Ceratosauria Marsh, 1884
Definition- (Ceratosaurus nasicornis <- Passer domesticus) (Sereno, in press; modified from Rowe, 1989)
Other definitions- (Liliensternus liliensterni + Coelophysis bauri + "Syntarsus" rhodesiensis + "Syntarsus" kayentakatae + Segisaurus halli + Sarcosaurus woodi + Dilophosaurus wetherilli + Ceratosaurus nasicornis) (Rowe and Gauthier, 1990)
(Coelophysis bauri <- Passer domesticus) (modified from Sereno, 1998)
Comments- This taxon was resurrected in 1986 by Gauthier to contain coelophysoids, Dilophosaurus and ceratosaurs sensu stricto. This was followed by most phylogenies in the 1990's (e.g. Rowe and Gauthier, 1990; Holtz, 1994; Sereno, 1999; Holtz, 2000). Some non-cladistic phylogenies at the time (Bakker, 1986; Paul, 1988) advocated ceratosaurs sensu stricto as being closer to birds than coelophysoids and Dilophosaurus, which was suggested in some more recent unpublished analyses (Currie, 1995; Rauhut, 1998; Carrano and Sampson, 1999) and has become the current consensus (Carrano et al., 2002; Rauhut, 2003; Wilson et al., 2003; Carrano et al., 2005; Ezcurra and Novas, 2006; Smith et al., 2007). However, a few recent studies (Tykoski and Rowe, 2004; Tykoski, 2005) have again recovered coelophysoid ceratosaurs. Tykoski (2005) found excluding ontogenetically variable characters (mostly bone fusions) generated trees excluding Coelophysoidea from Ceratosauria. According to Tykoski, excluding these characters and miscoding many others have led to the current concensus. It should be noted that only four more steps are needed to place ceratosaurs closer to tetanurines than to coelophysoids in his trees. Thus, either topology should be considered possible.
References- Marsh, 1884. Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part VIII: The order Theropoda. Am. J. Sci. (series 3). 27, 329-341.
Bakker, 1986. The Dinosaur Heresies, Kensington, New York.
Gauthier, 1986. Saurischian Monophyly and the Origin of Birds. Memoires of the California Academy of Sciences. 8, 1-55.
Paul, 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon & Schuster, New York.
Rowe, 1989. A new species of the theropod dinosaur Syntarsus from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona. J. Vert. Paleontol. 9, 125-136.
Bonaparte, Novas and Coria, 1990. Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contr. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co. 416, 1–42.
Rowe and Gauthier, 1990. Ceratosauria. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmolska (eds.). The Dinosauria. Univ. Cal. press. Berkeley.
Novas, 1992. La evolucion de los dinosaurios carnivoros [The evolution of carnivorous dinosaurs]. In Sanz and Buscalioni (eds.). Los Dinosaurios y Su Entorno Biotico: Actas del Segundo Curso de Paleontologia in Cuenca. Instituto "Juan Valdez", Cuenca, Argentina. 126-163.
Holtz, 1994. The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: Implications for theropod systematics. Journal of Paleontology. 68(5), 1100-1117.
Currie, 1995. Phylogeny and systematics of theropods (Dinosauria). J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 15(3) 25A.
Rauhut, 1998. Elaphrosaurus bambergi and the early evolution of theropod dinosaurs. JVP 18(3) 71A.
Sereno, 1998. A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria. N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh. 210(1), 41-83.
Carrano and Sampson, 1999. Evidence for a paraphyletic ‘Ceratosauria’ and it’s implications for theropod dinosaur evolution. JVP 19(3) 36A.
Padian, Hutchinson and Holtz, 1999. Phylogenetic definitions and nomenclature of the major taxonomic categories of the carnivorous Dinosauria (Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(1), 69-80.
Sereno, 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 284: 2137-2147.
Holtz, 2000. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs. Gaia 15. 5-61.
Carrano, Sampson and Forster, 2002. The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria:Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 22, 510–534.
Rauhut, 2003. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology. 69, 1-213.
Wilson, Sereno, Srivastava, Bhatt, Khosla and Sahni, 2003. A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India. Contr. Mus. Palaeont. Univ. Mich. 31, 1-42.
Tykoski and Rowe, 2004. Ceratosauria. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmolska. The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 861 pp.
Carrano, Hutchinson and Sampson, 2005. New information on Segisaurus halli, a small theropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of Arizona. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25(4), 835–849.
Tykoski, 2005. Anatomy, ontogeny and phylogeny of coelophysoid theropods. PhD Dissertation. University of Texas at Austin. 553 pp.
Ezcurra and Novas, 2006. Phylogenetic relationships of the Triassic theropod Zupaysaurus rougieri from NWArgentina. Historical Biology. iFirst Article, 38 pp. DOI 10.1080/08912960600845791.
Smith, Makovicky, Hammer and Currie, 2007. Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 151, 377-421.
Carrano and Sampson, 2008. The Phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6, 183-236.

= Bahariasauridae Huene, 1948
Bahariasaurus Stromer, 1934
B. ingens Stromer, 1934
Early Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Baharija Formation, Egypt
Holotype- (HM 1922 X47) (~11.9 m; ~2.5 tons) dorsal vertebra (200 mm), dorsal vertebra (~180 mm), neural arch, rib fragment, sacral vertebra (~135 mm), sacral vertebra (~120 mm), sacral vertebra (~120 mm), pubes (1.03 m), proximal ischium
Paratypes- ?(HM 1911) caudal vertebrae, ischium
?(HM 1912 VIII 62b) dorsal vertebra
?(HM 1912 VIII 82) ischia
(HM 1912 X 47) proximal ischium
Albian Early Cretaceous
Continental Intercalaire, Niger
Referred- ?(MNHN coll.) proximal caudal vertebra (65 mm), five mid caudal vertebrae (60, 60, 55, 55, 50 mm) (Lapparent, 1960)
Comments- Bahariasaurus is considered a nomen dubium by Chure (2000), but can be distinguished from all comparable theropods except Deltadromeus, with which it is probably synonymous. Sereno et al. (1996) distinguished the taxa with three characters, two of which were due to his misidentification of Deltadromeus' distal pubis as an ischium. The other is the narrower ilial peduncle of Bahariasaurus' ischium. The holotype of Tyrannosaurus has a narrower ilial peduncle on the ischium than referred specimens AMNH 5027 and RTMP 81.61, so I find this character to fall within individual variation. I'd say Deltadromeus and Bahariasaurus are quite possibly synonymous, but this is unverifiable given the published data. There were at least three taxa of large theropod in the Baharija Formation, so it cannot be assumed the referred material belongs to Bahariasaurus. This leaves us able to compare only the proximal ischium, which is illustrated too poorly in Deltadromeus to do such. Some material from the Baharija may be referrable to Deltadromeus (notably the fibula 1912 VIII 70), and some to Bahariasaurus (the proximal ischium 1912 X 47), but neither can be compared to the other taxon. The complete ischia 1912 VIII 82 compare well to Deltadromeus distally and differ in small ways from Bahariasaurus proximally, but I don't think a referral to the former is warranted given the meager comparison possible, and the fact we don't know how closely they resembled Bahariasaurus distally.
