divorce available in certain cases ·        More prostitution ·        Marriages based more on romance. ·        Woman was to make herself pleasing to the man (Castiglione) ·        Sexual double standard ·        Increased infanticide	Marriage and Family: ·        Divorce nonexistent ·        Marriages arranged for economic reasons. ·        Prostitution in urban areas ·        Ave. age for men: mid-late twenties ·        Avg. age for women: less than 20 years old. ·        Church encouraged cult of paternal care. ·        Many couples did not observe church regulations on marriage. ·        Manners shaped men to please women. ·        Relative sexual equality
Status of Women: ·        Legal status of women declined. ·        Most women not affected by Renaissance ·        Educated women allowed involvement but subservient to men. ·        Rape not considered serious crime.	Status of Women: ·        Legal status better than in Renaissance
Politics: ·        State is supreme over the church. ·        New Monarchs assert control over national churches. ·        Machiavelli	Politics: ·        Church is supreme over the state.
African slavery introduced.	Few blacks lived in Europe.
Exploration and expansion.	Crusades

REFORMATION

POPE

1-BONIFACE VIII (1294-1303): REFUSED TO PAY TAXES TO KING PHILIP IV AND HE ARRESTED HIM (1303).

2-CLEMENT V (1305-1314): HE ACCEPTED TO PAY THE TAXES, DISSOLVED THE ORDER OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR, AND MOVED TO FRENCH TERRITORY.

3-LEO X (1513-1521): THE RENAISSANCE POPE, SUPPORTER OF ARTS. THE SALES OF INDULGENCES. LUTHER’S SCHISM.

4-CLEMENT VII (1523-1534): PROBLEM WITH HENRY VIII.

5-PAUL III (1534-1549): COUNCIL OF TRENT. THE INQUISITION. THE SOCIETY OF JESUS (THE COUNTER-REFORMATION).

REFORMERS

6-JOHN WYCLIFFE (1323-1384): ENGLISH WHO CRITICIZED BISHOPS AND PRIESTS FOR NEGLECTING THEIR RELIGIOUS DUTIES AND BEING INTERESTED ONLY IN WEALTH AND POWER.

7-JOHN HUSS (1369-1415): CZECH. HE ASKED FOR THE REMOVAL OF CHURCH OFFICIALS IN BOHEMIA. HE WAS ARRESTED BY THE CHURCH AND BURNED AT THE STAKE.

8-MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546): GERMAN CHURCH MAN. HE BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE SALVATION DEPENDS ON THEIR FAITH INSTEAD ON GOOD WORKS OR DEEDS, THAT THE BIBLE IS THE SOURCE OF RELIGIOUS TRUTH AND PEOPLE SHOULD READ IT BY THEMSELVES, THAT PRIEST AND POPE SHOULD NOT BE SPECIAL PEOPLE, THAT CEREMONIES AND RITUALS ARE NOT NECESSARY. POPE LEO X EXCOMMUNICATED HIM. GERMAN PRINCES PROTECTED HIM.

9-JOHN CALVIN (1509-1564): FRENCH. HE BELIEVED THAT PEOPLE ARE BORN SINFUL AND THAT THERE ARE SPECIAL PERSONS, "THE ELECTED OF GOD" WHOSE MISSION IS TO GUIDE THE CHRISTIAN SOCIETY. HE HAD TO FLEE FROM FRANCE TO GENEVA. IN 1560, ABOUT 15% OF FRENCH POPULATION WAS CALVINIST: HUGUENOTS.

KINGS AND PRINCES

10-PHILIP IV, THE FAIR (1285-1314): HE ARRESTED BONIFACE VIII (1303), MADE DISSOLVE THE ORDER OF THE TEMPLAR TO GET ITS MONEY AND LANDS, MADE THE NEW POPE TO MOVE TO FRENCH TERRITORY TO CONTROL HIM.

11-FREDERICK ,THE WISE: GERMAN PRINCE WHO HELPED LUTHER.

12-CHARLES I OF SPAIN AND V OF THE HOLY EMPIRE (1517-1556): THE MOST POWERFUL KING IN EUROPE DURING THE 16th. CENTURY.

13-HENRY VIII (1491-1547): ENGLISH KING, FOUNDER OF THE ANGLICAN CHURCH. THE TUDOR FAMILY. SIX WIVES:

. CATHERINE OF ARAGON (1485-1536): 18 YEARS OF MARRIAGE.

. ANNE BOLEYN (1507-1536): BEHEADED.

. JANE SEYMOUR (1509-1537): MOTHER OF EDWARD VI.

. ANNE DE CLEVES (1515-1557): REPUDIATED.

. CATHERINE HOWARD (1522-1542): BEHEADED.

. CATHERINE PARR (1512-1548): HIS LAST WIFE.

14-EDWARD VI (1537-1553): ONLY SON OF HENRY VIII. KING OF ENGLAND AFTER HIS FATHER DEATH. UNHEALTHY.

15-MARY I TUDOR, "BLOODY MARY" (1516-1558): DAUGHTER OF CATHERINE OF ARAGON. CATHOLIC. SHE PERSECUTED PROTESTANTS. WIFE OF PHILIP II OF SPAIN. QUEEN OF ENGLAND AFTER EDWARD VI DEATH.

16-ELIZABETH I (1533-1603): DAUGHTER OF ANNE BOLEYN. QUEEN OF ENGLAND AFTER MARY'S DEATH. SHE ESTABLISHED A STRONG GOVERNMENT, CREATED A NAVAL FORCE OF PIRATES (FRANCIS DRAKE) TO ATTACK SPANISH GALLEONS AND STEAL THE GOLD FROM AMERICAN COLONIES, FOUGHT AND DEFEATED HIS BROTHER IN LAW, PHILIP II OF SPAIN (LA ARMADA INVINCIBLE). SHE TRIED TO UNIFY CATHOLICS & PROTESTANTS IN ENGLAND (PURITANS OPPOSED TO THIS; MANY FLED TO AMERICA).

17-PHILIP II OF SPAIN, THE PRUDENT (1527-1598): KING OF SPAIN. CREATED A STRONG GOVERNMENT. HE BUILT THE MONASTERY OF THE ESCORIAL (22 YEARS - 1563) WHERE THE KING USED TO GO LOOKING FOR REST. CREATED THE ARMADA TO FIGHT ENGLISH PIRATES.

CHURCH MEN

18-MONK JOHN TETZEL (1465-1519): THE SALE OF INDULGENCES. HIS SLOGAN: "AS SOON AS THE COIN IN THE COFFER RINGS, THE SOUL FROM PURGATORY SPRINGS".

19-IGNATIUS LOYOLA (1491-1556): FOUNDER OF THE SOCIETY OF JESUS.

MAJOR EVENTS OF THE REFORMATION

1-1530 - 1546: CHARLES V  DECLARED WAR AGAINST THE LUTHERAN PRINCES. THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG LET EACH PRINCE DECIDE WHICH RELIGION WOULD EXIST IN HIS TERRITORY.

2-ST. BARTHOLOMEW’S DAY, AUGUST 24, 1574: MOBS OF CATHOLICS ATTACKED AND KILLED HUGUENOTS IN PARIS. DURING ALL THE MONTH, PROTESTANTS WERE MURDERED IN ALL FRANCE (12,000).

3-THE THIRTY YEARS WAR (1618-1648): WARS BETWEEN GERMAN PRINCES IN THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE (CATHOLICS VS. PROTESTANTS). TREATY OF WESTPHALIA: GERMAN STATES WOULD HAVE INDEPENDENT GOVERNMENTS. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE SHOULD HAVE THE CONSENT OF THE STATES TO MAKE LAWS, RAISE TAXES, ETC. SPAIN AGAINST FRANCE. SPAIN LOST HOLLAND AND PORTUGAL (INDEPENDENCE).

4-THE COUNTERREFORMATION:

. CORRECT PROBLEMS WITHIN THE CHURCH.

.CENSOR BOOKS.

.THE HOLY INQUISITION.

.THE COUNCIL OF TRENT (1545-1563).

.THE SOCIETY OF JESUS (1540): RELIGIOUS CRUSADERS, MILITARY UNITS, MISSIONARIES, DISCIPLINE.

           
Martin Luther, Saxony,                       John Calvin, Picardie region, France          Henry VIII, King of England 
Holy Roman Empire (Germany)

Counter Reformation: Burning Books                                  Ignacio López de Loyola (1491-1556) founder of the
                                                                                          Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572): Around 30,000 Huguenots were killed by Roman Catholic mobs in France.

                                                                                                 Thirty Years War: 1618 –1648

Belligerents
Sweden  Bohemia Denmark  Dutch Republic France Saxony Electoral Palatinate England Brandenburg-Prussia Transylvania Hungarian anti-Habsburg rebels Zaporozhian Cossacks	Holy Roman Empire Catholic League Austria Bavaria Kingdom of Hungary Spanish Empire
Commanders
Earl of Leven Gustav II Adolf  † Johan Banér Frederick V Christian IV of Denmark Maurice of Nassau Piet Pieterszoon Hein Cardinal Richelieu Louis II de Bourbon Vicomte de Turenne Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar Johann Georg I of Saxony Gabriel Bethlen	Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly  † Albrecht von Wallenstein Ferdinand II Ferdinand III Franz von Mercy  † Johann von Werth Maximilian I Count-Duke Olivares Ambrogio Spinola Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand
Strength
~495,000, 150,000 Swedes, 20,000 Danish, 75,000 Dutch, ~100,000 Germans, 150,000 French, 6,000 Transylvanian and 20-30,000 Hungarian soldiers	~450,000, 300,000 Spanish, ~100-200,000 Germans, aprox. 20,000 Hungarian and Croatian cavalry

Chart above from Wikipedia Encyclopedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years_War

2-Exploration and Conquest.

Objectives

1-Identify the major reasons for world exploration and discuss its results (I C).

2-Describe the European conquest and rule in America and its consequences.

VOCABULARY

1-MERCHANTS:

2-LINE OF DEMARCATION: WEST-SPAIN, EAST-PORTUGAL.

3-EVIDENCE:

4-HOSTILE:

5-ALLIES:

6-CONQUISTADORES (CONQUERORS): ADVENTURERS SEEKING GOLD AND GLORY.

7-ADELANTADO: FIRST GOVERNORS.

8-DESCENDANTS:

9-JESUIT: MISSIONARIES. CONVERT NATIVES TO CHRISTIANITY.

10-DISRUPT/ ALTER:

11-SMALLPOX:

12-MEASLES:

13-ENCOMIENDA: INDIANS & LAND.

14-CREW:

15- SCURVY: GUMS DISEASE BECAUSE LACK OF VITAMIN C (SAILORS - LONG VOYAGES).

16- VICEROY: KING’S REPRESENTATIVE IN AMERICA.

17-AGE OF DISCOVERY:

PEOPLE

1-PRINCE HENRY, THE NAVIGATOR (1394-1460): HE ESTABLISHED A SCHOOL FOR SAILORS TO PROMOTE EXPLORATIONS. (PORTUGAL).

2-CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS (1451-1506): ITALIAN SAILOR (GENEVA).

3-FERDINAND II OF ARAGON (1452-1516):

4-ISABELLE I OF CASTILE (1451-1504):

5-THE PINZON BROTHERS: SAILORS FROM PALOS DE MOGUER, SPAIN, WHO CAME WITH COLUMBUS TO AMERICA: MARTIN ALONSO (LA PINTA), VICENTE YANEZ (LA NINA).

6-VASCO DE GAMA (1469-1524): PORTUGUESE SAILOR. IN 1497, HE ROUNDED THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE AND REACHED CALCUTTA, INDIA. THE JOURNEY TOOK 2 YEARS.

7-FERDINAND MAGELLAN (1480-1521): PORTUGUESE SAILOR. FIRST TO SAIL AROUND THE WORLD. HE NAMED THE STRAIT. (5 SHIPS, 256 CREWMEN / 1 SHIP, 18 SAILORS).

8-HERNAN CORTEZ (1485-1547): CONQUEROR OF THE AZTECS.

9-MOCTEZUMA II (1466-1520): LAST EMPEROR OF THE AZTECS.

10-FRANCISCO PIZARRO (1475-1541): CONQUEROR OF THE INCAS.

11-ATAHUALPA (1500-1533): LAST EMPEROR OF THE INCAS.

12-BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS (1474-1566): DOMINICAN PRIEST WHO TRIED TO PROTECT AND HELP THE INDIANS.

13-JOHN CABOT (1450-1498): ITALIAN EXPLORER WHO FOUNDED THE FIRST BRITISH COLONY IN NORTH AMERICA.

14-SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN (1567-1635): FRENCH EXPLORER WHO FOUNDED QUEBEC, THE FIRST FRENCH COLONY IN NORTH AMERICA.

15-AMERIGO VESPUCCI (1454-1512): ITALIAN GEOGRAPHER AND SAILOR. HIS NAME WAS GIVEN TO THE NEW CONTINENT.

16-BERNAL DIAZ DEL CASTILLO (1493 - 1584): "The True History of the Conquest of New Spain"

The Three G's: Gold, God, and Glory

Before 1500 most overland and maritime expansion had come from Asia, as had the most useful technologies and the most influential systems of belief. By 1450 much had been accomplished with regard to technology and trade. The greatest success was the trading system that united people around the Indian Ocean.

The voyages of Polynesian people out of sight of land over vast distances across the Pacific Ocean are one of the most impressive feats in maritime history before 1450. Polynesian sailors settled the islands of the eastern Pacific as a result of planned expeditions. Evidence supporting this theory: The plants and domesticated animals found in these islands were common to other Polynesia islands. The languages are also related to those spoken in the western Pacific and Malaysia. The 1976 voyage of the Hokulea proved it was possible. The island of Madagascar was settled by both Malayo-Indonesians and Africans.

Sailing the Indian Ocean was less difficult than other places because the monsoon winds were predictable. The rise of medieval Islam gave trade in this region an important boost. Muslim cities in the Middle East created a demand for commodities from the Far East. Muslim traders shared a common ethic, language, and religion making communications / relations easy. Muslims traders tied the region together in many ways.  The Indian Ocean traders operated largely independently of the empires and states they served.

In 1368 the Ming dynasty overthrew Mongol rule in China. The Ming wanted to establish contacts with the people of the Indian Ocean. They sent out seven imperial fleets between 1405 and 1433, led by Admiral Zheng He, a Muslin Chinese eunuch. Reasons: to satisfy curiosity / learn from other people, to enhance China’s commerce, and to show Ming’s power and wealth (give gifts to visited rulers). Treasure Ships carried rich silks, precious metals, and other valuable goods. These voyages were extended to Africa and as a result, at least three trading cities in East Africa sent delegations to China in 1415 (one brought a giraffe). The Swahili silk market was stimulated by these voyages. The Chinese imported more pepper because of this exchange. At the end, the Ming court suspended the voyages because the increase in trade was less than expected, the Mongols were pressuring from the north, and Japanese pirates were also creating problems. China had other priorities. Chinese rulers opposed contacts with peoples whom they regarded as barbarians with no real contributions to make to China. This decision left a power vacuum in the Indian Ocean.

