The following references are pertinent to the EPA risk assessment methods: J. D. Graham etal.; A Historical Perspective on Risk Assessment in the Federal Government, March 1994; Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, 718 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115 CURE, Risk Assessment: Resolving the Controversy, Nov 1994; Coalition for Uniform Risk Evaluation, 1747 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, DC 20006, Ph: 202 833-5055 Reform of Risk Regulation: Achieving More Protection at Less Cost - Report of the Harvard Group on Risk Management Reform (Att'n: Dr. J.D Graham); March 1995; Harvard Center for Risk Analysis; 718 Huntington Ave.; Boston, MA 02115; Ph: 617 432 4497 T. O. Teng; Five-Hundred Life-Saving Interventions and Their Cost- Effectiveness, July 1994 (Draft); Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, 718 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115 Ray, Dixy Lee; Environmental Overkill: Whatever happened to common sense; Regnery Gateway, Washington, DC; 1993 (distributed by National Book Network) Reilly, W. K.; Risky Business: Life, Death, Pollution and the Global Environment; 94/01/12; Institute for International Studies; Stanford University, 200 Ecina Hall, Stanford, CA 94305-6033 G. M. Gray, Complete Risk Characterization, Risk in Perspective Vol.2 No. 4, Nov 1994, Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, 718 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02125 Abelson, Phillip; Editorial: Reflections on the Environment; Science, Vol 263 1994/2/4 p. 591 Breyer, Hon. Stephen, Testimony at Hearing on Use of Risk Analysis and Cost-Benifit Analysy in Setting Environmental Priorities, Comm on Energy & Natural Resources, 11/9/93 Johnson, Sen. J. Bennett, Congressional Record-Senate May 18, 1994 S5859-5909 Johnson, Sen. J. Bennett, Press Release Comm. on Energy & Natural Resources 3/25/1994 Public Meeting of EPA and DOE; Oak Ridge, TN; July 21, 1994 Taube, Gary; Special News Report - Epidemiology Faces Its Limits; Science, Vol 269, 1995/7/14, p.164 Sagan, Leonard; A Brief History and Critique of the Low Dose Effects Paradigm; BELLE Newsletter, Vol. 2, No. 2, Dec 1994; School of Public Health; Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 [Author's Address: Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA] Coleman, Marvin; Cancer Risk of Low Level Exposure; Science, Vol 271 1996/4/29 p. 1821 Abelson, Phillip; Editorial: Flaws in Risk Assessments; Science, Vol 270 1995/10/13 p. 215 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume 1 - Human Health Evaluation Manual ( Part A,); EPA Pub 540/-89.002, Dec 1989 Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume 1 - Human Health Evaluation Manual ( Part B, Development of Risk-based Preliminary Remediation Goals); EPA Pub 9285.7-01b, Dec 1991 Eckerman, F.E., et al., Limiting Values of Radionuclide Intake and Air Concentration and Dose Conversion Factors for Inhalation, Submersion and Ingestion, Federal Guidance Report 11, EPA-52/1-88-20 National Academy of Sciences. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1983, p.3. Gough, Michael; It's Not Science. What Can Science Do About It?; Health Physics, Vol. 71, No. 3, Sept. 1996, pp. 275-278 Michael Gough & Steven Milloy; Policy Analysis - EPA'S CANCER RISK GUIDELINES: Guidence to Nowhere; The Cato Institute; Nov 12, 1996; http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-263.html The following five papers deal with the scientific basis of risk assessment at an advanced level: Seiler, Fritz A., Alvarez, Joseph L. (et al); IT Corp, 5301 Central Ave NE, Albuequerque, NM 8718; T:JFI = Technology: Journal of the Franklin Institute a) The Scientific Method in Risk Assessment; T:JFI,Vol 331A, pp. 53-58, 1994 b) Definition of a Minimum Significant Risk; T:JFI,Vol 331A, pp. 83-95, 1994 c) NORM and The Minimum Significant Risk; Proceedings of the 1996 HPS Midyear Meeting, "NORM/NARM and Risk Assessment", Scottsdale, AZ, Jan 7- 10, 1996 d )Toward a New Risk Assessment Paradigm: Varibility, Uncertanty and Risk; T:JFI (in print) e) On the Selection of Distributions for Stochastic Variables; Risk Analysis (in print) The following are pertinent to the LEFPC Superfund site: East Fork Poplar Creek References East Fork Poplar Creek - Sewer Line Beltway Remedial Investigation Report; DOE/ORO by SAIC; April 1993 and Addendum May 1994. Note: Appendix N contains references and evidence for the low bioavailability of HgS. This analysis was later rejected by EPA. Record of Decision for Lower East Fork Poplar Creek DOE/OR/02-1370&D1; May 1995 Toxicological Profile for MERCURY (Update); TP-93/10; U.S. Dept. of Health & Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; May 1994. See also draft of 2/29/93 Bashor, B.S. and Turri, P.A.; A Method for Determining an Allowable Concentration of Mercury in Soil; Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 15, 435-438(1986) Revis, W.N., etal,: a) An Assessment of Health Risk Associated with Mercury in Soil and Sediment from East Fork Poplar Creek, Oak Ridge, Tennessee(Final report); Oak Ridge Research Institute, Oak Ridge, TN; April 1989 b) Distribution of Mercury Species in Soil from a Mercury-contaminated Site; Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 45, 105-113, 1989 c) Quantitative Method for Determining the Concentration of Mercury(II) Sulphide in Soils and Sediments; Analyst Vol 114, July 1989 d) Mercury in Soil: A Method for Assessing Acceptable Limits; Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19, 221-226(1990) Willett, K.L., Turner, R.R. and Beauchamp, J.J.; Effect of Chemical Form of Mercury on the Performance of Dosed Soils in Standard Leaching Protocols: EP and TCLP; Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, Vol 9, No. 3, 1992 Rowley, D.L., Turri, P., Paschal, D.C.; A Pilot Survey of Mercury Levels in Oak Ridge[Residents], TN; 9/85;Div. of Env. Hazard & Health Effects, CDC,Public Health Service,USDH&HS,Atlanta, GA 30333 Minutes & Notes of the LEFPC Citizens' Working Group, Information Resource Center, DOE/ORO Dobb, David, et al., Determination of Mercury, with Speciation, in Poplar Creek Soil Samples, Report of Task 22410124 Contract 68-C0-0049; LESAT, 980 Kelly Drive, Las Vegas,NV 89119; March 1994 Barnett, Mark O. et al., Comparasion of Mercury Speciation Methods, ESD, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 DRAFT The following are references, not cited in the above, that lend credence to the low bioavailability of HgS: Sin, Y.M., etal., Uptake and Distribution of Mercury in Mice from Ingesting Soluble and Insoluble Mercury Compounds, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31:605-612 Rahola, T., etal., Elimination of Free and Protein-bound Ionic Mercury 203Hg2+ in Man, Ann. Clin. Res. 5:214-219 Yeoh, T.S., etal., Absorption of Mercuric Sulphide following Oral Administration in Mice, Toxicolgy 41:107-111, 1986 Yeoh, T.S., etal., Gastrointestional Absorption of Mercury Following Oral Absorption of Cinnabar in a Traditional Chinese Medicine, Asia Pacific J. Pharmacol. 4:69-73, 1989