The referred pubis 1912 VIII 81 (Stromer, 1934) does not seem to be Bahariasaurus. The two differ in several ways. Bahariasaurus has a less conspicuous and more proximally placed lateral flaring (15% down the shaft, compared to 21%). The distal end is not flared laterally. There is an extensive separation of the pubic shafts distally, and the interpubic foramen is more distally placed (80% down the shaft, vs. 71%).
Referred pubes 1922 X 48 and 1912 VIII 62 (proximal only) are only shown in lateral view, so cannot be compared to Bahariasaurus. They compare well to each other, and are possibly conspecific, though 1922 X 48 in particular is more robust than 1912 VIII 81 and has a fainter sigmoid curvature that is positioned differently along the shaft. This could easily be ontogenetic or individual variation however. 1922 X 48 and 1912 VIII 62 may be Bahariasaurus or the same taxon as 1912 VIII 81 (which may be Deltadromeus for all I know). Sereno et al. referred 1912 VIII 62 to Deltadromeus, presumedly based on association between it and the coracoid and hindlimb material of 1912 VIII. But of the latter material, the pectoral girdle appears to be spinosaurid, and the femur and tibia are not from the same individual (the tibia's much smaller) and are not referrable to Deltadromeus either. Only the fibula may be, so Sereno et al.'s referral of 1912 VIII 62 to the latter taxon is unsupported at present.
Relationships- Rauhut (1995) referred Bahariasaurus to the Allosauroidea based on the distally reduced pubic symphysis (also in Pycnonemosaurus), obturator notch (plesiomorphic for neotheropods), quadrangular obturator process (not present in Bahariasaurus), and "shape and height" of the anterior trochanter (plesiomorphic for tetanurines, also in Deltadromeus, not preserved in holotypic material). He placed it in the Carcharodontosauridae based on the presence of caudal pleurocoels, but this based on a referred specimen (HM 1912 VIII 62b) whose relationship to Bahariasaurus is uncertain. It may be Carcharodontosaurus instead. I therefore reject Rauhut's hypothesis Bahariasaurus is a carcharodontosaurid or an allosauroid.
Chure finds this taxon to be closely related to tyrannosaurids based on- nearly perpendicular expansion of glenoid margin of scapula from blade; amphicoelous (non-opisthocoelous) anterior dorsal centra; subtriangular obturator process; cranial tubercle on fibula; extremely narrow scapular blade; longitudinal ridge on lateral surface of ischium. I disagree.
First, the scapula (HM 1912 VIII 60) is not part of the holotype, which lacks pectoral material. Also, tyrannosaurids do not have an expanded glenoid margin (Carpenter and Smith, 2001) and their blade is much narrower proximally, but expands distally (the opposite of this scapula). The expanded glenoid margin is present in such widely ranging theropods as Compsognathus, Sinraptor and Baryonyx. The last taxon resembles this scapula very closely, differing only in that the glenoid is more ventrally projected, the blade is a bit narrower distally and the glenoid expansion is slightly stronger. Oddly, that of Suchomimus differs from these two in having a more prominant acromion, distally expanded blade, and virtually no glenoid expansion, if the skeletal reconstruction of Sereno et al. (1998) is accurate. Perhaps the drawing is inaccurate, or perhaps it belongs to Spinosaurus. In any case, I refer this scapula to the Spinosauridae.
The anterior dorsal vertebra (HM 1912 VIII 62b) is also a referred specimen and non-opisthocoelous dorsals are also found in ceratosaurs, "Szechuanoraptor" zigongensis and almost all coelurosaurs. Tyrannosaurid dorsals differ in being very short, with less wasted centra, wider neural spines, narrower hyposphenes and taller neural canals. The elongate centrum resembles some basal coelurosaurs (Compsognathus, Mirischia) and Elaphrosaurus, so this vertebra may belong to Deltadromeus or Bahariasaurus.
The triangular obturator process is not discernable in the holotype, but is present in the complete juvenile(?) ischium HM 1912 VIII 82 that was misidentified as a pubis by Stromer (1934). Though much smaller than the Bahariasaurus holotype, the morphology is nearly identical, differing only in the less expanded anteroventral corner of the pubic peduncle. I thus feel it is properly referred to Bahariasaurus, and it is interesting that it differs from the distal ischium of Deltadromeus (pubis in Sereno et al. 1996) only in that the boot is less extensive posteriorly, a probable juvenile trait. The obturator process is indeed triangular, but this is known in nearly all coelurosaurs (except Sinosauropteryx and Mirischia), not just tyrannosaurids. Though the morphology of the boot resembles abelisauroids more than any coelurosaur, the obturator morphology would suggest it is in the latter clade. It differs from tyrannosauroids in lacking a proximolateral scar or proximodorsal process, and having a distal boot and more prominent ilial peduncle. The lateral ridge on Bahariasaurus is caused by distortion, as Chure himself says earlier in the thesis.
The fibula is another referred specimen (HM 1912 VIII 70), this one later referred to Deltadromeus by Sereno et al.. I agree as it is nearly identical. The anteriorly placed iliofibularis tubercle is primitive for theropods, so does not indicate tyrannosauroid affinities in Deltadromeus either.
As for the holotype of Bahariasaurus, Tyrannosaurus' pubis differs from it in having a narrower pubic apron, narrower and much more proximally placed interpubic foramen, and no distal interpubic notch. Tyrannosaurus' ischium differs from the holotype in having a less posteriorly projected ilial peduncle, a proximodorsal process, narrower obturator notch, less extensive obturator process, and thinner shaft that is more posteriorly directed.
References- Stromer, 1934. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltierreste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 13. Dinosauria. Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Nat. Abt., (n. s.) 22 1-79, 3 pls.
Lapparent, 1960. Les dinosauriens du "Continental intercalaire" du Sahara central. Mem. Soc. Geol. France. 88A 1-57.
Rauhut, 1995. Zur systematischen Stellung der afrikanischen Theropoden Carcharodontosaurus Stromer 1931 und Bahariasaurus Stromer 1934. Berliner geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen E16 (Gundolf-Ernst-Festschrift): 357-375.
Sereno, Dutheil, Iarochene, Larsson, Lyon, Magwene, Sidor, Varricchio and Wilson, 1996. Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation. Science. 272(5264), 986-991.
Chure, 2000. A new species of Allosaurus from the Morrison Formation of Dinosaur National Monument (Utah-Colorado) and a revision of the theropod family Allosauridae. Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1-964.