The greatest sailors of the Atlantic before the 1400’s were the Vikings. They were explorers and pirates. They discovered and settled Iceland (770), Greenland (982), and Vinland / Newfoundland in North America. (986). Genoese and Portuguese expeditions discovered and settled the island of Madeira, the Azores, and the Canaries in the 14^th. Century.

Amerindians voyages used ocean currents to travel northward from Peru (Incas) to Mexico (Mayas & Aztecs) between 300 and 900 C.E and also colonized the West Indies.. By the year 1000 the Arawak had moved up from small islands in the Lesser Antilles (Barbados and Martinique) into the Greater Antilles (Cuba and Hispaniola). The Carib followed the same route later overrunning most Arawak settlements. They both also organized voyages to North American mainland.

European Expansion

The epic sea voyages sponsored by the Iberian kingdoms (Spain & Portugal) began a maritime revolution that altered the course of world history. They ended the isolation of the Americas. The ways in which African, Asians, and Amerindians perceived and reacted to their new visitors were different and that influenced their future relations.

Iberian rulers had strong economic, religious, and political motives to expand their contacts and increase their dominance. Their maritime and military technologies gave them the means to master the oceans, seize control of maritime routes, and conquer new lands. The individual ambitions and adventurous personalities of the rulers of these states contributed to these events. Many other factors led to these voyages: revival of urban life and trade, struggle with Islamic powers for dominance of the Mediterranean, desire to spread the Christian faith, need to expand trade with distant lands, growing intellectual curiosity about the outside world, need to find a direct maritime route with Asia to avoid trading with the middlemen (Muslims), and alliance between European merchants and rulers. (Also see 3 Gs). The Italian cities of Genoa and Venice did not lead the way in these voyages of exploration because their ships were not suited to sail the Atlantic and they preferred a system of alliances with the Muslim.

Portugal conquered the city of Ceuta (Morocco) in 1415. Portuguese conquerors found that homes there were so big and beautiful that made those in Portugal look like pigsties. The attack was led by young Prince Henry (1394-1460), soon to be known as Henry the Navigator. He wanted to convert Africans to Christianity, to make contact with the rulers of Africa (mainly to gain access to the sub-Saharan gold trade), and to crusade against the Muslims. He also founded a “research institute” at Sagres to promote the study of navigation and to collect info about the lands beyond Muslim North Africa. He worked to improve navigational instruments (magnetic compass and the astrolabe) originally created by the Chinese & the Arabs or Greeks and to design appropriate vessels for the voyages of exploration: the Caravel (fast, strong, maneuverable, and a good fighting ship). In the years that followed, Henry’s explores made an important addition to the maritime revolution: learning to speedily return home from the coasts of Africa by sailing northwest to ride westerly winds.  Henry derived fund for his expeditions from the Order of Christ, a military religious order that inherited the properties of the Knights Templar and of which he was governor. The first financial return from the voyages came from the sale of slaves captured in African coasts. However, the gold trade quickly became more important than the slave trade one the Portuguese made contact with the trading networks of West Africa (Mali). In 1488 Bartolomeu Dias was the first Portuguese explorer to round the southern tip of Africa and enter the Indian Ocean. In 1497-98 Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa and reached India. In 1500, ships in an expedition under Pedro Alvarez Cabral, while attempting to find a favorable wind around Africa, discovered by accident the east coast of South America (Brazil).

Many Africans along the West African coast were eager for trade with the Portuguese, including the African king Caramansa who received the Portuguese with a ceremony pledging goodwill and mutual benefits.  The oba (king) of the kingdom of Benin in the Niger Delta, received the visit of the Portuguese in 1486. He established a royal monopoly on trade with them, selling pepper, ivory tusks, stone textiles, and prisoners of war. In return, the Portuguese provided Benin with copper and brass, fine textiles, glass beads, and a horse. In the early 1500’s, as the demand for slaves grew, the oba first raised the prices and later limited the sale of slaves. The Portuguese tried to persuade Africans to accept Christianity. In 1538 the ruler of Benin declined to receive more missionaries and closed the market of slaves. The slave trade was controlled by monopolies held by African kings in West Africa. As Vasco da Gama fleet sailed up the coast of East Africa most rulers gave him a cool reception. Malindi, one of the rulers even provided a pilot to guide him to India. Seven years later, when da Gama returned, bombarded and looted most of the coastal cities, but spared Malindi’s. Portuguese aid helped the Christian Ethiopian kingdom from the attacks from the Ottoman Empire. Europeans remained a minor presence in most Africa in 1550. They were more interested in the Indian Ocean trade.

Vasco da Gama’s arrival on the Malabar Coast of India in 1498 did not make a great impression. The samorin (ruler) of Calicut and his Muslim officials received the gifts brought by da Gama with a derisive laughter. The Indian Ocean had been an open sea. Now the Portuguese intended to make it Portugal’s sea, its private property. They counted on the superiority of its ships and weapons. In 1505 the Portuguese fleet of 81 ships and 7,000 men bombarded Swahili Coast cities. Next were Indian ports, like Goa that fell in 1510.  The port of Hormuz, controlling the entry to the Persian Gulf, was taken in 1515. The conquest of the port of Diu (Gujarati) in 1535 consolidated Portuguese dominance of the western Indian Ocean. On the China coast, local officials and merchants interested in profitable trade persuaded the imperial government to allow the Portuguese to establish a trading post at Macao in 1557. Operating from there, Portuguese ships monopolized trade between China and Japan. The Portuguese used their control of key port cities to monopolize trade in the Indian Ocean. All ships had to pay taxes, custom duties, and even to carry Portuguese passports. Portuguese patrols seized vessels trying to avoid these requirements, confiscating their cargoes. China and the Mughal empires largely ignored Portugal’s maritime intrusions, only concerned with their vast land possessions. The Ottomans responded more aggressively, trying to fight back. They were defeated twice. Portuguese control was ocean-based. They had little impact on the Asian and African mainlands, in sharp contrast to what happened in the Americas, where the Spain built a huge territorial empire. The result of the domination of the Indian Ocean trade generated considerable profits for Portugal, more spices and luxury goods were shipped to Europe, and the prices offered by the Portuguese were lower than those of Venice or Genoa.

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506), a Genoese sailor, was the leader of Spain overseas missions. He thought that sailing west he could find a shorter way to Asia. In 1492, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand agreed to fund a modest expedition. Columbus departed Friday, the 3^rd. of August, with a crew of 90 men and three ships; he carried a letter from Isabella and Ferdinand to the Grand Khan / Chinese Emperor. The 12^th. day of October the expedition reached one of the islands of the Bahamas. After other three voyages, Columbus still thought that he had reached Asia. Others, like Amerigo Vespucci, were convinced that Columbus had discovered a new continent, which Amerigo decided to name America. Spain and Portugal agreed to split the “new world” between them. The Treaty of Tordesillas, negotiated by the Pope in 1494, drew an imaginary line dividing the Spanish possessions (west) from the Portuguese (east). By chance, in 1513, a Spanish adventurer named Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crossed the isthmus of Panama from the east and sighted the Pacific Ocean. In 1519 the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the world, which laid the basis for Spanish colonization of the Philippine islands after 1564.

The first Amerindians to encounter Columbus were the Arawak of Hispaniola. During the first contacts, Amerindians welcomed the Europeans. In dealing with small communities in the Caribbean, the European settlers resorted to conquest and plunder rather than trade. At the same time, they were eager to persuade the Indians to accept Christianity. Same practice was used later on the American mainland. The spread of deadly diseases among Amerindians after 1518 killed millions of them, weakening their ability to resist. Those who fought back had a major disadvantage: the Spaniards had horses, firearms, and body armor. The Spanish behaved in America following the same patterns they used during the wars against the Muslims: seeking to serve God and become rich in the process. Conquistadores (conquerors) like Juan Ponce de Leon (1460-1521) participated in the seizure of Hispaniola conquered the island of Borinquen in 1508 and explored Florida in 1513. Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire with the help of native allies who hated the Aztecs.  Even when initially the Aztecs destroyed half of the Spanish force and thousands of their allies, they recaptured Tenochtitlan in 1521 thanks to the spread of the smallpox among the city’s defenders, that died by the thousands. In 1532 Francisco Pizarro (1478-1541) and his 180 men captured the Inca emperor, Atahualpa, killing thousand of his soldiers. After receiving a ransom of 6,000 kgs. of gold and 12,000 kgs. of silver that the Incas paid for their emperor’s freedom, Atahualpa was executed by the Spaniards. In 1533 the Spaniards took Cuzco.

European conquests of the Americas were no more rapid or brutal than the Mongol conquest of Eurasia, but their empires would continue to expand for three-and-a-half centuries after 1550. Unlike the Chinese, the Europeans did not turn their backs on the world after an initial burst of exploration. From this point on, the world experienced the European supremacy and control of the world.

                                         Before Columbus

The Vikings

Christopher Columbus

First Encounter

Vasco da Gama's Expedition

                                                    Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494

Hernán Cortéz and the conquest of the Aztecs

Pizarro's capture of the Inca emperor, Atahualpa

Pizarro, after receiving a ransom of 6,000 kgs. of gold and 12,000 kgs. of silver that the
Incas paid for their emperor’s freedom, ordered the execution of Atahualpa.

Syphilis=====================>       <========================Smallpox

THE 3 MAJOR REASONS WHY THE SPANISH CAME TO AMERICA:

GOLD, GLORY, AND GOD.

THE CONQUEST OF THE AZTECS

-IN 1519, HERNANDO CORTEZ SAILED WITH 11 SHIPS, 500 SOLDIERS, AND 16 HORSES FROM CUBA TO MEXICO. HE BURNED HIS SHIPS.

-THE AZTECS WERE WAITING THE QUETZALCOATL (LEGEND). THEY BELIEVED THE SPANIARDS WERE GODS. MOCTEZUMA HAD AN ARMY OF 200,000 WARRIORS, BUT INSTEAD OF FIGHTING THE SPANISH, HE SENT GIFTS OF SOLID GOLD TO THEM. CORTEZ WAS RECEIVED IN TENOCHTITLAN.

-NEIGHBOR PEOPLES THAT WERE CONQUERED BY THE AZTECS HATED THEM AND HELPED CORTEZ TO FIGHT AGAINST TENOCHTITLAN.

-MOCTEZUMA WAS KILLED BY HIS OWN PEOPLE. TENOCHTITLAN WAS DEFEATED IN 1521.

THE CONQUEST OF THE INCAS

-IN 1532, FRANCISCO PIZARRO LED 180 SPANIARDS TO SOUTH AMERICA.

-ATAHUALPA WAS FIGHTING A CIVIL WAR AGAINST HIS BROTHER.

-PIZARRO ATTACKED BY SURPRISE AND CAPTURED ATAHUALPA WHO OFFERED A FULL ROOM OF GOLD AS RANSOM. PIZARRO AGREED, BUT WHEN HE HAD THE GOLD, HE EXECUTED ATAHUALPA.

-WITHOUT THEIR LEADER, THE INDIANS ACCEPTED SPANISH RULE.

WHY DID THE AMERICAN EMPIRES FALL SO EASY ?

1-HISTORICAL COINCIDENCE (QUETZALCOATL LEGEND) AND RELIGIOUS BELIEFS.

2-INTERNAL PROBLEMS IN NATIVE AMERICAN EMPIRES (DIVISIONS, CIVIL WARS).

3-EUROPEANS HAD CANNONS, GUNS, ARMORS, AND HORSES.

4-MILLIONS OF INDIANS DIED BECAUSE NEW DISEASES (SMALLPOX & MEASLES).

SPANISH COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS & SPANISH RULE IN AMERICA

-CASA DE CONTRATACION DE SEVILLA (1503): CONTROL THE TRADE WITH THE NEW WORLD. (See Archivo General de Indias)

-CONSEJO DE INDIAS (1524): KING'S ADVISORS

-ADELANTADOS: FIRST GOVERNORS.

-VICEROY: KING'S REPRESENTATIVE (CIVIL & MILITARY). VICEROYALTIES:

-CAPTAINCY: ARMY CHIEF IN AN IMPORTANT CITY OR PROVINCE.

-AUDIENCES: JUDICIAL DECISIONS.

-CABILDOS: LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

VICEROYALTIES:

NEW SPAIN (1535) Mexico,  South of USA, Central America

PERU (1542): Andes

NEW GRANADA (1717) PANAMA, VENEZUELA, COLOMBIA & ECUADOR.

LA PLATA (1776) ARGENTINA, CHILE, URUGUAY

OTHER IMPORTANT COMPONENTS

-ENCOMIENDAS (INDIANS) / MINES / PLANTATIONS (SLAVES)

-MISSIONARIES (BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS). THE ROLE OF THE CHURCH: CHRISTIANIZATION

-AFRICAN SLAVES. THE SLAVE TRADE. THE MIDDLE PASSAGE.

-TRIANGULAR TRADE

-TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS: PUEBLOS, PRESIDIOS OR FORTRESSES, AND MISSIONS

RESULTS OF EXPLORATION & COLONIZATION

1-EUROPEANS GAINED POLITICAL AND ECONOMICAL POWER; THEY BECAME THE RULING GROUP IN THE WORLD AND THEIR CULTURE THE SUPERIOR ONE.

2-MILLIONS OF NATIVE AMERICANS DIED AND THEIR CIVILIZATION WAS DESTROYED.

3-AFRICA EXPERIENCED THE ROBBERY / EXTRACTION OF MILLIONS OF ITS BEST CHILDREN WHICH WILL HAVE AN IMPACT IN ITS FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

4-WORLD TRADE CHANGED PEOPLE’S LIVES (NEW ANIMALS, PLANTS, PRODUCTS, AND HABITS).

5-THE WORLD "GREW".

3-The Age of Kings.

Objectives

1-Discuss the reason for Russia’s historic desire to obtain warm water ports (I B).

2-Discuss the results of 17th. and 18th. century wars which involved Austria, Poland, Prussia, England, and France (II C).

3-Explain the concept of absolutism and how French rulers gained absolute power from the 16th. - 19th. century (III A).

4-Summarize how the English people gained civil liberties during the 17th. and 18th. centuries (III A).

5-Describe the democratic traditions that evolved in Great Britain (III A).

VOCABULARY

1- Patriotism:

2- Sovereignty:

3- Disobey:

4- Absolutism / Age of Kings:

5- Subjects:

6- Treason:

7- English Civil War:

8- Dictator:

9- Tolerance:

10-Burden:

11-Centralize:

12-Revolve: Spin, Turn around.

13-Cavaliers: Rich Anglicans. They used fancy clothes and wigs.

