REALISM  (1860s – 1890s)

CHARACTERISTICS

WRITERS

HISTORICAL EVENTS

 

v       life presented with fidelity

v       fidelity in presenting the inner workings of the mind

v       the analysis of thought and feeling

v       function of environment in shaping the character

v       set in present or recent past

v       colloquial speech

v       commonplace characters

v       exposed political corruption, economic inequity, business deception, the exploitation of labor, women rights problems, racial inequity

v       described the relationship between the economic transformation of America and its moral condition

v      v    introduction of a new kind of characters:

·          industrial workers and rural poor

·          ambitious businessman and vagrants

·          prostitutes

·          unheroic soldiers

v       rise of what critic Warner Berthoff  calls “the literature of argument” – works in sociology, philosophy, psychology.

 

REGIONAL WRITING (“local color”)

§          desire to preserve distinctive ways of life before industrialization dispersed or homogenized them

§          coming to terms with the harsh realities of the “new times”

§          rapid growth of magazines creating a new, largely female audience for short fiction

§          immortalizing linguistic features

§          many colorists women describing a patriarchal society from female perspective

 

  Prose:

Mark Twain  (1835–1910)

Henry James   (1843 – 1916)

William Dean Howells   (1837 – 1920)

 

“Local Color”

Sarah Orne Jewett  (1849 – 1909)

Kate Chopin   (1851 – 1904)

Bret Harte  (1836 – 1902)

 

Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860 – 1935)

 

Poetry:

 

Edward Arlington Robinson (1869 – 1935)

Robert Frost   (1874 – 1963)

Carl Sandburg   (1878 – 1967)

 

1860 – Abraham Lincoln elected President

1861-65 –  Civil War

1863, 1 Jan – Emancipation Proclamation:  

                           slavery abolished

1865 –        13th Amendment (abolition of

                     slavery)         

1869 –        first transcontinental railroad

1870s –       few individuls take control of big industries: steal, railroad, oil, meat-packing

 

1859 –   Darwin’s  The Origin of Species

1870 –   Darwin's  Descent of Man 

 

 

James,   The Portrait of a Lady (1881)

Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)

Frost      The Road Not Taken (1916)

 

 

 

© 2002 Agnieszka Bedingfield