"Ngexisaurus" Zhao, 1983
"N. dapukaensis" Zhao, 1986
= "Ngexisaurus changduensis" Zhang and Li, 1997
= "Ngexisaurus dapukanensis" Weishampel, Barrett, Coria, Le Loeuff, Xu, Zhao, Sahni, Gomani and Noto, 2004
Middle Jurassic
Dapuka Group, Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu, China
Comments- This taxon was first mentioned by Zhao (1983) as an example of a Middle Jurassic coelurosaur, with the genus attributed to Zhao. Lacking a description, illustration or species name, it was a nomen nudum. In 1986 Zhao listed the species "Ngexisaurus dapukaensis" in another paper, though apparently still with too little information to be a valid taxon. It appeared in a faunal list in Zhang and Li (1997) with the species name "Ngexisaurus changduensis". Weishampel et al. (2004) list the species "Ngexisaurus dapukanensis" (note the different species name spelling) as a ceratosaur (sensu lato) from the Middle Jurassic Dapuka Group of Xinjiang, China. It is still a nomen nudum however. Zhao used a classic concept of Coelurosauria, which only tells us "Ngexisaurus" is probably a small theropod. Its assignment to Ceratosauria by Weishampel et al. (note Zhao is a coauthor) may indicate it is a ceratosaur sensu lato (since coelophysoids were extinct by the Middle Jurassic). Perhaps it is similar to small early ceratosaurs like Berberosaurus and Chuandongocoelurus, but this is only conjecture.
References- Zhao, 1983. Phylogeny and evolutionary stages of Dinosauria. Acta Palaeontologia Polonica. 28(1/2): 295-306.
Zhao, 1986. The Jurassic Reptilia. Stratigraphy of China. 11 (The Jurassic System of China). 286-347.
Zhang and Li, 1997. Mesozoic dinosaur localities in China and their stratigraphy. In Wolberg, Sump and Rosenberg (eds.). Dinofest International, Proceedings of a Symposium sponsered by Arizona State University. A Publication of The Academy of Natural Sciences. 265-273.
Weishampel, Barrett, Coria, Le Loeuff, Xu, Zhao, Sahni, Gomani and Noto, 2004. Dinosaur Distribution. in Weishampel, Dodson and Osmolska, 2004. The Dinosauria: Second Edition.

Berberosaurus Allain, Tykoski, Aquesbi, Jalil, Monbaron, Russell and Taquet, 2007
B. liassicus Allain, Tykoski, Aquesbi, Jalil, Monbaron, Russell and Taquet, 2007
Pliensbachian-Toarcian, Early Jurassic
Upper bone-bed of the Toundoute continental series, Morocco
Holotype- (MHNM-Pt9) (subadult) cervical vertebra (~53 mm)
....(MHNM-Pt16) distal tibia
....(MHNM-Pt19) incomplete femur (~505 mm)
....(MHNM-Pt20) fibula (447 mm)
....(MHNM-Pt21) proximal tibia
....(MHNM-Pt22) metacarpal II (78 mm)
....(MHNM-Pt23) partial third sacral centrum, fourth sacral centrum (64 mm), incomplete fifth sacral vertebra (70 mm)
Paratype- (MHNM-Tol-218) proximal femur (~408 mm)
Diagnosis- (from Allain et al., 2007) differs from Elaphrosaurus in: short cervical centra; pneumatic foramina on the cervical neural arch.
from Ceratosaurus in: camerate structure of cervical vertebra; low and short neural spine of the cervical vertebra; femoral anterior trochanter reaches proximally to mid-point of femoral head.
from Spinostropheus in: absence of the epipophyseal-prezygapophyseal lamina on the cervical neural arches; short cervical neural spine.
from Abelisauria in: distal end of metacarpal with deep extensor pits; pronounced femoral trochanteric shelf.
Comments- Originally identified as a basal abelisauroid by Allain et al. (2007), Carrano and Sampson (2008) found it to be a basal ceratosaur outside Neoceratosauria instead.
References- Allain, Tykoski, Aquesbi, Jalil, Monbaron, Russell and Taquet, 2007. An abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of the High Atlas Mountains, Morocco, and the radiation of ceratosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27(3), 610-624.
Carrano and Sampson, 2008. The Phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6, 183-236.

Deltadromeus Sereno, Dutheil, Iarochene, Larsson, Lyon, Magwene, Sidor, Varricchio and Wilson, 1996
D. agilis Sereno, Dutheil, Iarochene, Larsson, Lyon, Magwene, Sidor, Varricchio and Wilson, 1996
Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Baharija Formation, Egypt
Holotype- (SGM-Din 2) (~8.1 m) partial cervical rib, two anterior dorsal neural arches, two partial dorsal ribs, two gastralia, partial caudal vertebrae 3-17 (130 mm), caudal vertebrae 20-27 (130 mm), eight chevrons, proximal scapula, incomplete coracoid, incomplete humerus (~328 mm), proximal radius, proximal ulna, partial ilium, pubic fragments?, partial ischia, femur (740 mm), icomplete tibia (~700 mm), incomplete fibula, partial astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsal II (417 mm), phalanx II-1 (140 mm), pedal ungual II (80 mm), metatarsal III (450 mm), phalanx III-1 (140 mm), metatarsal IV (400 mm), phalanx IV-1 (98 mm), phalanx IV-3 (52 mm), phalanx IV-4 (37 mm), metatarsal V (100 mm)
Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Kem Kem Beds, Morocco
Paratype- (IPHG 1912 VIII) (~13.3 m; ~3.5 tons) coracoid, pubes, femur (1.22 m), proximal tibia, fibula (Stromer, 1934)
Comments- Stromer (1934) referred IPHG 1912 VIII to his new taxon Bahariasaurus, which may end up being synonymous with Deltadromeus. Sereno et al. (1996) described Deltadromeus as a basal coelurosaur, but Rauhut (2003) found it to be an ornithomimosaur. Most recently, Wilson et al. (2003) found it to be a noasaurid and Carrano and Sampson (2008) recovered it as a basal ceratosaur outside of Neoceratosauria.
There have been online suggestions that Deltadromeus is closely related to Dryptosaurus. However, Deltadromeus is turning out to be ceratosaurian, and Dryptosaurus is probably a tyrannosauroid. Both have somewhat similar deltopectoral crests, but Dryptosaurus' humerus has a larger ventral tubercle and seems more sigmoid. Deltadromeus has an oddly anteroposteriorly narrow femoral head and an anterior trochantor that starts further distally. Deltadromeus' lateral tibial condyle has an odd posterior process, the cnemial crest is narrower and the incisura tibialis is more excavated in proximal view. Deltadromeus has a better developed proximomedial fibular fossa, but it is not as extensive proximoposteriorly. Dryptosaurus' ascending process is much higher and more pointed and it lacks the plesiomorphic transverse groove across the astragalar condyles found in Deltadromeus. Metatarsal IV is much narrower in Deltadromeus and it's proximal end is less triangular than Dryptosaurus and tyrannosaurids, and lacks the notch found in those taxa. Deltadromeus' humerus is 6% longer compared to femoral length, but its tibia is 6% shorter. It is apparent the taxa are rather different, although a better description of Deltadromeus would make it easier to compare them.