14-Roundheads / Puritans: They fought against cavaliers. They used simple clothes and short hair (Roundheads).

15-ROYAL FAMILIES

-The House of Bourbon: Rulers of France (Luis III, XIV, etc.)

-The House of Romanov : Rulers of Russia.

-The House of Hapsburg: Rulers of Austria.

-The House of Hohenzollern: Rulers of Prussia.

16-Baroque: Art and Architecture. Use of color instead of drawing, movement, fear to the vacuum, use of curve lines, exuberance in the forms, sensuality.

PEOPLE AND LEADERS

 Ferdinand of Aragon (1452 - 1516):

 Isabella of Castile (1451- 1504):

 Charles I (Spain) and V (Germany) (1517- 1556): Grandson of Ferdinand and grandson of the Holy Roman Emperor. He became King of Spain and Emperor of Holy Roman Empire.

 Philip II, the Prudent, (1527 - 1598): King of Spain. La Armada & El Escorial.

 Henry VIII (1491 - 1547): King of England (6 wives)

 Elizabeth I (1533 -1603): Queen of England. Defeated the Spanish Armada.

 James I (1566 - 1625): King of England from 1603 to 1625. Problems with the Parliament.

Charles I of England (1600 - 1649): King of England. Civil War. Beheaded.

Oliver Cromwell (1599 - 1658): Leader of the Roundheads. He organized a New Model Army (officials had to be really good soldiers). Called the “Lord Protector”. He became a military dictator.

Charles II of England (1630 - 1685): Son of Charles I. The Restoration. He was called the “Merry Monarch” because he was a fun-loving.

James II of England: King from 1685 to 1688. Brother of Charles II. Catholic (This was a problem). The Glorious Revolution (not bloodshed). Parliament made him to abdicate and flee to France. His older daughter (Mary) who was Protestant got the throne.

Mary II (1662 - 1694) and William III (1650 - 1702): They had to sign a Bill of Rights before became monarchs: Constitutional Monarchy.

Louis XIII (1601 - 1643): He ruled under the influence of Richelieu. (The Three Musketeers - Dumas)

 Louis XIV (1638 - 1715): “The Sun King”. His power was absolute. Versailles Palace.

Cardinal Richelieu (1585 - 1642): Louis XIII chief advisor. The real power behind the throne. He helped to consolidate the monarchy.

Cardinal Mazarin (1602- 1661): Louis XIV chief advisor while he was young.

Mikhail Romanov (1613 - 1645): Russian czar. His dynasty ended in 1917.

Peter I, the Great (1672 - 1725): Grandson of Mikhail. Russian Czar. A window to the sea.

Catherine II, the Great (1729 -1796): Wife of Peter III (Crazy). She became the real and absolute power of Russia. Education, Culture and Art.

Frederick William I, “The Sergeant King”(1688 - 1740): King of Prussia. A military state.

Frederick II, “The Great” (1744 - 1797): Nephew of Frederick I. He fought against the revolutionary France.

Maria Theresa of Austria (1717 -1780): She fought Frederick II and made the Austrian Empire more powerful.

EUROPEAN CULTURE

SPAIN

1- El Greco (1541 - 1614)

2- Velazquez (1599 - 1660)

BELGIUM

1- Rubens (1577 - 1640)

NETHERLANDS

Rembrandt (1606 - 1669)

AUSTRIA

1- Mozart (1756 - 1791)

FRANCE

1- Moliere (Juan Bautista Poquelin) (1622 - 73): Theater (Comedies).

2- Racine, Jean (1639 - 99): Theater (Tragedies on classics).

3- La Fontaine, Jean de (1621 - 1695): Poet and writer of fables (Aesop).

MAJOR EVENTS

 Two Roses War (1455 - 1485): York against Lancaster. Henry VII unified both.

The Invincible Armada (1588). Spain vs. Great Britain.

English Civil War  (1642 - 1643): Cavaliers (monarchy) against Roundheads (parliament). The King (Charles I) was beheaded in 1649. Cromwell established a military dictatorship.

The Glorious Revolution (not bloodshed).  King James II was forced to abdicate (catholic). His daughter (Mary) became queen after signing a Bill of Rights: Constitutional Monarchy. Parliament will be the law maker.

The Thirty Years War (1618 - 1648): German Princes in the Holy Roman Empire. (Catholics against Protestants). Spain vs. France. The Peace of Westphalia.

The War of Spanish Succession (1701 - 1714): France against Europe. France had to agree that the same king would never rule both nations (France and Spain).

Window to  Europe (The Great Embassy) & Warm Water Ports: Russian Wars against the Swedish (Baltic Sea) &  against the Ottoman Empire (Black Sea), . Construction of St. Petersburg.

Prussian Expansion

a) The War of Austrian Succession (1740 - 48): France + Spain + Prussia vs. Austria + England + Russia

b) The Seven Years War (1756 - 63): Prussia & Great Britain vs. France + Austria + Russia + Spain.  England vs. France  (the French and Indian War). Results: Prussia doubled its size, Spain lost Florida, Austria became more powerful, France became weaker, while Britain became the predominant power in Europe.

 
Philip II, King of Spain                                       El Escorial

Elizabeth I, Queen of England

Palace of Westminster: British Parliament

Tower of London

 
Cardinal Richelieu of France                                        Louis XIV, King of France

                                                                                               Palace of Versailles

Saint Petersburg                                                                                         Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia

  
Frederick II of Prussia, Holy Roman Emperor                       Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia

Art: Baroque    Click to see PowerPoints

 
Doménikos Theotokópoulos, El Greco                            El Caballero de la mano al pecho or The Knight of the hand on the chest, by El Greco

El Entierro del Conde de Orgaz or The Burial of the Count of Orgaz, by El Greco

 
Diego Velazquez                                                                          Las Meninas or The Maids of Honour, by Velazquez.

La Venus del Espejo or Venus in the Mirror, by Velazquez

Peter Paul Rubens                                       The Judgment of Paris, by Rubens

The Intervention of the Sabine Women, by Rubens                       The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus, by Rubens

Rembrandt van Rijn                                                       The Night Watch, by Rembrandt

 
The Syndics, by Rembrandt                                                                         The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Tulp, by Rembrandt

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 

4-The Enlightenment & The Age of Revolutions.

Objectives:

1-Describe the events which led to the independence of Portugal’s and Spain’s Latin American colonies (II A).

2-Discuss the results of 17th. and 18th. century wars which involved Austria, Poland, Prussia, Russia, England, and France (II C).

3-Suggest reasons for the French Revolution, Napoleon’s rise to power, and the Napoleonic Wars (II C).

4-Cite reasons for economic and political instability in Austria-Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, the Ottoman Empire, and Spain during the late 19th. century (II C).

5-Analyze the “Declaration of the Rights of Man” and the reaction it generated on the part of the French citizens (III A).

6-Describe the basic ideas of Karl Marx (III A).

7-Identify achievements during the 19th. century (V C).

8-Analyze the new ideas that emerged during the 18th. Century in Europe that led to Liberalism and Revolutions.

People

1-THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679): ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER. ORDER IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN FREEDOM. PEOPLE GIVE UP THEIR FREEDOM TO GAIN ORDER AND SAFETY.

2-JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704): ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER. PEOPLE ARE BORN WITH THREE BASIC RIGHTS: LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY. GOVERNMENT HAS TO PROTECT THESE RIGHTS. IF IT DOES NOT DO SO, PEOPLE HAVE THE RIGHT TO REBEL AND REPLACE ANY GOVERNMENT.

3-BARON DE MONTESQUIEU (1689-1755): FRENCH WRITER. EACH TYPE OF GOVERNMENT HAS A “SPIRIT” : -DICTATORSHIP ....FEAR , -MONARCHY...........HONOR, -REPUBLIC...............VIRTUE. HE ASKED FOR THE SEPARATION OF POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT IN DIFFERENT BRANCHES.

4-JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778): FRENCH WRITER. CIVILIZATION CAUSES PEOPLE TO BEHAVE BAD. BEFORE CIVILIZATION PEOPLE WERE COOPERATIVE AND PEACEFUL. HE BELIEVED THAT ALL PEOPLE WERE EQUAL. NO ONE SHOULD HAVE SPECIAL PRIVILEGES. IT IS IMPORTANT TO LIVE A SIMPLE LIFE. A SOCIETY HELD TOGETHER WHEN PEOPLE SHARE A COMMON CULTURE OR “GENERAL WILL”.

5-FRANCOIS AROUET (VOLTAIRE) (1694-1778): FRENCH WRITER. HE WAS A CRITIC OF WEALTH AND PRIVILEGES. IN FAVOR OF FREE SPEECH AND FREE RELIGION. GOVERNMENT SHOULD NOT INTERFERE WITH PEOPLE FREEDOM.

“I DO NOT AGREE WITH A WORD YOU SAID, BUT I WILL DEFEND TO THE DEATH YOUR RIGHT TO SAY IT”

6-DENIS DIDEROT (1713-1784): FRENCH PHILOSOPHER. HE SPENT 30 YEARS TO PREPARE AND PUBLISH THE FIRST  ENCYCLOPEDIA PUBLISHED IN THE WEST.

7-ADAM SMITH (1723-1790): SCOTTISH ECONOMIST. CONSIDERED THE “FATHER OF CAPITALISM”. SOCIETIES SHOULD ALLOW INDIVIDUALS TO FOLLOW THEIR OWN INTERESTS. WHAT MOTIVATE PEOPLE TO WORK IS THE DESIRE TO HELP THEMSELVES. PEOPLE SHOULD HAVE THE FREEDOM TO PRODUCE AND SELL PRODUCTS FOR A PROFIT. COMPETITION BETWEEN PRODUCERS WILL LEAD TO BETTER AND CHEAPER GOODS. WEALTH SHOULD  BE USED TO PRODUCE MORE WEALTH.

Enlightenment & Liberalism (1700's)

1. Reason, Science, New Technologies, and Knowledge.

2. Individual Freedoms: Freedom of Speech, Freedom of the Press, and Freedom of Assembly.

3. Replace Birth's Privileges by Social / Economic position earned by Merits, Knowledge, and Skills. End of Aristocracy = Meritocracy

4. End Injustices caused by privilege: Equality & Justice.

5. Political authority should reflect the Will of the People.

6. Separation of Powers: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial.

7. Republic or Constitutional Monarchy instead of Absolutist Monarchy.

8. End corruption and excesses of government officials.

9. Laissez-faire: Government should not interfere with the economy. The invisible hand of the market.

10. Power should pass to Middle Class, Businessmen or Bourgeoisie.

11. Materialism & Atheism.

12-Art: Neo-classism

13-Major Figures: Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Locke, and Adam Smith. .

14-Enlightened Despotism: Monarchs tried to create a more efficient administrative order; avoid real / deep changes.

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èRevolutions (American: 1776, French: 1789, Independence of Latin American colonies. Art: Romanticism

èIndustrial Revolution & Capitalism. Art: Realism & Naturalism

Vocabulary

1- BUREAUCRACY:

2- DISBAND / DISPERSE:

3- DICTATOR:

4- GUILLOTINE (DR. GUILLOTINE 1738 - 1814):

5- RADICALISM:

6- REFORMS:

7- ALLIANCE:

8- INSPIRE:

9- STRATEGY / TACTIC:

10-BOUNDARIES:

11-EXILE:

12-RESTORE:

13-ROCOCO: ARTISTIC STYLE

14-ROMANTICISM: ARTISTIC STYLE. REACTION AGAINST REASON. RELATED TO THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS.

15-REALISM: ARTISTIC STYLE. REACTION AGAINST ROMANTICISM. RELATED TO VICTORIAN ERA.

16-UNLEASH / UNTIE / DETACH / BREAK :

17-IDEAL:

18-NATIONALISM: THE BELIEF THAT PEOPLE WHO SHARE THE SAME HISTORY, TRADITIONS, CUSTOMS, AND LANGUAGE SHOULD BE UNITED UNDER ONE GOV.

19-CREOLE:

20-ABOLISH:

21-PROLETARIAT:

22-MARXISM / SOCIALISM / COMMUNISM:

23-UTOPIA:

24-DISTRESS:

25-BOURGEOISIE:

26-ESTATES OR CLASSES: CLERGY, NOBILITY, REGULAR PEOPLE.

27-BASTILLE: THE CITY PRISON IN PARIS.

28- OATH:

29-”THE MARSEILLAISE”: NATIONAL ANTHEM OF REVOLUTIONARY FRANCE (1795).

30-GIRONDIST / JACOBIN:

31-POSITIVISM: SCHOOL OF PHILOSOPHY THAT APPLIES TO SOCIETY NATURAL LAWS: SOCIAL DARWINISM.

32-ARISTOCRAT:

PEOPLE

1- LOUIS XVI (1754 - 1793): KING OF FRANCE

2- MARIE ANTOINETTE  (1755 - 1793): LOUIS XVI’S WIFE. DAUGHTER OF MARY THERESE.

3-JEAN PAUL MARAT (1743-1793): FRENCH RADICAL LEADER. JOURNALIST. “THE PEOPLE’S FRIEND”. HE WAS KILLED BY CHARLOTTE CORDAY, A GIRONDIST.

4-GEORGE DANTON (1759-1794): FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY. BRILLIANT SPEAKER. DURING THE “REIGN OF TERROR” TRIED TO MOVE BACK & STOP THE KILLINGS.

5-MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE (1758-1794): FRENCH RADICAL REVOLUTIONARY. THE MASTER OF THE “REIGN OF TERROR”. “WHO TREMBLES IS GUILTY”.

6-JOSEPH FOUCHE (1759-1820): CLEVER CHIEF OF POLICE OF FRANCE FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS. HE WATCHED EVERYONE WITH A SECRET ARMY OF SPIES AND SURVIVED DURING ALL THE PROCESS.

7-CHARLES TALLEYRAND (1754-1838): CLEVER FRENCH BISHOP, POLITICIAN AND DIPLOMAT FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS. HE SERVED, DECEIVED AND BETRAYED MANY PEOPLE AND SURVIVED DURING ALL THE PROCESS.

8-NAPOLEON BONAPARTE (1769-1821): FRENCH GENERAL, CONSUL, AND EMPEROR. HE CHANGED EUROPE FOREVER.

9-JOSEPHINE BONAPARTE (1763-1814): NAPOLEON’S WIFE.

10-JOSEPH BONAPARTE (1768-1844): OLDER BROTHER. KING OF NAPLES & SPAIN .

11-LOUIS BONAPARTE (1778-1846): BROTHER. KING OF HOLLAND.

12-JEROME BONAPARTE (1784-1860): BROTHER. KING OF WESTPHALIA.

13-LOUIS PHILIPPE I, “THE CITIZEN KING” (1773-1850): KING OF FRANCE. SEE THE REVOLUTION OF 1848. SEE THE 2nd. REPUBLIC.