The "pubis" of Deltadromeus' holotype seems to be an ischium (Longrich, DML 2000). The shape of the distal boot is almost identical to 1912 VIII 82, except that it's a bit shorter in the latter (possibly ontogenetic, as seen in Nedcolbertia). The cross section is posteriorly convex in the center, unlike pubes, which are concave anteriorly. The conjoined shafts are narrow transversely instead of having a pubic apron. The lack of an interpubic foramen in Deltadromeus' "pubis" (again similar to 1912 VIII 82) is also consistant with an identification as an ischium, though plenty of taxa lack interpubic foramina. Finally, Longrich identified what appeared to be pubic fragments in the Deltadromeus holotype.
References- Stromer, 1934. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Wirbeltierreste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 13. Dinosauria. Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Nat. Abt., (n. s.) 22 1-79, 3 pls.
Sereno, Dutheil, Iarochene, Larsson, Lyon, Magwene, Sidor, Varricchio and Wilson, 1996. Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation. Science 272(5264), 986-991.
http://www.cmnh.org/dinoarch/2000Nov/msg00067.html
Rauhut, 2003. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology. 69, 1-213.
Wilson, Sereno, Srivastava, Bhatt, Khosla and Sahni, 2003. A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India. Contr. Mus. Palaeont. Univ. Mich. 31, 1-42.
Carrano and Sampson, 2008. The Phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6, 183-236.

Limusaurus Xu, Clark, Mo, Choiniere, Forster, Erickson, Hone, Sullivan, Eberth, Nesbitt, Zhao, Hernandez, Jia, Han and Guo, 2009
L. inextricabilis Xu, Clark, Mo, Choiniere, Forster, Erickson, Hone, Sullivan, Eberth, Nesbitt, Zhao, Hernandez, Jia, Han and Guo, 2009
Oxfordian, Late Jurassic
Shishugou Formation, Xinjiang, China
Holotype- (IVPP V15923) (~1.7 m; <5 year old subadult) skull, sclerotic ring, mandible (105 mm), hyoid, seven cervical vertebrae (seventh cervical vertebra 45 mm), cervical ribs, fourth dorsal vertebra (26 mm), dorsal ribs, two sacral vertebrae, eleven caudal vertebrae (second 27 mm, twelfth 26 mm), eleven chevrons, scapulocoracoid (scapula ~95 mm), furcula, sternum, humeri (80 mm), radii (40 mm), ulnae, metacarpal II (12 mm), phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, proximal manual ungual II, metacarpal III (13 mm), phalanx III-2, manual ungual III, metacarpal IV, ilia (140 mm), distal pubis, ischium (133 mm), femur (208 mm), tibiae (249 mm), astragalocalcaneum, distal tarsals, metatarsals I, phalanges I-1, pedal unguals I, metatarsals II, phalanges II-1, phalanges II-2, pedal unguals II, metatarsals III (155 mm), phalanges III-1 (36 mm), phalanges III-2 (26 mm), phalanges III-3 (20 mm), pedal unguals III (21 mm), metatarsals IV, phalanges IV-1, phalanges IV-2, phalanges IV-3, phalanges IV-4, pedal unguals IV, metatarsal V, gastroliths
Paratypes- (IVPP V15924) (~2 m; 5 year old subadult) postcranial skeleton including metacarpal I, metacarpal II, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, manual ungual II, metacarpal III, phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, manual ungual III, distal metacarpal IV, tibiotarsus (286 mm), fibula
(IVPP V16134) (~1.7 m) specimen including radius, ulna, metacarpal I, metacarpal II, metacarpal III
Referred- (IVPP coll.) caudal vertebrae, chevrons (Clark et al., 2002)
(IVPP coll.) caudal vertebrae, chevrons, hindlimbs (Clark et al., 2002)
(IVPP coll.) four specimens (Xu and Clark, 2006)
(IVPP coll.) six specimens (Clark pers. comm., 2009)
Diagnosis- (after Xu et al., 2009) skull half as long as the femur; premaxilla toothless; premaxilla with a convex ventral edge; maxilla toothless; nasal with a lateral shelf dorsal to antorbital fossa; short and wide nasal less than one-third of skull roof length and only twice as long as wide; ventral process of lacrimal strongly inclined anteriorly; slender jugal with rod-like suborbital and subtemporal rami; dentary toothless; large external mandibular fenestra about 40% of mandibular length; flange on anterior margin of scapular blade; radius tightly adhering to ulna; radius longer than ulna; olecranon process absent; metacarpal I highly reduced and carrying no phalanges; phalanx II-1 with distinct lateral process proximodorsally; metacarpal II much more robust than other metacarpals; metacarpal III with sub-triangular proximal articular surface; metacarpal III with non-ginglymoidal distal end; pubis with laterally ridged, prominent posterior boot; pedal digit I small, only 17% as long as metatarsal III; metatarsus forming a strong transverse arch; robust ventral process at medial margin of proximal end of metatarsal III; metatarsal IV nearly straight, appressed against lateral surface of metatarsal III for nearly its whole length.
Comments- This taxon was first presented as a possible ornithomimosaur by Clark et al. (2002), known from four specimens at the time. While IVPP V16134 was not mentioned in the referred material or main paper, is is in the supplementary information. Xu and Clark (2006) mentioned two new Shishugou ceratosaur taxa represented by four specimens, but all specimens are now thought to be referrable to Limusaurus (Clark pers. comm., 2009).
Is metacarpal I is tetanurines actually metacarpal II? Xu et al. (2009) hypothesized Limusaurus may indicate metacarpals I-II-III-IV of tetanurines are homologous to metacarpals II-III-IV-V in other amniotes, based on several characters. Digit I in Limusaurus and Aucasaurus are highly reduced, with no phalanges. Yet Ceratosaurus shows an articular surface for phalanx I-1, showing the condition in Limusaurus may be derived within ceratosaurs as opposed to a basal ceratosauroid (ceratosaur+tetanurine) state. Metacarpal II is medially twisted in Limusaurus, Dilophosaurus and some Coelophysis specimens, similar to metacarpal I in other saurischians. Unfortunately, this is not easily determinable from most figures, so the condition in basal tetanurines is unknown. While Xu et al. note metacarpal III lies ventral to metacarpal II in tetanurines, as metacarpal IV does to III in Limusaurus and coelophysoids, this is also true of metacarpal IV in tetanurines (e.g. Guanlong, as seen in its supplementary information; Tanycolagreus). Similarly, while metacarpal I does not overlap II in non-tetanurines, this is seemingly also true in Xuanhanosaurus and Acrocanthosaurus (overlap is present in "Szechuanoraptor", Megaraptor, Torvosaurus, Allosaurus and Guanlong however). There is a dorsolateral flange on metacarpal II of Dilophosaurus and Limusaurus which is similar to one on metacarpal I of some tetanurines (e.g. "Szechuanoraptor", Allosaurus, Guanlong). But Xuanhanosaurus and Megaraptor also have such a flange on metacarpal II, but not I, like basal theropods. Both flanges seem to exist in Acrocanthosaurus, while none exist in Aucasaurus and Torvosaurus. Xu et al. state metacarpal II is more robust than I in non-tetanurine theropods, homologizing it to the robust metacarpal I in tetanurines, but the situation is more complex. It's clearly the size of the base which is important, since even Coelophysis and Dilophosaurus have metacarpal I shafts more robust than those of II. Yet basal tetanurines (e.g. Xuanhanasaurus, "Szechuanoraptor", Torvosaurus, Megaraptor, Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus) have metacarpal II more robust than I, while Aucasaurus and Herrerasaurus have the opposite condition. This is true in Xu et al.'s tetanurine example of Guanlong too, while even their example of Deinonychus has more proximal area and depth on metacarpal II, just less width. Phalanx I-1 in tetanurines is said to be longer than phalanx I-1 in Herrerasaurus, Dilophosaurus and ceratosaurs, but phalanx I-1 is not preserved in any ceratosaur except for two questionably identified elements in Masiakasaurus. Furthermore, it is not as if any phalanx on digit II in Dilophosaurus or Herrerasaurus is notably more elongate than their phalanx I-1, and some basal tetanurines like Torvosaurus actually have an extremely short phalanx I-1. Metacarpal II is longest in tetanurines, while III is longest in more basal theropods. Yet Limusaurus and Ceratosaurus resemble tetanurines in this (contra Xu et al.'s statements and measurements about the former), and Dilophosaurus and Megapnosaurus are polymorphic (e.g. II longer in the paratype of Dilophosaurus, III longer in the holotype). There is a proximal dorsolateral process on metacarpal III in coelophysoids and Limusaurus, similar to one on metacarpal II in some basal tetanurines like Guanlong. Yet Guanlong also has a process on metacarpal III, which partly covers metacarpal IV, even though the latter is not illustrated in Xu et al.'s paper. Acrocanthosaurus and Allosaurus also have a processes on metacarpal III, while "Szechuanoraptor" lacks processes on metacarpals II or III. This process on metacarpal III of tetanurines could be homologous to the process on III in basal theropods as easily as it could the process on II. Finally, Xu et al. state metacarpal III in tetanurines is short, slender and proximally triangular like metacarpal IV in basal theropods. Of course, metacarpal IV in tetanurines is also short and slender (moreso than III), with those of Xuanhanosaurus and "Szechuanoraptor" resembling metacarpal IV in basal theropods more than their metacarpal III. This is a case where the more reduced metacarpal III in derived tetanurines like Guanlong and Deinonychus (illustrated by Xu et al.) resembles basal theropod metacarpal IV more than metacarpal III in basal tetanurines (e.g. Xuanhanosaurus, "Szechuanoraptor", Torvosaurus, carnosaurs) do, with the thicker shaft and robust distal articulation in the latter taxa. As for their triangular proximal outline, metacarpal IV in Dilophosaurus and Limusaurus are more round than triangular, but "Szechuanoraptor" shows basal tetanurines have triangular metacarpal IV too in any case. Xu et al. ran a phylogenetic analysis which determined that when characters states are ordered, the resulting tree assuming tetanurines have digits II-III-IV-V is six steps longer than if they are assumed to have digits I-II-III-IV. The length of the unordered trees is equal, but leaving characters unordered potentially leads to ridiculous "intermediate synapomorphies" like coelophysoids and Herrerasaurus being diagnosed by having a single phalanx on digit IV (not more or less) or taxon being diagnosed by having an intermediate ratio, as opposed to relatives with low and high ratios. Furthermore, neither Xuanhanosaurus, "Szechuanoraptor" or Megaraptor were included in their matrix, though these taxa show high homoplasy if II-III-IV-V is assumed, as noted above. I conclude that there is little evidence tetanurine hands lacked digit I.
Limusaurus was found by Xu et al. to be the sister taxon of Elaphrosaurus within Ceratosauria, though it also shares some characters with neoceratosaurs, abelisauroids, noasaurids and tetanurines.
References- Clark, Xu, Forster, Wang and Andres, 2002. New small dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation at Wucaiwan, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22(3), 44A.
Xu and Clark, 2006. New ceratosaurs from the Jurassic Shishugou Formation of Western China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26(3), 142A.
Xu and Clark, 2008. Homologies in the hand of theropods. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28(3), 163A.
Xu, Clark, Mo, Choiniere, Forster, Erickson, Hone, Sullivan, Eberth, Nesbitt, Zhao, Hernandez, Jia, Han and Guo, 2009. A Jurassic ceratosaur from China helps clarify avian digital homologies. Nature. 459, 940-944.

unnamed clade (Elaphrosaurus + Chuandongocoelurus)
Diagnosis- anterior cervicals with low rounded neural spines; elongate anterior dorsal centra (posterior central face height <65% of central length); proximal caudal neural spines elongate anteroposteriorly, extending over ~2/3 of central length; broad scapular shaft; femoral shaft strongly sigmoid; mediodistal crest of femur extends posterodistally across medial surface, not along anteromedial edge; deep groove posteriorly between lateral and medial tibial condyles; laterally hooked tip of cnemial crest.