14-LOUIS BLANC (1811-1882): FRENCH SOCIALIST. AUTHOR OF “THE HISTORY OF FRENCH REVOLUTION” (12 VOLUMES). LEADER OF THE REVOLUTION OF 1848.

15-LOUIS NAPOLEON III (1808-1873): SON OF LOUIS BONAPARTE. LAST KING OF FRANCE WHO BROUGHT ORDER AND RULED THE NATION FOR 20 YEARS.

16-AUGUSTE BLANQUI (1805-1881): FRENCH SOCIALIST WHO SPENT 33 YEARS IN JAIL. HE WAS ONE OF THE LEADERS OF “THE COMMUNE OF PARIS” IN 1871.

17-LEOPOLD II (1747-1792): EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA. BROTHER OF MARIE ANTOINETTE.

18-FRANCIS II (1768-1835): EMPEROR OF AUSTRIA WHO FACED NAPOLEON.

19-PRINCE KLEMENS von METTERNICH (1773-1859): FOREIGN MINISTER OF AUSTRIA. MOST POWERFUL MAN IN EUROPE AFTER NAPOLEON DEFEAT. “WHEN FRANCE SNEEZES, EUROPE GETS COLD”.

20-ALEXANDER I (1777-1825): CZAR OF RUSSIA.

21-MIKHAIL KUTUZOV (1745-1813): RUSSIAN GENERAL WHO FACED NAPOLEON IN AUSTERLITZ AND BORODINO.

22-HORATIO NELSON (1758-1805): BRITISH ADMIRAL WHO WON THE BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR AND DIED THERE.

23-DUKE OF WELLINGTON (ARTHUR) (1769-1852): BRITISH GENERAL WHO DEFEATED NAPOLEON IN WATERLOO.

24-FREDERICK WILLIAM III (1770-1840): KING OF PRUSSIA.

25-KARL MARX (1818-1883): GERMAN PHILOSOPHER, ECONOMIST, AND SOCIOLOGIST. FOUNDER OF THE THEORY OF MODERN SOCIALISM AND COMMUNISM.

26-FRIEDRICH ENGELS (1820-1895): MARX’S FRIEND AND ASSISTANT.

LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE’S LEADERS

27-SIMON BOLIVAR, “THE LIBERATOR” (1783-1830): HE WAS BORN IN VENEZUELA AND WAS THE LEADER OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE NORTHERN PART OF SOUTH AMERICA.

28-JOSE DE SAN MARTIN (1778-1850): HE WAS BORN IN ARGENTINA AND WAS THE LEADER OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF SOUTH AMERICA. AFTER A SECRET MEETING WITH BOLIVAR LEFT HIS ARMY AND WENT TO FRANCE WHERE HE DIED.

29-BERNARDO O’HIGGINS (1778-1842): CHILEAN GENERAL AND FIRST PRESIDENT OF CHILE. MIRANDA’S FRIEND. HE FOUGHT UNDER SAN MARTIN LEADERSHIP, PARTICIPATED IN CHACABUCO AND MAIPU. HE HAD TO LEAVE THE COUNTRY AND DIED IN PERU.

30-TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE (1743-1803): HAITIAN HERO AND LEADER OF THE INDEPENDENCE. HE WAS CAPTURED AND DIED IN A FRENCH JAIL.

31-FRANCISCO MIRANDA (1750-1816): VENEZUELAN HERO.

32-ANTONIO JOSE DE SUCRE (1795-1830): VENEZUELAN HERO, FRIEND OF MIRANDA AND GENERAL UNDER BOLIVAR LEADERSHIP. HE PARTICIPATED IN PICHINCHA (ECUADOR) AND AYACUCHO (PERU). FIRST PRESIDENT OF BOLIVIA. HE WAS KILLED.

33-MIGUEL HIDALGO (1753-1811): MEXICAN PRIEST, LEADER OF THE INDEPENDENCE. “GRITO DE DOLORES”.

34-JOSE MORELOS (1765-1815): MEXICAN PRIEST, FRIEND AND FOLLOWER OF HIDALGO.

WRITERS AND ARTISTS

35-HONORE DE BALZAC (1799-1850): FRENCH WRITER. REALISM. “THE HUMAN COMEDY” : 97 NOVELS (STEREOTYPES). : “EUGENE GRANDET” . “THE MAGIC SKIN”. “FATHER GORIOT”. “LOST ILLUSIONS”. “COUSIN BETTE”. “COUSIN PONS”.

36-VICTOR HUGO (1802 - 1885): FRENCH WRITER REALISM. “THE MISERABLES”. “NOTRE DAME OF PARIS”. “NINETY-THREE”

37-EMILE ZOLA (1840 - 1902): FRENCH WRITER. NATURALISM. “THERESE RAQUIN”, “THE BELLY OF PARIS”, “GERMINAL”, “I CONDEMN” (DREYFUS CASE), “NANA”, “THE PUB”.

38-ALEXANDER DUMAS, Father (1802 - 1870): FRENCH WRITER HISTORICAL THEMES & ROMANTICISM. “THE COUNT OF MONTECRISTO”, “THREE MUSKETEERS”, “TWENTY YEARS AFTER”.

39-JULES VERNE (1828 - 1905): FRENCH WRITER OF SCIENCE FICTION. “FIVE WEEKS IN BALLOON”, “JOURNEY TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH”, “FROM THE EARTH TO THE MOON”, “TWENTY THOUSAND LEAGUES UNDER THE SEA”, “THE MYSTERIOUS ISLAND”, “AROUND THE WORLD IN 80 DAYS”.

40-EMILIO SALGARI (1863 - 1911): ITALIAN WRITER. ADVENTURE THEMES. ROMANTICISM. “THE BLACK CORSAIR”, “CAPTAIN STORM”, “SANDOKAN”.

41-JOHANN WOLFGANG GOETHE (1749 - 1832): GERMAN WRITER. ROMANTICISM. “THE SORROWS OF YOUNG WERTHER”, “FAUST”.

42-HENRIK IBSEN (1828 - 1906): NORWEGIAN WRITER. “A DOLL’S HOUSE”.

43-BENITO PEREZ GALDOS (1843 - 1920): SPANISH WRITER. ROMANTICISM / REALISM. “ZARAGOZA”, “DONA PERFECTA”, “MIRANDA”, “FORTUNATA Y JACINTA”, “EPISODIOS NACIONALES”.

44-EUGENE DELACROIX (1798 - 1863): FRENCH PAINTER. SCHOOL OF ROMANTICISM.

45-FRANCISCO JOSE DE GOYA (1746 - 1828): SPANISH PAINTER.

46-LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770 - 1827): GERMAN MUSICIAN.

47-MARY SHELLEY (1797-1851): ENGLISH NOVELIST, WIFE OF PERCY BYSSHE SHELLY, A RICH POET AND FREE - THINKER. SHE EDITED HER HUSBAND WORKS AND WAS THE AUTHOR OF “FRANKENSTEIN” (1818).

48-CHARLES DICKENS (1812-1870): ENGLISH NOVELIST. “OLIVER TWIST”, “DAVID COPPERFIELD”, ETC.

49-THE BRONTE SISTERS: -ANNE (1820-1849): “AGNES GREY”. -CHARLOTTE (1816-1855): “JANE EYRE”, “SHIRLEY”, “THE PROFESSOR”. -EMILY (1818-1848): “WUTHERING HEIGHTS”.

50-Sir ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE (1859-1930): ENGLISH NOVELIST. DETECTIVE STORY CREATOR: “SHERLOCK HOLMES” AND HISTORICAL: “THE WHITE COMPANY”.

51-ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON (1850-1894): SCOTTISH NOVELIST. “THE TREASURE ISLAND”, “Dr. JEKYLL AND Mr. HYDE”, “THE MASTER OF BALLANTRAE”, ETC.

52-CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882): ENGLISH NATURALIST. “THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY NATURAL SELECTION” (EVOLUTION / THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST).

53-AUGUSTE COMTE (1798-1857): FRENCH PHILOSOPHER. FOUNDER OF POSITIVISM (SOCIETY FOLLOWS NATURAL LAWS LIKE NATURE & SCIENCE).
 

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

1-FRANCE WAS ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST NATIONS IN EUROPE. FRENCH CULTURE WAS THE STANDARD FOR THE WESTERN WORLD.

2-ENLIGHTENMENT CAME FROM FRANCE.

3-FRENCH SOCIETY WAS DIVIDED INTO THREE ESTATES:

- FIRST ESTATE (THE CLERGY)........ - 1% OF POPULATION, 10% OF THE LAND, NOT TAXES.

- SECOND ESTATE (THE NOBILITY) - 5% OF POPULATION, MOST IMPORTANT POSITIONS IN GOVERNMENT, MOST OF THE WEALTH, NOT TAXES.

- THIRD ESTATE .................................. - 94% OF POPULATION (PROFESSIONALS & BUSINESSMEN, WORKERS, & PEASANTS); HEAVILY TAXED: 1/2 OF THEIR INCOME; WORK ON GOV. PROJECTS ONCE A YEAR WITHOUT PAY, NO POLITICAL POWER; PARIS HAD MOBS OF HUNGRY PEOPLE.

4-THE GOVERNMENT HAD SERIOUS PROBLEMS IN 1788:

- THE GRAIN HARVEST WAS POOR. BREAD DOUBLED IN PRICE. URBAN POOR PEOPLE WERE STARVING TO DEATH AND READY TO REVOLT.

- THE FRENCH TREASURY WAS EMPTY AND THE GOV. WAS IN DEBT (HELP TO AMERICA VS GB).

- THE KING TRIED TO TAX THE NOBLES, BUT THEY REFUSED TO PAY UNLESS THE KING CALLED A MEETING OF THE ESTATES GENERAL.

5-ON MAY 1, 1789, THE ESTATES GENERAL MET (610 REPRESENTATIVES FROM 3RD ESTATE, 591 REPRESENTATIVES FROM 1ST AND 2ND ESTATES).

6-THE THIRD ESTATE WANTED ALL ESTATES TO MEET TOGETHER AND VOTE AS INDIVIDUALS ( AN OLD RULE ESTABLISHED THAT EACH ESTATE HAD 1 VOTE), BUT THE KING DID NOT ACCEPT THAT.

7-THE THIRD ESTATE DECLARED THAT THEY WERE A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY WHICH REPRESENTED THE FRENCH PEOPLE. THE KING EXPELLED THEM OUT OF THE MEETING HALL.

8-THE NEW NATIONAL ASSEMBLY DECIDED TO MEET IN A NEARBY TENNIS COURT AND TO WRITE A CONSTITUTION (JUNE 20, 1789) :“THE TENNIS COURT OATH”. THEY ASKED FOR AN END TO ABSOLUTE MONARCHY. THE NEW CONSTITUTION DECLARED THAT “ALL MEN ARE EQUAL”.

9-IN PARIS, MOBS WERE RIOTING OVER THE HIGH PRICE OF BREAD AND ATTACKED THE BASTILLE (JULY 14, 1789). FRENCH TROOPS JOINED THEM.

10-THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY DECIDED TO APPROVE SEVERAL REFORMS:

- END THE PRIVILEGES OF CLERGY AND NOBLES

- ADOPT THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN (FREE SPEECH, FREEDOM OF RELIGION, EQUAL JUSTICE UNDER LAW).

11-RADICAL LEADERS (JACOBINS) CALLED FOR AN END TO THE MONARCHY. MODERATES DEMANDED TO KEEP THE KING (GIRONDIST).

12-IN 1791, THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY CREATED A NEW GOVERNMENT: A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY.

- THE KING HAD THE POWER TO ENFORCE THE LAW, BUT HAD TO RESPECT THE CONSTITUTION.

- THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY HAD THE POWER TO MAKE THE LAWS.

13-IN APRIL OF 1792, LEOPOLD II, KING OF AUSTRIA, (BROTHER OF MARIE ANTOINETTE) AND THE KING OF PRUSSIA DECLARED WAR TO FRANCE TO RESTORE THE ORDER (MANY FRENCH NOBLES HAD ASKED FOR HELP).

14-THE FRENCH ABOLISHED THE CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY AND CALLED FOR A NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION TO FORM A MORE DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT. THEY DECLARED THAT FRENCH WOULD FIGHT FOR “LIBERTY, EQUALITY, AND FRATERNITY” (A NEW KIND OF ARMY).

15-GB AND SPAIN JOINED AUSTRIA AND PRUSSIA TO ATTACK THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.

16-LOUIS XVI AND MARIE ANTOINETTE WERE TRIED FOR TREASON. THE KING WAS EXECUTED ON JAN. 21, 1793.

17-THE RADICAL LEADERS (JACOBINS), WITH THE HELP OF THE MOB, ARRESTED THE MODERATES AND CREATED THE “COMMITEE OF PUBLIC SAFETY” (JULY 1793) THAT WAS LED BY MAXIMILIEN ROBESPIERRE, TO ELIMINATE THE ENEMIES OF THE REVOLUTION INSIDE FRANCE .

18-JULY - 1793 TO JULY - 1794: “THE REIGN OF TERROR”. THOUSANDS WERE SENT TO THE GUILLOTINE INCLUDED ROBESPIERRE.

19-IN 1794, A NEW CONSTITUTION AND A NEW GOVERNMENT WERE APPROVED / CREATED TO BRING ORDER AND PEACE TO THE NATION: THE DIRECTORY (5 PEOPLE) WOULD BE THE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EXECUTIVE POWER (1794 - 1799).

20-IN NOV /1799, NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, A YOUNG GENERAL (30), TOOK CONTROL OF THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT.

21-IN 1800, NAPOLEON MADE THE FRENCH PEOPLE TO APPROVE A NEW CONSTITUTION THAT GAVE HIM THE TITLE OF “FIRST CONSUL”. TWO YEARS LATER, THE POSITION WAS ASSIGNED TO HIM FOR LIFE .

22-ON DEC / 1804, NAPOLEON MADE THE POPE TO CROWN HIM AS THE EMPEROR OF FRANCE.

23-FROM 1806 TO 1812, NAPOLEON CONQUERED ALMOST ALL EUROPE: See Napoleonic Wars

- HE ENDED THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE AND CREATED THE CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE.

- HE DEFEATED THE ARMIES OF AUSTRIA AND RUSSIA.

- HE TOOK CONTROL OF ITALY, HOLLAND AND SPAIN AND SHARED THE POWER WITH HIS BROTHERS.

- BECAUSE OF HE HAD NOT FLEET TO FACE OR INVADE GB, HE FORBADE ALL TRADE WITH G B TO RUIN ITS ECONOMY. THAT POLICY WAS CALLED: THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM. IT FAILED BECAUSE THE BRITISH NAVY WAS SO POWERFUL THAT DECLARED A BLOCKADE AGAINST FRANCE AND PREVENTED MOST OF THE SHIPS FROM ENTERING FRENCH PORTS.