Elaphrosaurus Janensch, 1920
E. bambergi Janensch, 1920
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Middle Saurian Bed of Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania
Holotype- (HMN dd) (6.2 m, 210 kg) third cervical vertebra (~77 mm), fourth cervical vertebra (~114 mm), fifth cervical vertebra (~120 mm), sixth cervical vertebra (119 mm), seventh cervical vertebra (115 mm), ninth cervical vertebra (112 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (99 mm), first dorsal vertebra (82 mm), second dorsal vertebra (~85 mm), third dorsal vertebra (83 mm), fourth dorsal vertebra (84 mm), fifth dorsal vertebra (88 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra, tenth dorsal vertebra (~108 mm), eleventh dorsal vertebra (103 mm), twelfth dorsal vertebra (96 mm), two partial dorsal ribs, sacrum (88, 76, 50, 42, 49, 64 mm), first caudal vertebra (77 mm), second caudal vertebra (78 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (80 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (76 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (70 mm), tenth caudal vertebra (73 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (73 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (71 mm), seventeenth caudal vertebra (70 mm), nineteenth caudal vertebra (71 mm), twenty-third caudal vertebra (82 mm), twenty-fifth caudal vertebra (84 mm), twenty-sixth caudal vertebra (83 mm), twenty-eighth caudal vertebra (80 mm), twenty-ninth caudal vertebra (77 mm), thirty-first caudal vertebra (83 mm), thirty-fifth caudal vertebra, partial chevron, partial scapula, partial coracoid, humerus (262 mm), metacarpal I (31 mm), metacarpal IV (39 mm), ilia (~380 mm), proximal pubis, ischia (354 mm), femur (520 mm), tibia (608 mm), incomplete fibula, astragalus (56 mm wide), metatarsal II (378 mm), phalanx II-1 (100 mm), phalanx II-2 (60 mm), metatarsal III (390 mm), proximal metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-4 (36 mm)
Paratype- ninth dorsal vertebra (70 mm), manual phalanx II-2 (55 mm)
Late Tithonian-Berriasian, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
Upper Saurian Bed of the Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania
Referred- ?(HMN M.B. R. 1755) radius (198 mm) (Janensch, 1929)
Diagnosis- (modified after Rauhut, 2000) cervical vertebrae with thin latero-ventral laminae, bordering the posterior pleurocoel ventrally; cervical vertebrae strongly concave ventrally, the ventral margin arching above the mid-height of the anterior articular facet at its highest point; brevis fossa of ilium extremely widened, so that the brevis shelf forms an almost horizontal lateral flange; distal end of ischium strongly expanded into a triangular "boot".
References- Janensch, 1920. Ueber Elaphrosaurus bambergi und die Megalosaurier aus den Tendaguru Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Sitz.-Ber. naturforsch. Fr. Berlin 1920 225-235, 7 figs.
Janensch, 1925. Die Coelurosaurier und Theropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Palaeontographica (Suppl. 7)1:1-99.
Janensch, 1929. Ein aufgestelltes und rekonstruiertes Skelett von Elaphrosaurus bambergi mit einem Nachtrag zur Osteologie dieses Coeluro-sauriers. Palaeontographica (Suppl. 7)1: 279-286.
Galton, 1982. Elaphrosaurus, an ornithomimid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and Africa. Paläontologische Zeitschrift (Paläontologische Gesellschaft) 56 p. 265-275.
Rauhut, 1998. Elaphrosaurus bambergi and the early evolution of theropod dinosaurs. JVP 18(3) 71A.
Rauhut, 2000. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Bristol [U.K.], 1-440.
E. "philtippettorum" Pickering, 1995
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, Colorado, US
Material- (USNM 8415) humerus (181 mm) (Galton, 1982)
proximal tibia (Chure, 2001)
References- Galton, 1982. Elaphrosaurus, an ornithomimid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and Africa. Paläontologische Zeitschrift (Paläontologische Gesellschaft) 56 p. 265-275.
Pickering, 1995. Jurassic Park: Unauthorized Jewish Fractals in Philopatry," A Fractal Scaling in Dinosaurology Project, 2nd revised printing, Capitola, California: 478 pp. [January 27, 1995].
Chure, 2001. The second record of the African theropod Elaphrosaurus (Dinosauria, Ceratosauria) from the Western Hemisphere. N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Monatshefte. 2001, 565-576.

Chuandongocoelurus He, 1984
C. primitivus He, 1984
Bathonian-Callovian, Middle Jurassic
Xiashaximiao Formation, Sichuan, China
Holotype- (CCG 20010) (2.4 m, 12 kg; juvenile?) anterior and posterior dorsal vertebrae, three sacral vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, partial ilium, proximal pubis, proximal ischium, femora (201 mm), tibia (231 mm), distal tibia, proximal fibula, distal fibula, astragalus, calcaneum, incomplete metatarsal II, phalanx II-1 (30 mm), metatarsal III (122 mm), metatarsal IV (114 mm), phalanx IV-1 (16.5 mm), phalanx IV-2 (9 mm), phalanx IV-3 (10 mm), phalanx IV-4 (12 mm), pedal ungual IV (18 mm)
Paratype- ?(CCG 20011) (~4.3-4.9 meters; ~70-100 kg; subadult) third cervical vertebra (61 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (69 mm), third dorsal centrum (65 mm), fourth dorsal vertebra (58 mm), incomplete proximal caudal vertebra (60 mm), four distal caudal vertebrae, partial distal caudal vertebra, partial scapula (282 mm)
Diagnosis- lateral depression of third cervical centrum extends over 60% of central length; scapula less than 5.5 times longer than wide; base of preacetabular process less than half acetabular height; prominent anteriorly projecting process lateral to anterior trochanter on femur; medial condyle much larger than lateral condyle on tibia.
Description- Although described by He Xinlu back in 1984, Chuandongocoelurus has been largely ignored in the literature. Little known is that He based the taxon on two specimens, one much larger than the other. While both include dorsal and caudal vertebrae, only those of the paratype were illustrated. Thus whether the paratype belongs to Chuandongocoelurus is unknown. Comparing the femoral length to Elaphrosaurus, the holotype can be estimated to have measured 2.4 meters in length. Scaling from Paul's (1988) estimated mass of Elaphrosaurus results in a weight of 12 kilograms. The unfused sacral centra suggest it is young, which it would have to be if it is conspecific with the paratype. The paratype can be estimated to be ~4.3-4.9 meters long, based on comparing presacral lengths with Elaphrosaurus. The resulting weight estimate is ~70-100 kilograms. The unfused neurocentral sutures in the dorsal vertebrae show this was a subadult, so this was still not its maximum size. The holotype will be described first, then the paratype.
The holotype's vertebrae were not illustrated in the paper, but are visible in a small unpublished photograph. The sacrals are moderately elongate and gently concave ventrally, and apparently unfused. The other vertebrae are more fragmentary, but some are more elongate and presumably distal caudals.
The pelvis is unfused and propubic, with the pubis about 27 degrees from the vertical. The preacetabular process is broken, but extended past the pubic peduncle and is dorsoventrally shallow, less than half of acetabular height. The dorsal edge of the ilium is fairly straight and there is no vertical ridge or other ornamentation laterally. The large pubic peduncle projects anteroventrally and is slightly expanded distally. There is an extensive supracetabular shelf that ends halfway through the ischial peduncle. The ischial peduncle is craniocaudally 42% as long as the pubic peduncle. The postacetabular process is broken off, but could not have been very tall.
Only the proximal section of the pubis is preserved. The dorsal margin of an obturator fenestra can be seen, although with the ventral margin incomplete, it could be an obturator notch. There is no room for a pubic fenestra below it.
Only the most proximal section of the ischium is preserved. Oddly, the ilial peduncle is much wider than the pubic peduncle, contrasting with the peduncles they attach to. No conclusion regarding obturator processes or flanges can be reached.
The femur is hollow and sigmoid in medial view. The head is anteromedially directed and declined ventrally. The anterior trochanter is a bit more massive than Dilophosaurus in proximal view and is hooked medially. There seems to be a smaller process directly lateral to the anterior trochanter. A trochanteric shelf is apparently absent. The fourth trochanter is smaller than Dilophosaurus, but much larger than the reduced process in Elaphrosaurus. Distally, the femur shows a very slight extensor groove and a deep rounded flexor groove without a cruciate ridge.
The tibia is quite elongate (15% longer than the femur) and slightly bowed laterally. The proximal end is craniocaudally elongate, has a single cranial cnemial crest and the lateral condyle is smaller than the medial condyle. The fibular crest cannot be distinguished. Distally, the astragalus backed the tibia. In distal view, the tibia is very anteroposteriorly narrow and roughly triangular.
The tibia, astragalus and calcaneum were unfused to each other. In the astragalus, the medial condyle is much larger, there seems to be no transverse groove extending across the condyles and the condyles are separated from the ascending process by a groove or excavation. The extent of the ascending process is uncertain, as it is broken proximally. However, it was obviously more prominent than ornithopods (contra Norman, 1990) and a bit more extensive than Dilophosaurus, possibly making the astragalus 83-93% as tall as wide. The anterior concavity of the astragalus in distal view is not as developed as coelurosaurs. The calcaneum was large and rectangular.
The metatarsus, though elongate (61% of femoral length), is not arctometatarsalian. Indeed, the third metatarsal is wider proximally than distally. I am wary of He's pedal reconstruction however, as metatarsal IV's distal end seems to be in lateral/medial view, as might metatarsal III's. Also, metatarsal II's broken distal end appears to be in posterior view. All this in a reconstruction of anterior view. Maybe they were twisted due to post-burial deformation or illustrated inaccurately. The proximal ends of metatarsals II and IV are flared outward. In proximal view, metatarsal II is more tapered anteriorly, metatarsal III more narrow, with a less expanded posterior end, and metatarsal IV is wider and more wedge-shaped than in Elaphrosaurus. A phalanx, identified as II-1, is shown backwards as its ginglymoid articulation is facing proximally. This phalanx probably is II-1, as it is nearly identical in comparative size and shape to that element in Elaphrosaurus. A series of apparently articulated phalanges are identified as digit IV. IV-1 is the largest and IV-2 is the shortest. They are all fairly similar in morphology, with lateral ligament pits and ginglymoid distal articulations where can be seen. The fact that IV-2 is the shortest leads to doubt they are articulated correctly, as this is never seen in theropods. An ungual phalanx is also preserved. It is short and gently curved, with no obvious flexor tubercle.
Of the two cervical vertebrae preserved in the paratype, one is clearly from a very anterior position due to its slender centrum (ventral length 2.9 times posterior height). Glut (1997) refers to an axis, but the strong parapophyses suggest it was a third cervical instead, as basal theropods have very reduced axial parapophyses. The centrum is platycoelous or amphiplatyan, with an anterior face 38% wider than tall. There is a deep lateral fossa extending from near the posterior border of the centrum to beneath the diapophyses, though whether this contained foramina is uncertain. The diapophyses extend ventrolaterally to almost contact the parapophyses, thus the ribs were not fused to the vertebra. A dorsal fossa on the diapophyses as is present in basal ceratosaurs seems to be present. A posterodorsally projecting posterior infradiapophyseal lamina is present, and there may be a low angled bump on the posterior neural arch edge. The latter may also be due to breakage though. The prezygopophyses are broken off, but thir bases show they were massive. The posyzygopophyses were more slender, and are broken so that epipophyseal morphology is unknown. The neural spine is not well preserved, but was low and rounded.
The other cervical is from the posterior portion of the series as seen by the postzygopophyses extending past the centrum and the craniocaudally short neural spine. Comparison with Elaphrosaurus suggests it is the tenth. The centrum is again elongate (2.6 times posterior height), with a slight lateral depression. The anterior face is perhaps slightly convex and 38% wider than tall, while the posterior face is flat or concave. The parapophyses are massive and positioned on the anteroventral corners. There is a circular neural canal, a bit less than 40% as tall as the central face. The prezygopophyses are quite massive compared to Elaphrosaurus, though broken at their tips. The ventrolaterally projecting diapophyses end much further from the parapophyses than in the third cervical. The cervical ribs were apparently unfused to the vertebrae. The neural spine is low and short craniocaudally, although only its base remains. There is a large postzygopophyseal-central choana again, but no step this time. There is no evidence of epipophyses.
A centrum is probably from the third dorsal, as the parapophyses are partially on the centrum and partially on the neural arch, as seen in the third dorsals of Elaphrosaurus and Dilophosaurus. There is a slight lateral depression, the anterior face is 14% wider than tall and it looks slightly opisthocoelous.
The other dorsal has a parapophysis placed on the neural arch, but not at the dorsal edge of the prezygopophysis. This is seen in the fourth dorsal of Elaphrosaurus. The centrum is again rather elongate, with a small lateral depression and indeterminate face convexity. The ventral edge is more strongly concave than Elaphrosaurus. The diapophyses project laterally and appear backswept. The prezygopophyses are very short, but still more massive than Elaphrosaurus. A large postzygopophyseal-central choana is still present, with a step like the third cervical. There are large postzygopophyses and a moderate sized rectangular neural spine, with ventral margins sloping towards the zygopophyses, especially the postzygopophyses.
The caudal vertebra is probably from around the fifth position, judging by elongation. The centrum has no lateral depression and a moderately concave ventral surface. The anterior face is perhaps concave while the posterior is slightly convex. There are prominent transverse processes and the bases of large prezygopophyses. The neural spine is craniocaudally expansive and there looks to be a small anterior spine medial to the prezygopophyses. Postzygopophyses are broken off.
The scapula is very broad for a theropod (~5.1 times longer than broad), which is more than even abelisaurs and megalosaurs (~5.9 times). However, it lacks the expanded distal end of coelophysoids, Dilophosaurus and basal non-theropod dinosaurs and is thus still strap-like. Most of the anterior edge is lacking, but it is generally similar to Carnotaurus, differing in the slightly concave posterior margin. An extensive posteriorly facing glenoid is present.