24-IN 1812 NAPOLEON MADE A BIG MISTAKE : HE INVADED RUSSIA (BECAUSE RUSSIA DECIDED TO TRADE WITH GB). HE LAUNCHED A HUGE ARMY OF 600,000 TO MOSCOW; ONLY 40,000 MADE IT BACK TO FRANCE.

25-SEEING THE WEAKENED FRENCH ARMY, THE ARMIES OF GB, PRUSSIA, RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA ATTACKED AND CAPTURED PARIS (MARCH 1814). NAPOLEON WAS SENT TO ELBA AND THE MONARCHY WAS RESTORED (LOUIS XVIII).

26-IN MARCH OF 1815, NAPOLEON RETURNED TO FRANCE. THE KING’S TROOPS JOINED HIM. HE ORGANIZED A NEW ARMY OF 125,000 (THE 100 DAYS’ GOV.)

27-JUNE 18, 1815: NAPOLEON WAS DEFEATED IN WATERLOO.

MAJOR NAPOLEONIC BATTLES

1- RIVOLI (1797): TOWN IN NORTHERN ITALY. NAPOLEON* VS. AUSTRIA.

2- TRAFALGAR (1805): SPANISH CAPE NEAR GILBRALTAR. NAVAL BATTLE: FRANCE + SPAIN VS. G.B.*

3- AUSTERLITZ (DEC/1805): TOWN IN MORAVIA (CZECH REPUBLIC) . NAPOLEON * VS. AUSTRIA + RUSSIA.

4- SPAIN (1808 - 1813): NAPOLEON OCCUPIED SPAIN. (GREAT RESISTANCE / IRREGULAR WAR).

5- MARENGO (1809): TOWN IN NORTHERN ITALY. NAPOLEON* VS. AUSTRIA.

6- BORODINO (1812): TOWN NEAR MOSCOW. NAPOLEON* VS. RUSSIA.

7- WATERLOO (1815): TOWN OF BELGIUM. NAPOLEON VS. G.B.* + PRUSSIA.

NAPOLEON’S MAJOR PERIODS:

- NOV/1799 : COUP D’ETAT - CONSUL.

- 1799 - 1804 : CONSULATE

- 1804 - 14 : EMPIRE

- 1814 : ABDICATION - EXILE (ELBA ISLAND, NEAR OF ITALY)

- 1815 : - GOV. OF THE 100 DAYS

- WATERLOO

- CAPTIVITY IN SAINT HELEN ISLAND, IN SOUTH AFRICA (BRITISH POSSESSION).

CONSEQUENCES OF NAPOLEON'S RULE:

- NAPOLEONIC CODE :  French Civil Code; The Rule of Law: everyone is equal in front of the law; nobody is above the law. It is considered the first successful legal codification and strongly influenced the law of many other countries. The Code, with its stress on clearly written articles and accessible for all was a major step in establishing the rule of law. Historians have called it "one of the few documents which have influenced the whole world."

- SPREAD THE IDEAS OF FRENCH REVOLUTION THROUGHOUT EUROPE.

- SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM. HE CHANGED THE BOUNDARIES OF EUROPE.

EUROPE AFTER NAPOLEON:

1814: THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA. LEADERS OF AUSTRIA, BRITAIN, PRUSSIA & RUSSIA MET TO DISCUSS HOW WOULD BE THE PEACE IN EUROPE AFTER NAPOLEON. METTERNICH WAS THE MOST INFLUENTIAL MAN IN THE MEETING. HIS PLAN WAS:

1- MAKE SURE THAT FRANCE WOULD NO BE A THREAT AGAIN.

2- ACHIEVE A BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPE.

3- RESTORE THE MONARCHY.

4- RETURN THE LAND TO THOSE NATIONS THAT HAD LOST IT BECAUSE OF NAPOLEON’S CONQUEST. (RUSSIA RECEIVED FINLAND AND POLAND; AUSTRIA RECEIVED NORTHERN ITALY; BRITAIN RECEIVED CEYLON, MALTA AND PART OF SOUTH AFRICA; SWEDEN RECEIVED NORWAY).

5- THE GERMAN STATES WERE ORGANIZED INTO A GERMAN CONFEDERATION UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF AUSTRIA.

NATIONALISM

1-NATIONALISM BECAME AN IMPORTANT IDEAL FOR MANY PEOPLE. METTERNICH FEARED THAT THIS FEELING WOULD END THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.

2-THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL NATIONAL REVOLUTION IN EUROPE OCCURRED IN GREECE (1821 - 27) WHICH OBTAINED ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AFTER A LONG STRUGGLE. LORD BYRON VOLUNTEERED AND DIED HELPING THE GREEKS.

3-UNIFICATION OF GERMANY AND ITALY.

LATIN AMERICA

1-REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE INSPIRED INDEPENDENCE IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES

2-1794: TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE LED A SLAVE REVOLT IN HAITI AND FORCED THE FRENCH TO LEAVE THE ISLAND. THIS ONE WAS THE FIRST COLONY IN AMERICA TO GAIN ITS INDEPENDENCE.

3-THE CONFLICT CREOLE (LAND & MONEY) VS. PENINSULAR (POLITICAL POWER) WAS IN THE CENTER OF THE WARS FOR INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA.

3-IN 1819, BOLIVAR FREED NEW GRANADA AND CREATED THE GREAT COLOMBIA. IN 1824, HE FREED PERU.

4-IN 1816, SAN MARTIN FREED ARGENTINA; IN 1817, CHILE.

5-BRAZIL GAINED ITS INDEPENDENCE PEACEFULLY IN 1822.

6-HIDALGO AND MORELOS FREED MEXICO IN 1821. (INDIANS PLAYED A KEY ROLE).

OTHER REVOLUTIONS IN EUROPE

1-FROM 1830 TO 1848 NEW REVOLTS OCCURRED IN EUROPE ASKING FOR DEMOCRATIC REFORMS. PROTESTORS BUILT BARRICADES IN THE STREETS OF PARIS, SOLDIERS JOINED THE RIOTERS.

2-IN 1830, A REBELLION FREED BELGIUM FROM DUTCH RULE.

3-POLISH REBELLED AGAINST THE RUSSIAN RULE, BUT THEY WERE DEFEATED.

4-GERMANS AND NATIONALISTS IN ITALY TRIED TO GAIN THEIR INDEPENDENCE, BUT AUSTRIA CRUSHED THEM.

5-FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1848: VOTERS ELECTED LOUIS NAPOLEON III AS THE NEW RULER OF FRANCE. HE BROUGHT ORDER TO THE COUNTRY.

6-UTOPIAN SOCIALISTS (PEACEFUL CHANGES) VS. MARXISTS (REVOLUTION).

7-IN 1848, MORE THAN 50 REBELLIONS BROKE OUT IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF EUROPE. THE OLD RULING ORDER WAS FINISHED. CAPITALISM STARTED.

THE PARIS COMMUNE  (1871):

1-BECAUSE OF THE FRENCH DEFEAT BY THE PRUSSIAN ARMY, PEOPLE REVOLTED IN PARIS (MARCH 18 - MAY 28 1871).

2-A REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT WAS CREATED (MARX SAW IT AS THE FIRST SOCIALIST STATE IN HISTORY).

3-JACOBINS AND FOLLOWERS OF BLANQUI PREVAILED IN THE NEW GOVERNMENT. THEY HAD CANNONS AND 1/2 MILLION OF RIFLES, BUT THEY HAD NEITHER DISCIPLINE NOR MILITARY EXPERIENCE.

4-THE REGULAR FRENCH ARMY, WITH SUPPORT FROM SEVERAL EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS, BESIEGED THE CITY FOR 3 MONTHS. 65,000 DEFENDERS OF THE COMMUNE WERE KILLED.

 
Louis XVI, King of France

Robespierre                                                 Marat                                                  Danton

Storming The Bastille, 14 July of 1789

Approved by the National Assembly of France, August 26, 1789

The representatives of the French people, organized as a National Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of man, in order that this declaration, being constantly before all the members of the Social body, shall remind them continually of their rights and duties; in order that the acts of the legislative power, as well as those of the executive power, may be compared at any moment with the objects and purposes of all political institutions and may thus be more respected, and, lastly, in order that the grievances of the citizens, based hereafter upon simple and incontestable principles, shall tend to the maintenance of the constitution and redound to the happiness of all. Therefore the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of man and of the citizen:

Articles:

1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.

2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.

3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.

4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law.

5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law.

6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents.

7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as resistance constitutes an offense.

8. The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense.

9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoner's person shall be severely repressed by law.

10. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law.

11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.

12. The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces. These forces are, therefore, established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of those to whom they shall be intrusted.

13. A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration. This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means.

14. All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally or by their representatives, as to the necessity of the public contribution; to grant this freely; to know to what uses it is put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes.

15. Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration.

16. A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all.

17. Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity, legally determined, shall clearly demand it, and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified.

The Guillotine: Reign of Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte

British navy defeated Napoleon's.

His greatest mistake: He lost 400,000 men

In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo, Belgium) forces of the French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte and Michel Ney were defeated by those of the Seventh Coalition, including a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher and an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington.

Duke of Wellington

European leaders met in Vienna trying to undo Napoleon's changes and to replace old kings in their thrones.

Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, "father" of the Congress of Vienna

Art: Romanticism      Click to see PowerPoints

 
Ludwig van Beethoven, German composer and pianist.                       Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes, Spanish painter

The Royal Family, by Goya

Duchess of Alba, by Goya                                                              La Maja, by Goya

Eugène Delacroix, French romantic painter.

Liberty leading the people, by Delacroix

Dante and Virgil, by Delacroix

 
Simón Bolivar                                                                    José de San Martín

Barricades and Revolutions in 1830 and 1848

 
 
Karl Marx                                                                  Friedrich Engels

Paris Commune, 1871.

5-The Industrial Revolution: 1750-1900's.

Objectives

1-Analyze the relationship between industrialization and imperialism during the late 19th. century (II A).

2-Describe the democratic traditions that evolved in Great Britain (III A).

3-Trace the origins and the development of the Industrial Revolution (IV A).

4-Analyze the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the western world (IV A).

5-Describe how philosophers responded to the problems created by industrialization and “laissez-faire” economics (IV A).

6-Explain how the scientific revolution led to the use of mechanical power and improved industrial production, transportation, and communication after 1900 (IV A).

7-Identify achievements during the 19th. century (V C).

Stages of the Industrial Revolution

VOCABULARY

1-PHONY / FAKE:

2-NATURAL RESOURCES: MINERALS, WATER, FUELS, ETC.

3-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1750-1900's): CRITICAL CHANGES IN THE ECONOMY; INVENTIONS THAT CHANGED THE WAY PEOPLE LIVED; THE BOURGEOISIE AS A KEY NEW SOCIAL CLASS; THE CITIES, FACTORIES AND TRADE.

4-ASSEMBLY LINE:

5-FACTORY SYSTEM:

6-PROFITABLE:

7-SPINDLE: TRANSFORM COTTON INTO THREAD.

8-TEXTILE:

9-CANAL:

10-RAW MATERIALS:

11-INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE:

12-CRUDE / REFINED OIL:

13-URBAN vs. RURAL:

14-PATENT: RIGHTS ON INVENTIONS, DESIGNS, DISCOVERIES, ETC.

15-COPYRIGHT: RIGHTS ON PHOTOS, BOOKS, ARTICLES.

16-QUACK: FAKER WHO CONVINCED SICK PEOPLE THAT SOME “NEW SCIENTIFIC DEVICES” CAN CURE THEIR ILLNESS.

17-MASS PRODUCTION: LARGE QUANTITIES OF THE SAME PRODUCT (LOWER THE COST PER UNIT).

18-CAPITALISM:

19-LIBERALISM:

20-COLONIALISM:

INVENTORS

8-JAMES HARGREAVES: ENGLISH INVENTOR (SPINNING JENNY).

9-ELI WHITNEY (1765-1825): AMERICAN INVENTOR (COTTON GIN).

10-HENRY BESSEMER (1813-1898): ENGLISH ENGINEER. (LOW-COST METHOD FOR MAKING STEEL).

11-JAMES WATT (1736-1819): SCOTTISH ENGINEER. (USE OF THE STEAM ENGINE TO TURN WHEELS). See Alessandro Volta

12-GEORGE STEPHENSON (1781-1848): ENGLISH ENGINEER. (FIRST STEAM LOCOMOTIVE: “PUFFING BILLY” . FATHER OF THE RAILWAYS).

13-FRANCIS LOWELL: AMERICAN INDUSTRIALIST. FOUNDER OF THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTORY TOWN IN AMERICA (MASSACHUSETTS). HE ESTABLISHED A MODEL OF HOW FACTORY OWNERS SHOULD TREAT THEIR WORKERS.

14-SAMUEL MORSE (1791-1872): AMERICAN PHYSICIST AND INVENTOR (TELEGRAPH)

15-ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL (1847-1922): AMERICAN PHYSICIST AND INVENTOR. (TELEPHONE).

16-THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931): AMERICAN PHYSICIST AND INVENTOR. HE RECEIVED MORE THAN 1,000 PATENTS: ELECTRIC LAMP, PHONOGRAPH, MOTION PICTURE PROJECTOR, ETC.

17-GOTTLIEB DAIMLER (1834-1900): GERMAN ENGINEER AND INVENTOR. (FIRST INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE. IT MADE THE AUTOMOBILE POSSIBLE).

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1750 - 1900's)

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

1-STARTED IN ENGLAND, IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
2-MACHINES REPLACE HAND TOOLS
3-NEW SOURCES OF POWER (STEAM, ELECTRICITY) REPLACED HUMAN & ANIMAL POWER
4-THE ECONOMY SHIFTED FROM FARMING TO INDUSTRY
5-MANY PEOPLE LEFT FARMS TO GO TO THE CITIES (RURAL TO URBAN LIFE)
6-FACTORY-TOWNS EMERGED. HIGH CONCENTRATION OF PEOPLE PLUS UNHEALTHY CONDITIONS: EPIDEMICS
7-WOMEN AND CHILDREN WERE THE PREFERABLE WORKERS: LOWER SALARY, 12-16 HOURS A DAY, 6 DAYS A WEEK
8-RIVERS AND SEA PORTS PLAYED A CRITICAL ROLE: WATER
9-NEW ROADS, BRIDGES, CANALS, STEAMBOATS WERE BUILT. THE RAILROAD CHANGED EVERYTHING
10-THE AUTOMOBILE CHANGED THE LIFE IN THE CITIES

WHY IN ENGLAND?

ENGLISH AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: enclosure, mechanization, four-field crop rotation, and selective breeding.
STRONG MINING AND METAL INDUSTRIES
WORLD'S LARGEST MERCHANT MARINE
FLUID SOCIAL STRUCTURE
WORLD'S LEADING EXPORTER
ACCUMULATED CAPITAL
POLITICAL STABILITY

PROS & CONS

1-PRODUCTION INCREASED CONSIDERABLY: LOWER COSTS & HIGHER QUALITY. MAS PRODUCTION. THE ASSEMBLY LINE.
2-TRANSPORTATION & COMMUNICATION GOT BETTER
3-EDUCATION AND CULTURE WERE ACCESSIBLE FOR MORE PEOPLE
4-PEOPLE LIVED LONGER

1-TRADITIONAL FAMILY DISINTEGRATION. CHANGE IN MORAL VALUES AND LIFE STYLES.
2-STRESS AND NERVOUS BREAKDOWNS INCREASED.
3-CRIME RATES AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS INCREASED.
4-POLLUTION
5-MORE ACCIDENTS
6-DEFORESTATION
7-MANY ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE SPECIES BECAME EXTINCT
8-MONOPOLIES

                                                                                Ford's Assembly Line. The Model T

THE RAILROAD BOOM

-AFTER THE CIVIL WAR THOUSANDS OF MILES OF NEW RAIL LINES WERE BUILT TO LINK TOWNS AND CITIES. COMPANIES STANDARDIZED THEIR TRACK (SAME WIDTH). THEN, THE RAILROADS BECAME A SYSTEM (NETWORK).

-COMPANIES IMPROVED SERVICED ADDING SLEEPING AND DINNING CARS TO TRAINS. THE RATE WARS WAS AN EXAMPLE OF COMPETITION. SOME Corps.. AGREED IN POOLING. THEY ALSO BEGAN TO CONSOLIDATE (LARGER Corps.. BOUGHT THE SMALLER ONES). SEE CORNELIUS VANDERBILT.

-RAILROADS MADE AMERICAN INDUSTRY ROAR AFTER 1865:

.THOUSANDS OF JOBS BUILDING NEW RAIL LINES

.STEEL WORKERS TURNED MILLIONS OF TONS OF IRON INTO STEEL FOR TRACKS, ENGINES, ETC.

.MINERS HAD TO PROVIDE COAL FOR ENGINES.

The Streetcar

                                                      The Subway

World Expositions of Industrial Achievements & Inventions

The Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London: Great Exhibition of 1851

The Exposition Universelle of Paris, May 6-October 31, 1889.

See: The White City

Child Labor

Children in the coal mines in England: The small size of children enabled them to dislodge coal from tight spaces that an adult could not reach. Flooding and explosions happened frequently. Girls, also working in the mines, were commonly raped.

Homeless Children & Children in Orphanages

Charles Dickens was probably the writer that best described the live of children during the Industrial Revolution.

THE STEEL INDUSTRY

-IN 1850’S INVENTORS IN GB. AND THE U.S. DISCOVERED HOW TO MAKE STEEL (THE BESSEMER PROCESS).
-STEEL MILLS SPRANG UP IN THE MIDWEST CITIES. HUGE COMPANIES EMERGED REACHING A VERTICAL INTEGRATION. SEE ANDREW CARNEGIE.

MAIL-ORDER STORES

-BIG FACTORIES MADE CHEAPER GOODS THAN THE LOCAL ONES. RAILROAD BROUGHT THESE PRODUCTS EVERYWHERE. SMALL FACTORIES HAD TO CLOSE.

-BIG COMPANIES AS MONTGOMERY WARD AND SEARS DEVELOPED A SYSTEM TO SELL EVEN CHEAPER PRODUCTS TO THE WHOLE COUNTRY BY MAIL.

CORPORATIONS

-BIG FACTORIES, TO RAISE MORE CAPITAL TO EXPAND THEIR OPERATIONS, BECAME CORPORATIONS THAT SOLD STOCKS OR SHARES IN THE BUSINESS.

-CORPORATIONS CHOSE A BOARD OF DIRECTORS TO RUN DAILY BUSINESS.

-EACH YEAR SHAREHOLDERS RECEIVE THEIR DIVIDENDS ACCORDING TO THE COMPANY PROFITS.

-UNDER THE LAW, STOCKHOLDERS WERE NOT INDIVIDUALLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEBTS OF A BANKRUPT CORPORATION.

-THIS SYSTEM MADE AMERICA INDUSTRY TO GROW. AVERAGE PEOPLE PUT THEIR SAVINGS INTO CORPORATIONS. BANKS LENT MILLIONS OF DOLLARS TO CORPORATIONS.

-SOME BANKERS SAW A WAY TO BECOME POWERFUL INDUSTRIAL LEADERS: BUYING MILLIONS OF STOCKS. SEE J.P. MORGAN. FINANCIAL CAPITAL = BANKS’ MONEY + INDUSTRY.

-CORPORATE MERGERS,  MONOPOLIES, ROBBER BARONS.

BLACK GOLD

-IN 1859, AMERICANS DISCOVERED A VALUABLE NEW RESOURCE: THE NATION'S FIRST OIL STRIKE WAS MADE IN TITUSVILLE, PA.

-MOST OIL WAS REFINED TO MAKE KEROSENE FOR STOVES AND LAMPS.

-VERY FAST, MANY OIL Corps.. AND REFINERIES WERE CREATED.

-JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER OWNED A REFINERY AND USED HIS PROFITS TO BUY OIL Corps.. HE COMBINED ALL HIS Corps.. INTO A SINGLE CORPORATION: THE STANDARD OIL Corp.. OF OHIO. IN 1882 HIS CORPORATION BECAME A TRUST AND, LATER ON, A MONOPOLY.

THE FREE ENTERPRISE SYSTEM

-MANY AMERICANS BELIEVED THAT TRUSTS AND MONOPOLIES THREATENED FREE ENTERPRISE BECAUSE WITHOUT COMPETITION THERE ARE NOT REASON TO LOWER PRICES AND THERE ARE NOT CHOICES.

-OTHER CRITICS WORRIED ABOUT THE POLITICAL INFLUENCE OF TRUSTS.

INVENTIONS

-INVENTIONS HELPED INDUSTRY TO GROW AND TO BECOME MORE EFFICIENT AND MADE PEOPLE’S LIVES EASIER.

-SOME  INVENTIONS CHANGED THE WORLD:

STEAM ENGINE : Steam enters and move the pistons creating movement / energy. This was the most revolutionary invention of the industrial revolution.

Thomas Edison

Alexander Graham Bell

                                      Inventions of the 20th. Century

WORKERS

-FARMERS LEFT THEIR FARMS, MILLIONS OF IMMIGRANTS CAME SEEKING FOR JOBS.

-BLACKS, WOMEN AND CHILDREN WORKED FOR LESS MONEY.

-WORKING CONDITIONS WERE MISERABLE (DISEASES, HAZARDS, ACCIDENTS).

-IN 1869, WORKERS FORMED A LABOR UNION CALLED "THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR" WHOSE MEETINGS WERE SECRET TO AVOID TO BE FIRE. IN 1885 THEY WON A MAJOR STRIKE AGAINST THE RAILROADS.

-IN 1886, SAMUEL GOMPER FORMED A NEW UNION IN NEW YORK: THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR ( A.F.L.). WORKERS HAD TO BELONG TO A TRADE UNION TO JOIN THE A.F.L. THEY COLLECTED MONEY FROM ITS MEMBERS (STRIKE FUNDS). THIS ONE SOON BECAME THE MOST POWERFUL UNION IN THE NATION.

-FOR MANY YEARS, GOVERNMENTS SENT TO PRISON UNION LEADERS AND WORKERS THAT PROMOTED OR PARTICIPATED IN STRIKES. HOWEVER, WORKERS WON BETTER CONDITIONS AND HIGHER PAY.

-IN 1910, ONLY ONE WORKER OUT OF 20 BELONGED TO A UNION.

ECONOMIC & SOCIAL THEORIES

1-Adam Smith: Laissez-faire (Capitalism)
2-Thomas Robert Malthus: Socio-economic Chaos (Resources grow in an arithmetic progression, while population grows exponentially.
3-Auguste Comte: Positivism
4-Marx & Engels: Communism and Labor Movements.

ART & LITERATURE

Realism and Naturalism    Click to see PowerPoints

6-Nationalism and Imperialism. The Victorian Era. The Belle Époque: (1850-1914)

Objectives

1-Locate on a world map the colonial possessions obtained by the industrialized nations before 1914 (II A).

2-Describe the influence of British rule in India, the foreign influence in China, the foreign influence in Japan; imperialism in Southeast Asia and the Pacific islands; European imperialism in Africa; imperialism in Latin America; foreign influences on Asian and African countries; and foreign involvement in the Middle East after WW II (II A).

3-Trace the major developments in African civilizations including the period during and after European imperialism (II C).

4-Analyze the relationship between industrialization and imperialism during the late 19th. century (IV A).

5-Analyze foreign influence in Japan in the 19th. century and the Japanese response to this influence (IV A).

VOCABULARY

1-HERITAGE: CULTURE, HISTORY, AND TRADITIONS OF A PARTICULAR PEOPLE.

2-NATIONALISM: PATRIOTISM AND LOYALTY OF PEOPLE TO THEIR COUNTRY. WHEN PEOPLE WITH A COMMON LANGUAGE, HERITAGE, AND ROOTS FEEL THAT SHOULD HAVE A NATION OF THEIR OWN.

3-DUCHIES: PROVINCES OR LITTLE STATES.

4-PARLIAMENT: LEGISLATIVE BRANCH OF GOVERNMENT.

5-UNIFICATION:

6-AMBASSADOR:

7-CONFEDERATION: POLITICAL ASSOCIATION OR UNION OF STATES.

8-MILITARISM:

9-REICH / GERMAN EMPIRE:

I- Holy Roman Empire

II- Unification of Germany by Prussia: German Empire (1871 - 1918).

III-Weimar Republic (1919 - 1933)

IV- Nazi Germany / Third Reich (1933 - 1945)

10-SIEGE:

11-TREATY:

12-IMPERIALISM: POWERFUL NATIONS CONTROL OVER WEAKER COUNTRIES EXPLOITING ITS NATURAL RESOURCES AND USING ITS PEOPLE TO OBTAIN PROFITS.

13-SPHERES OF INFLUENCE:

14-PRESTIGE:

15-PROTECTORATE:

16-VAST:

17-JUNKERS: PRUSSIAN RICH LANDLORDS.

18-KAISER:

19-MEIJI REVOLUTION IN JAPAN IN 1867. (INDUSTRY, SOCIETY, AND MILITARY). WESTERN - STYLE DEVELOPMENT.

20-VORACIOUS:

21-RED SHIRTS: GARIBALDI’S ARMY.

22-VATICAN CITY:

23-MANUFACTURE:

24-YOUNG ITALY: REVOLUTIONARY GROUP IN 1948.

25-CARBONARI: SECRET ITALIAN GROUP IN 1848.

26-NATIONALITIES: DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS INSIDE AN EMPIRE OR STATE. EVENTUALLY, THEY COULD WANT TO HAVE A NATION OF THEIR OWN.

27-DARDANELLES / BOSPHORO STRAIT: PASSAGE BETWEEN THE BLACK SEA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA.

28-MARKET: PLACE TO SELL GOODS.

29-MANCHURIA: NORTHEASTERN CHINESE REGION.

30-SEPOYS: NATIVE SOLDIERS OF INDIA IN THE BRITISH ARMY. THEY REBELLED FOR RELIGIOUS REASONS IN 1857(GUNPOWDER PACKED IN PAPER OILED WITH FAT OF PIGS AND COWS).

31-SUTTEE: HINDU PRACTICE (WIVES MUST BE BURNED WITH THEIR DEAD HUSBANDS).

32-ZAIBATSU: NICKNAME GIVEN TO THE MORE POWERFUL JAPANESE GROUPS / BUSINESS CONGLOMERATES.

33-BOERS: DUTCH SETTLERS IN SOUTH AFRICA.

34-ZULU: AFRICAN PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA.

35-CONSCIOUS / UNCONSCIOUS:

36-PSYCOLOGY / PSYCHOANALYSIS / PSYCHIATRIST:

37-IMPRESSIONISM:

38-EXPRESSIONISM:

PEOPLE

1-GIUSEPPE MAZZINI (1805-1872): LEADER OF THE YOUNG ITALY (REVOLT OF 1848). “THE SOUL OF THE UNITY”.

2-COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR (1810-1861): PRIME MINISTER OF SARDINIA. HE DECLARED WAR TO AUSTRIA WITH FRENCH SUPPORT IN 1859 AND WON. “THE BRAIN OF THE UNITY”.

3-GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI (1807-1882): ITALIAN LEADER OF THE “RED SHIRTS”. HE FREED THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE COUNTRY. “THE SWORD OF THE UNITY”.

4-VICTOR EMMANUEL II (1820-1878): KING OF ITALY AFTER THE UNIFICATION AND UNTIL THE END OF WW II.

5-WILLIAM I OF HOHENZOLLERN (1797-1888): KING OF PRUSSIA & GERMANY.

6-OTTO von BISMARCK (1815-1898): PRIME MINISTER OF PRUSSIA WHO UNIFIED GERMANY. “NOT SPEECHES BUT IRON AND BLOOD”.

8-NICHOLAS II (1868-1918): LAST CZAR OF RUSSIA.

9-QUEEN VICTORIA  (1819-1901): CRIMEAN WAR, INDIA, ZULU WAR. SHE ESTABLISHED A VERY SPECIAL STYLE FOR THE BRITISH PEOPLE: AUSTERITY, CONQUEST, & SUPERIORITY.

10-DR. DAVID LIVINGSTONE (1813- 1875): SCOTTISH MISSIONARY IN AFRICA. ANTI-SLAVERY. HE OPENNED THE WAY TO THE CONQUEST.

12-ERNEST RUTHERFORD (1871-1937): BRITISH PHYSICIST: RADIOACTIVITY.

13-NIELS BOHR (1885-1962): DANISH PHYSICIST: STRUCTURE OF ATOM.

14-ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879-1955): GERMAN PHYSICIST: THEORY OF RELATIVITY.

15-JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912): BRITISH DOCTOR: GERM AND BACTERIUM AS CAUSES OF DISEASES.

16-LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895): FRENCH CHEMIST: MICROBIOLOGY, VACCINES, CONTAGIOUS DISEASES, PASTEURIZATION PROCESS.

17-ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910): GERMAN DOCTOR: TUBERCULOSIS.

18-IVAN PAVLOV (1849-1936): RUSSIAN DOCTOR: ANIMAL BEHAVIOR, STIMULUS, NERVOUS SYSTEM.

19-SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939): AUSTRIAN PSYCHIATRIST: THEORY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS, THE UNCONSCIOUS (INSTINCTIVE DRIVES-EGO-SUPEREGO).

20-MARIE CURIE (1867-1934): FRENCH SCIENTIST. DISCOVERY OF RADIUM.

21-FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1820-1910): BRITISH LADY WHO FOUNDED THE FIRST NURSE SCHOOL.

22-EDOUARD MANET (1832-1883): FRENCH PAINTER, MASTER OF THE IMPRESSIONIST SCHOOL.

23-CLAUDE MONET (1840-1926): FRENCH PAINTER. LANDSCAPES. IMPRESSIONIST.

24-EDGAR DEGAS (1834-1917): FRENCH PAINTER, IMPRESSIONIST. DANCERS AND CUSTOMS.

25-AUGUST RENOIR (1841-1919): FRENCH PAINTER, MASTER OF THE IMPRESSIONISM.

26-HENRI de TOULOUSE - LAUTREC (1864-1901): FRENCH PAINTER.  POST-IMPRESSIONIST.

27-PAUL CEZANNE (1839-1906): FRENCH PAINTER. POST-IMPRESSIONIST.

28-VICENT van GOGH (1853-1890): DUTCH PAINTER. POST-IMPRESSIONIST. HE COMMITTED SUICIDE.

29-PAUL GAUGUIN (1848-1903): FRENCH PAINTER WHO LIVED IN TAHITI. NATIVE WOMEN. POST-IMPRESSIONIST.

30-EDVARD MUNCH (1863-1944): NORWAY’S GREATEST PAINTER. SYMBOLISM & EXPRESSIONISM. HIS MOTHER DEATH AFFECTED HIS MIND (ALCOHOL AND NERVOUS BREAKDOWN: MENTAL ASYLUM).

31-WASSILY KANDINSKY (1866-1944). RUSSIA. EXPRESSIONISM.

32-AMADEO MODIGLIANI (1884-1920). ITALY. EXPRESSIONISM.

33-AUGUST RODIN (1840-1917). FRANCE. SCULPTOR. THE THINKER.

34-RUDYARD KIPLING: BRITISH WRITER (THE JUNGLE BOOK). "WHITE MAN'S BURDEN"

35-CHARLES DICKENS: BRITISH WRITER

35-CHARLES DARWIN: THEORY OF EVOLUTION

I-ITALY

1-THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA DIVIDED ITALY INTO ABOUT 30 DUCHIES. THE NORTHERN PART WAS UNDER AUSTRIAN CONTROL. CENTRAL ITALY WAS FORMED BY THE PAPAL STATES.

2-REVOLTS IN 1848: YOUNG ITALY & THE CARBONARI MOVEMENT. GIUSEPPE MAZZINI WAS THE LEADER (“THE SOUL”). AUSTRIA & FRANCE DEFEATED THE REBELLION.

3-THE SARDINIAN-FRENCH-AUSTRIAN WAR (1848-1860): COUNT CAMILLO DI CAVOUR, PRIME MINISTER OF THE KINGDOM OF SARDINIA (“THE BRAIN”) DECLARED WAR AGAINST AUSTRIA WHILE HE SIGNED A SECRET TREATY WITH FRANCE. THE COMBINED FORCES DEFEATED AUSTRIA AND UNIFIED THE NORTHERN PROVINCES.

4-WHILE CAVOUR WAS FIGHTING IN THE NORTH, GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI (“THE SWORD”) LED “THE RED SHIRTS” FROM SICILY TO ROME AFTER GREAT MILITARY FEATS.

5-IN MARCH OF 1861, THE ITALIAN PARLIAMENT AND THE MILITARY LEADERS MADE VICTOR EMMANUEL II, KING OF THE UNIFIED ITALY.

6-A SECTION OF ROME WAS GIVEN TO THE POPE ( THE VATICAN CITY).

GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI

II-GERMANY

1-NAPOLEON TOOK THE FIRST STEPS TO MAKE GERMANY ONE NATION: THE CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE. AFTER HIM, THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA ESTABLISHED THE GERMAN CONFEDERATION, WHICH PUT TOGETHER 38 STATES UNDER AUSTRIAN CONTROL.

2-MOST GERMAN NATIONALISTS BELIEVED THAT PRUSSIA SHOULD UNITE GERMANY BECAUSE IT WAS THE STRONGEST GERMAN STATE AND HAD THE BEST ARMY.

3-IN 1862, OTTO von BISMARCK BECAME PRIME MINISTER OF PRUSSIA. HE WAS A CONSERVATIVE JUNKER WHO DID NOT BELIEVE IN DEMOCRATIC RULE BUT IN “IRON AND BLOOD”. HE WANTED TO MAKE PRUSSIA A GREAT MILITARY POWER AND SAW WAR AS THE MEAN TO UNIFY GERMANY. HE BEGAN TO DEVELOP MILITARISM AS A GERMAN PHILOSOPHY.

4-IN SUCCESSIVE CAMPAIGNS, GERMANY DEFEATED DENMARK, AUSTRIA, AND FRANCE. AS A RESULT OF THOSE WARS:

-AUSTRIA GAVE HUNGARY ITS INDEPENDENCE. HOWEVER, BOTH COUNTRIES STAYED AS PARTS OF THE SAME EMPIRE: AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

-Franco-Prussian War (1871): 100, 000 FRENCH SOLDIERS WERE TAKEN PRISONERS, INCLUDING THE KING NAPOLEON III. FRANCE LOST ALSACE AND LORAINE, ITS RICHEST PROVINCES IN COAL AND IRON. THE TREATY OF FRANKFURT FORCED FRANCE TO PAY PRUSSIA A HUGE SUM OF MONEY. THIS PROVOKED THE REBELLION OF THE PEOPLE OF PARIS: THE COMMUNE OF PARIS (1871).

-GERMANY COMPLETED ITS UNIFICATION. WILLIAM I BECAME KAISER OF THE 2nd. REICH.

OTTO von BISMARCK

III-INDEPENDENCE OF THE BALKANS

IV-IMPERIALISM & COLONIALISM

1-IMPERIALISM OR COLONIALISM HAVE EXISTED SINCE ANCIENT TIMES.

2-THERE WERE MANY REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM:

-THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION CREATED THE NEED OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND RAW MATERIALS FOR EUROPEAN FACTORIES, AS WELL AS THE NEED OF MARKETS TO SELL THE MANUFACTURED GOODS.

-COMPETITION BETWEEN EUROPEAN POWERS TO BECOME THE LEADERS AND AVOID THE OTHERS TO GET TOO MUCH POWER.

-CONTROL OF STRATEGIC POINTS AROUND THE WORLD: MILITARY BASES, TRADE ROUTES, COMMUNICATION WAYS.

-THE BELIEF THAT WESTERNERS WERE SUPERIOR.

QUEEN VICTORIA                                                                                       Calendar showing the extension and diversity of the British Empire

V-COLONIZATION OF ASIA

1-INDIA, AFTER THE COLLAPSE OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE IN 1707, WAS DIVIDED INTO MANY WEAK STATES. BRITAIN TOOK ADVANTAGE OF THIS TO CONTROL INDIA.

2-AT FIRST, BRITAIN RULED INDIA THROUGH A PRIVATE COMPANY: THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY. IN 1858, THE GOVERNMENT TOOK DIRECT CONTROL AND INDIA BECAME THE CENTER OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.

3-BRITAIN ALSO TOOK CEYLON, MALAYA, AND SINGAPORE.

4-IN THE LATE 1800’s, FRANCE TOOK OVER MUCH OF SOUTHEAST ASIA (INDOCHINA): VIETNAM, LAOS, AND CAMBODIA. THE BRITISH TOOK BURMA TO KEEP THE FRENCH FROM EXPANDING WESTWARD.

EUROPEAN POWERS WANTED TO BREAK CHINESE ISOLATION AN OBTAIN SPECIAL TRADE RIGHTS. BRITAIN PROVOKED THE “OPIUM WARS” (1840-1843 and 1856-1860) AND DEFEATED CHINA (THE NANKING TREATY). THE COUNTRY WAS DIVIDED IN SPHERES OF INFLUENCE. MAJOR SEA PORTS PASSED TO EUROPEAN CONTROL. THE BOXER REBELLION (1899-1901) & THE EIGHT NATION ALLIANCE.

Forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance (1900 Boxer Rebellion)
Countries	Warships (units)	Marines (men)	Army (men)
Japan	18	540	20,300
Russia	10	750	12,400
United Kingdom	8	2,020	10,000
France	5	390	3,130
United States	2	295	3,125
Germany	5	600	300
Italy	2	80
Austria	1	75
Total	51	4,750	49,255

JAPAN, AFTER THE MEIJI REVOLUTION , BECAME AN INDUSTRIALIZED NATION, ADOPTED THE WESTERN SYSTEM IN EDUCATION, TRANSPORT, ARMY, ETC. IN 1894, JAPAN TOOK SEVERAL CHINESE TERRITORIES. IN 1904, JAPAN WENT TO WAR WITH RUSSIA AND TOOK CONTROL OVER MANCHURIA & KOREA. THE HUMILIATION CAUSED THE REVOLUTION OF 1905 IN RUSSIA.

VI-DURING THE 1870’s EUROPEANS RACE ONE ANOTHER FOR COLONIES IN AFRICA:

1-BRITAIN TOOK CONTROL OF SOUTH AFRICA (THE BOER WARS), SUDAN, NIGERIA, GHANA, KENYA, UGANDA, THE SUEZ CANAL (FROM FRANCE), AND EGYPT (PROTECTORATE).

2-FRANCE TOOK CONTROL OF ALGERIA, WEST AFRICA, MOROCCO, EQUATORIAL AFRICA, AND GABON.

3-GERMANY ENTERED LATE TO THE RACE. HOWEVER, IT TOOK CONTROL OVER NAMIBIA, CAMEROON, TOGO, AND TANZANIA.

4-BELGIUM CONTROLLED CONGO, ITALY CONTROLLED SOMALIA AND LIBYA, AND PORTUGAL CONTROLLED ANGOLA AND MOZAMBIQUE.

Zulu War

 
Boers War
 

European Colonial System in Eurasia

                                                           American Imperialism

The Big Stick Policy or Roosevelt's Corollary

The Great White Fleet

Explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor

Destruction of the Spanish Fleet during the Spanish-American War

American military interventions in the Caribbean

American acquisitions in the Pacific Ocean

Political Cartoon presenting the results of American imperialism

VII-VICTORIAN ERA

This was a long period (1837-1901) of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements at home, allowed a large, educated middle class to develop. The Victorian Era was also a time of tremendous scientific progress and ideas. The Great Exhibition of 1851 took place in London, lauding the technical and industrial advances of the age, and strides in medicine and the physical sciences continued throughout the century. The latter half of the Victorian era roughly coincided with the first portion of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe. The era is often characterized as a long period of peace, known as the Pax Britannica, and economic, colonial, and industrial consolidation, temporarily disrupted by the Crimean War. Towards the end of the century, the policies of New Imperialism led to increasing colonial conflicts and eventually the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal.

VIII-POINTS OF VIEW

SOM EUROPEANS AND AMERICANS SAY THAT THEY BROUGHT DEVELOPMENT, EDUCATION, AND DEMOCRATIC IDEAS TO THE COLONIES. THE VICTIMS OF IMPERIALISM SAY THAT EUROPEANS / AMERICANS LOOTED THEIR NATURAL RESOURCES, TRIED TO DESTROY THEIR NATIVE CULTURE AND CUSTOMS, TRIED TO CHANGE THEIR RELIGION AND LANGUAGE, AND TREATED THEIR PEOPLE LIKE SLAVES.

IX-KEY WARS IN THIS PERIOD.

1-THE FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR (1870-1871): GERMANY IS UNIFIED BY PRUSSIA AND BECAME AN EUROPEAN POWER. FRANCE WAS  HUMILIATED. REBELLION IN PARIS: THE  PARIS COMMUNE (1871).

2-THE OPIUM WARS (1840-1860): BRITAIN BROKE CHINA ISOLATION AND DIVIDED THE COUNTRY IN SPHERES OF INFLUENCE.

3-THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR (1904-05): JAPAN TOOK CONTROL OF MANCHURIA AND KOREA AND BECAME AN IMPERIALIST POWER.

4-THE ZULU WAR (1879): BRITAIN HELPED THE BOERS (DUTCH) TO DEFEAT THE ZULU PEOPLE.

5-THE BOER WARS (1880-1902): BRITAIN TOOK CONTROL OVER SOUTH AFRICA.

6-THE FRENCH-AUSTRIAN WAR (1859): ITALY BECAME AN INDEPENDENT AND UNITED NATION.

7-CRIMEAN WAR (1853-56): BRITAIN AND FRANCE JOINED TO AVOID RUSSIA TO EXPAND TO TURKISH LAND.

8-BALKAN WARS (1912-1913): PEOPLE OF THE BALKAN REGION FOUGHT AGAINST THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE TO OBTAIN THEIR INDEPENDENCE.

9-THE SEPOY REBELLION / INDIAN MUTINY (1857): RELIGIOUS WAR BETWEEN THE SEPOYS AND THE BRITISH ARMY IN INDIA.

Russo-Japanese War 1905: It had huge repercussions: launched Japan as a world power & caused the humiliation and a revolution in Russia.

Costumes

Art: Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and Expressionism  (Click to see PowerPoints)

EDOUARD MANET (1832-1883)

Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe (The Picnic), 1863               Beach at Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1869

EDGAR DEGAS (1834-1917)

Dance Class, ca.1871                                                           Ballet Rehearsal on the Set, 1874
 

CLAUDE MONET (1840-1926)

Red Poppies at Argenteuil. 1873                                                       Woman in the Garden (Saint-Adresse). 1867

Vicent Van Gogh

 
The Seine with the Pont de la Grande Jatte, 1887                                  Starry Night, (Click to See PowerPoint)

EDVARD MUNCH (1863-1944)

The Scream, 1893                                                   The Dance of Life, 1899-1900

AMADEO MODIGLIANI (1884-1920)

 
Madame Zborowska on a Sofa. 1917                   Renée the Blonde. 1916
 

WASSILY KANDINSKY (1866-1944)

 
In Blue. 1925                                                                                                Decisive Pink. 1932.

Science

 
Einstein                                                                      Pavlov

Pasteur                                                                                           Madam Curie

Freud                                                                               Darwin

The Theory of Evolution

7-World War I (1914-18) & Russian Revolution.

Objectives

1-Analyze the events which led to the outbreak of the WW I and list its results (II A).

2-Describe the reasons why the U.S. entered WW I (III A, VI A).

3-List the major objectives of the U.S. at the Versailles Conference and relate the U.S. Senate’s rejection of the Treaty of Versailles to the political attitudes of the time (VI A).

4-Discuss selected foreign policy issues and actions that shaped American thought (VI A).

5-Describe the alliance system, new weapons, and major battles that characterized WW I.

6-Explain the changes that WW I brought to the European map

VOCABULARY

1-MILITARISM:

2-KAISER:

3-TRENCH WARFARE:

4-PACIFIST:

5-ARMISTICE:

6-PROPAGANDA:

7-CENTRAL POWERS / TRIPLE ALLIANCE

8-ALLIED POWERS / ENTENTE

9-NEUTRAL:

10-U-BOAT:

11-BOLSHEVIKS:

12-SELF-DETERMINATION:

13-WAR REPARATIONS:

14-ALLIANCES:

15-MISTRUST:

16-BARBED WIRE

17-CONVOYS:

18-UNRESTRICTED:

19-BANKRUPT:

PEOPLE

1-WOODROW WILSON (1856-1924): PRESIDENT 28th. OF THE U.S. (1913-21).

2-ARCHDUKE FRANCIS FERDINAND (1863-1914): AUSTRIA-HUNGARY'S  THRONE HEIR.

3-V. I. LENIN (1870-1924): SOVIET UNION FOUNDER. BOLSHEVIKS’ LEADER.

4-Gen. JOHN J. PERSHING (BLACK JACK) (1860-1948): CHIEF OF AMERICAN EXPEDITION IN WW I.

5-FIELD  MARSHAL FERDINAND FOCH (1851-1929): FRENCH COMMANDER OF ALLIED FORCES IN WW I.

6-WILLIAM II (1859-1941): GERMAN KAISER.

7-WILBUR (1867-1912) AND ORVILLE (1871-1948) WRIGHT: AMERICAN PILOTS WHO INVENTED & FLEW THE FIRST PLANE IN HISTORY MADE BY THEMSELVES.

8-BARON von RICHTHOFEN (1892-1918): FAMOUS GERMAN PILOT  (RED BARON).

9-EDDIE RICKENBACKER (1890-1973): FAMOUS AMERICAN PILOT.

10-MATA HARI (1876-1917): DUTCH DANCER WHO BECAME A GERMAN SPY. THE FRENCH CAPTURED AND EXECUTED HER..

11-GEORGE CLEMENCEAU (1841-1929): FRENCH PRESIDENT DURING WW I.

12-DAVID LLOYD GEORGE (1863-1945): PRIME MINISTER OF GB.

13-VITTORIO ORLANDO (1860-1952): PRIME MINISTER OF ITALY.

14-GAVRILO PRINCIP (1894-1918): 19 YEARS OLD SERBIAN NATIONALIST WHO KILLED ARCHDUKE FERDINAND. HE WAS SENTENCED TO 20 YEARS IN JAIL.

15-HENRI MATISSE (1869-1954): FRENCH PAINTER. FAUVISM.

16-AMADEO MODIGLIANI (1884-1920): ITALIAN PAINTER. LONG FIGURES.

17-PABLO PICASSO (1881-1973): SPANISH PAINTER. CUBISM.

18-MARC CHAGALL (1887-1985): RUSSIAN PAINTER. FANTASY AND SYMBOLISM, CUBISM, OWN STYLE.
 

NEW WEAPONS USED IN WW I

1-PLANES

2-TANKS

3-U-BOATS

4-POISON GAS

THE ALLIANCE SYSTEM

1-THE CENTRAL POWERS: AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, GERMANY, THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

2-THE ALLIES: GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND RUSSIA (THE US ENTERED IN 1917)

WAR FRONTS: EASTERN FRONT (RUSSIAN TERRITORY) & WESTERN FRONT (FRENCH TERRITORY)

THE WORLD WAR I

1-THE INCIDENT OF SARAJEVO, SERBIA (JUNE 28, 1914)

2-AUSTRIA DECLARED WAR TO SERBIA ( A RUSSIAN ALLY); RUSSIA DECLARED WAR TO AUSTRIA; GERMANY DECLARED WAR TO RUSSIA AND FRANCE; GREAT BRITAIN DECLARED WAR TO GERMANY.

3-WAR IN THE TRENCHES: MINES, SHELLING, BARBED WIRE. SEE BATTLES OF WW I

4-AMERICAN NEUTRALITY: THE WAR AS A BUSINESS, ECONOMIC BOOM.

5-GERMAN SUBMARINES. THE LUSITANIA (1915).

6-THE ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM (FEB. 1917)

7-RUSSIA WAS THE NATION SUFFERING MORE DAMAGES DURING THE WAR; HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF CASUALTIES IN THE FRONT; THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE WAS STARVING TO DEATH. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION (MARCH - NOV. 1917). THE TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK.

8-THE US ENTERED IN THE WAR (APRIL 6, 1917): THE SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT ( 4 MILLION MEN WERE RECRUITED); THE FOOD ADMINISTRATION AND THE WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD; LIBERTY BONDS TO FUND THE WAR (21 BILLIONS); "OVER THERE" (click here to listen to the song):

Johnny, get your gun, get your gun, get your gun

Take it on the run, on the run, on the run

Hear them calling you and me

Every Son of Liberty

Hurry right away, no delay, go today

Make your Daddy glad to have had such a lad

Tell your sweetheart not to pine,

To be proud her boy's in line
 

Johnny, get your gun, get your gun, get your gun

Johnny, show the "Hun" you're a son-of-a-gun

Hoist the flag and let her fly

Yankee Doodle do or die

Pack your little kit, show your grit, do your bit

Yankee to the ranks from the towns and the tanks

Make your Mother proud of you

And the old red-white-and-blue

Chorus

Over there, over there,

Send the word, send the word over there

That the Yanks are coming, the Yanks are coming

The drum's rum-tumming everywhere

So prepare, say a prayer,

Send the word, send the word to beware

We'll be over, we're coming over

And we won't come back till it's over, over there

9-GERMANY MOVED ITS ARMY TO THE WESTERN FRONT (1918). THE BATTLE OF AMIENS.

10-THE ALLIES' OFFENSIVE: THE BATTLE OF ARGONNE FOREST.

11-THE ARMISTICE (NOV. 18, 1918)

William II, German Emperor                                  The Big Four: Woodrow Wilson (USA), David Lloyd George (GB),
                                                                                  Vittorio Orlando (Italy), and Georges Clemenceau (France)

Assassination on 28 June 1914 of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by Gavrilo Princip, a Serbian nationalist.

Zimmerman telegram

The United States of America joined the Allies. U.S. Congress declared war on Germany on April 6th., 1917

New Weapons Used during WW I

Life in the Trenches

Good Hunt

World War Posters (Propaganda)

Films:

The War ended with the capitulation of Germany and the signing of the Armistice on 11.11.18 at 11:00 am

Wilson's Fourteen Points:

1. 1-Open covenants of peace,  diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view.
2. 2-Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters
3. 3-The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of equality of trade conditions among all the nations
4. 4-National armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.
5. 5-A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims
6. 6-The evacuation of all Russian territory and secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations.
7. 11-The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.
8. 12-The Turkish portion of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development
9. 13-An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations
10. 14-A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike.

1- A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace. 

Territorial

1-The following land was taken away from Germany :
a. Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
b. Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
c. Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
d. Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia, a new country)
e. West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
f. The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in Germany or not in a future referendum.

2-The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies.

3-Germany had to return  land taken from Russia in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Most of this land was made into new states : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. An enlarged Poland also received part of this land. (Punish Russia for getting out of the War and becoming Communist)

4-The Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire were broken into pieces and replaced by numerous smaller nations

Military

Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks or an air force. She was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines The west of the Rhineland and 50 kms east of the River Rhine was made into a demilitarised zone (DMZ). No German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone. The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years.

Financial

Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231 - the infamous "War Guilt Clause". Germany was  responsible for all the war damage caused by the First World War. Therefore, she had to pay reparations, the bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the damage done to the infrastructure of both countries by the war. The Germans were told to write a blank check which the Allies would cash when it suited them. The figure was eventually put at £6,600 million - a huge sum of money well beyond Germany’s ability to pay.

Germany was also forbidden to unite with Austria to form one super state, in an attempt to keep her economic potential to a minimum.

Map of Europe after the Paris Peace Conference (18 January, 1919 - 21 January, 1920).

The following treaties were prepared at the Paris Peace Conference (in absence of the affected countries):

• German Empire (in Weimar Republic form) (Treaty of Versailles, 1919, 28 June 1919),
• Austria (Treaty of Saint-Germain, 10 September 1919),
• Bulgaria (Treaty of Neuilly, 27 November 1919),
• Hungary (Treaty of Trianon, 4 June 1920), and the
• The Ottoman Empire (Treaty of Sèvres, 10 August 1920; subsequently revised by the Treaty of Lausanne, 24 July 1923).

The Russian Revolution (1905-17). First Years of the Communist System (1917-39)

Objectives

1-Discuss the antecedents and conditions that led to the March of 1917 (II C).

2-Discuss the changes brought to Russia by Lenin and Stalin. Compare and contrast both periods (III A).

3-Describe the major political, social, and economic traits of the “proletariat’s dictatorship”. Analyze the major causes of the fall of the communist system in the 1980’s.

VOCABULARY

1-AUTOCRACY: CZAR’S DICTATORSHIP.

2-SERFS:

3-COSSACKS: CZAR’S IMPERIAL GUARD.

4-BLOODY SUNDAY (JAN 22, 1905): A PEACEFULLY DEMONSTRATION IN ST. PETERSBURG WAS ATTACKED BY THE CZAR’S TROOPS. HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE WERE KILLED.

5-POTEMKIN: NEWEST AND LARGEST RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP IN THE BLACK SEA FLEET. THE CREW REBELLED (JUNE, 1905) BEGINNING THE REVOLUTION OF 1905.

6-ODESSA: RUSSIAN HARBOR-CITY IN THE BLACK SEA.

7-THE RICHELIEU STEPS: ODESSA FAMOUS SITE WHERE THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE MET TO SUPPORT THE POTEMKIN CREW AND PROTEST AGAINST THE CZAR. THE CZAR SENT HIS TROOPS TO CRUSH THE REBELLION. THOUSANDS WERE KILLED.

8-DUMA: RUSSIAN PARLIAMENT (LEGISLATURE).

9-POGROMS: ATTACKS AGAINST JEWS IN RUSSIA BY CZARS’ ORDERS.

10-ABDICATE:

11-MENSHEVIKS / BOLSHEVIKS:

12-AMMUNITION:

13-DESERTER:

14-PROLETARIAT: WORKERS.

15-SOVIETS: COUNCILS OF SOLDIERS, WORKERS, AND PEASANTS.

16-SOCIALISM / COMMUNISM: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL THEORY. GOVERNMENT CONTROLS AND OWNS EVERYTHING. IT HAS THE DUTY OF “PROTECT” ALL CITIZENS WHO SHOULD BE “COMRADES AND EQUAL” (NO PRIVILEGES). POLITICALLY: THE PROLETARIAT’S DICTATORSHIP.

17-POLITICAL EXILE:

18-SIBERIA: HARSH REGION OF RUSSIA. PLACE WHERE MILLIONS OF DISSIDENTS WERE SENT TO DIE (EXILE).

19-POLICY OF WAR COMMUNISM (1918-21): ECONOMIC POLICY DURING THE CIVIL WAR.

20-NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP) (1921-28): LENIN’S POLICY THAT ALLOWED SMALL PRIVATE BUSINESSES. ECONOMY GREW.

21-RED GUARD / RED ARMY:

22-WHITE ARMY:

23-CIVIL WAR (1918-21): THE WHITE ARMY + EUROPEAN POWERS VS. THE RED ARMY.

24-PEOPLE’S COMMISSARS: MINISTERS.

25-FIVE-YEAR PLAN: ECONOMIC PLAN. / INDUSTRIALIZATION & ELECTRIFICATION. / QUOTAS.

26-PARTY CENTRAL COMMITTEE / POLITBURO / GENERAL SECRETARY.

27-LOCAL SOVIETS / SUPREME SOVIET / SOVIET PRESIDIUM / COMMISSARS COUNCIL / PREMIER.

28-NOMENCLATURE: POWER STRUCTURE, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC LEADERS.

29-U.S.S.R.: UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (15).

30-POLICE STATE: DICTATORSHIP.

31-KULAKS: PROSPEROUS PEASANTS FARMERS (PRIVATE). MILLIONS OF THEM WERE SENT TO SIBERIA AND/OR KILLED FOR REFUSING TO JOIN THE COLLECTIVE FARMS.

32-COLLECTIVE FARMS:

33-POLITICAL CENSORSHIP:

34-CHEKA / KGB:

35-POLITICAL PURGES:

36-PRAVDA & IZVESTIA:

PEOPLE

1-NICHOLAS II (1868-1918): LAST RUSSIAN CZAR.

2-GRIGORI RASPUTIN, THE MAD MONK (1871-1916):

3-MATUSHENKO (?): SAILOR WHO LED THE MUTINY IN THE POTEMKIN IN 1905.

4-VLADIMIR ILYCH ULYANOV, LENIN (1870-1924): “PEACE, LAND, AND BREAD”..... “ALL THE POWER FOR THE SOVIETS”.

5-LEON TROTSKY (1879-1940): FOUNDER OF THE RED ARMY. MURDERED IN MEXICO BY STALIN’S ORDERS.

6-JOSEPH STALIN (1879-1953):

7-ALEXANDER PUSHKIN (1799-1837): RUSSIAN NATIONAL POET.

8-COUNT LEO TOLSTOY (1828-1910): FAMOUS RUSSIAN NOVELIST: “WAR AND PEACE”, “ANNA KARENINA”.

9-FYODOR DOSTOEVSKY (1821-1881): FAMOUS RUSSIAN NOVELIST: “CRIME & PUNISHMENT”, “THE KARAMAZOV BROTHERS”, ‘THE IDIOT PRINCE”.

10-PYOTR ILYICH TCHAIKOVSKY (1840-1893): FAMOUS RUSSIAN CLASSICAL MUSICIAN: “THE NUTCRACKERS”, “THE LAKE OF SWANS”.

11-MAXIM GORKY (1868-1936): WRITER OF THE REVOLUTION (NOVELIST).

12-ANTON CHEKHOV (1860-1904): FAMOUS SHORT STORIES RUSSIAN WRITER.

13-IVAN TURGENEV (1818-1883): RUSSIAN NOVELIST. “THE FIRST LOVE”. 14-NIKOLAI GOGOL(1809-1852): RUSSIAN POET. “THE DEAD SOULS”

15-MIKHAIL SHOLOKHOV (1905-1984): FAMOUS RUSSIAN NOVELIST. THE THEME OF THE CIVIL WAR: “TALES OF THE DON”, “THE SILENT DON”, “BLOOD IN THE DON”, AND OTHER NOVELS AND SHORT STORIES: “THEY FOUGHT FOR THEIR COUNTRY”, “THE DESTINY OF MAN”. Nobel Prize winner.

16-VLADIMIR MAYAKOVSKY (1893-1930): RUSSIAN POET OF THE REVOLUTION.

17-Chinghiz Aitmatov (1928-   ): Farewell, Gulsary!, The White Ship, The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years, and The Scaffold are among his works.

18-Nikolai Gogol (1809-1852): The novel Dead Souls (1842), the play Revizor (1836, 1842), and the short story The Overcoat (1842) count among his masterpieces.