Relationships- Not many authors have attempted to classify Chuandongocoelurus. He (1984) apparently assigned it to the Coeluridae, though I cannot read the Chinese text. Such an assignment is obviously based on small size, as the Coeluridae was the diminutive equivalent of the Megalosauridae at the time. In actuality, Chuandongocoelurus is much more primitive than Coelurus. Norman (1990) referred it to Theropoda indet., while noting the primitively broad scapula, low ascending process and uncompressed third metatarsal. As noted above, although broad, the scapula is still strap-like. Additionally, it is much broader than any other theropod or basal dinosaur and is thus an autapomorphy of the genus. The low ascending process is actually broken, though it would be of ceratosauroid level if complete (after Welles and Long, 1974). The third metatarsal is compressed in proximal view, leading to an hourglass shape seen in tetanurines and ceratosaurs. Most recently, Benson (2008) found Chuandongocoelurus to be a basal megalosauroid, sister to Monolophosaurus, in an unpublished analysis.
Compared to Ceratosaurus and Carnotaurus, Elaphrosaurus and Chuandongocoelurus share the following synapomorphies- elongate anterior dorsal centra (posterior central face height <65% of central length); anterior cervicals with low rounded neural spines; proximal caudal neural spines elongate anteroposteriorly, extending over ~2/3 of central length; femoral shaft strongly sigmoid; mediodistal crest of femur extends posterodistally across medial surface, not along anteromedial edge; deep groove posteriorly between lateral and medial tibial condyles; laterally hooked tip of cnemial crest.
Xenotarsosaurus also lacks the hindlimb characters. Coelophysids developed elongate anterior dorsal centra and very low rounded cervical neural spines in parallel, as they are absent in Herrerasaurus, Dilophosaurus and basal tetanurines. Herrerasaurids also developed long proximal caudal neural spines. The last two characters are also developed in tetanurines. Masiakasaurus has low rounded anterior cervical neural spines and elongate anterior dorsal centra. Ligabueino lacks a strongly sigmoid femur and the derived mediodistal crest morphology.
Chuandongocoelurus differs from Elaphrosaurus in several ways- large postzygopophyseal-central choana in presacral vertebrae; step in postzygopophyseal-central choana of anterior cervicals and anterior dorsals; lateral depression of third cervical extends over 60% of central length; posteroventral border of anterior cervical centra not convex; larger prezygopophyses on posterior cervicals to proximal caudals; small anterodorsally projecting process anterior to proximal caudal neural spines; preacetabular process less than half acetabular height; pubic peduncle expanded distally; postacetabular process narrower; obturator notch (or foramen) in pubis; ilial peduncle of ischium larger than pubic peduncle; long dorsoventral axis of femoral head angled less anterodorsally; prominent fourth trochanter; medial condyle larger than lateral condyle on tibia; fibular crest indistinct; no transverse groove across astragalar condyles; outer edges of metatarsals II and IV flared priximally; proximal end of metatarsal III wider than distal end; metatarsal IV broader than II proximally; metatarsal III without lateroplantar expansion to back IV.
Many of these are plesiomorphic or found in other theropods, but several are unique to Chuandongocoelurus and are listed above in the diagnosis. Thus, Chuandongocoelurus is not indeterminate, as Norman and Rauhut (2000) have suggested.
In conclusion, Chuandongocoelurus is a ceratosaur most closely related to Elaphrosaurus.
References- Welles and Long, 1974. The tarsus of theropod dinosaurs. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 64: 191-218.
He, 1984. The vertebrate fossils of Sichuan: Sichuan Scientific and Technological Publishing House, 168 pgs.
Paul, 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon & Schuster, New York.
Norman, David B. 1990. Problematic Theropoda: "Coelurosaurs". p. 280-305 in David B. Weishampel, et al. (eds.), The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford.
Glut, 1997. Dinosaurs - The Encyclopedia. McFarland Press, Jefferson, NC. 1076pp.
Rauhut, 2000. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Bristol [U.K.], 1-440.
Benson, 2008. A new theropod phylogeny focussing on basal tetanurans, and its implications for European 'megalosaurs' and Middle Jurassic dinosaur endemism. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 51A

Spinostropheus Sereno, Wilson and Conrad, 2004
S. gautieri (Lapparent, 1960) Sereno, Wilson and Conrad, 2004
= Elaphrosaurus gautieri Lapparent, 1960
Bathonian-Oxfordian, Middle-Late Jurassic
Tiouraren Formation of the Irhazer Group, Niger
Holotype- (MNHN 1961-28) cervical vertebra (80 mm), two anterior dorsal vertebrae (70, 80 mm), posterior dorsal vertebra (50 mm), four dorsal fragments, three sacral fragments, three caudal vertebrae (80-85 mm), two caudal fragments, partial humerus (200 mm), distal pubis, distal femur, incomplete tibia, incomplete fibula, proximal metatarsal, four metatarsal fragments, partial pedal phalanx
Paratypes- ?(MNHN coll.) ulna (300 mm)
?(MNHN coll.) proximal metatarsal
?(MNHN coll.) cervical neural arch, two dorsal vertebrae, two sacral vertebrae (140 mm), partial caudal vertebra, three manual unguals (40, 45, 60 mm), tibiae (700 mm), distal fibula, proximal metatarsal, four pedal phalangeal fragments
Referred- (MNN TIG6) posterior third cervical vertebra, fourth cervical vertebra, fifth cervical vertebra, sixth cervical vertebra, seventh cervical vertebra, eighth cervical vertebra, ninth cervical vertebra, tenth cervical vertebra, cervical rib, first dorsal vertebra, second dorsal vertebra, third dorsal vertebra, fourth dorsal vertebra, fifth dorsal vertebra, sixth dorsal vertebra, seventh dorsal vertebra, eighth dorsal vertebra, partial ninth dorsal vertebra, partial tenth dorsal vertebra, partial eleventh dorsal vertebra, partial twelfth dorsal vertebra, partial thirteenth dorsal vertebra, fragmentary dorsal ribs, first sacral neural arch, second sacral neural arch, third sacral neural arch, ossified tendons (Sereno et al., 2004)
Diagnosis- (after Sereno et al., 2004) strongly canted anterior articular face on mid cervical centra (30 degree angle to posterior articular face); partitioned anterior pleurocoels in mid-cervical centra; dorsoventrally flattened epipophyseal processes on mid cervical vertebrae; broad subrectangular neural spines on mid cervical vertebrae.
Description- The holotype has some odd characters, as described by Lapparent. These include very large dorsal neural canals (though the photographed dorsal has a very unusual neural arch morphology for a theropod, so may be incorrectly referred), procoelous caudal centra with a ventral median keel, and a very stout humerus. The latter lacks its shaft, judging by the photograph, so Lapparent's basis for describing it as so robust is unknown. Lapparent describes the referred partial skeleton as having a sacrum composed of two opisthocoelous vertebrae with enlarged neural canals. These characters may indicate some remains are referrable to another taxon (such as an alvarezsaurid, and/or non-theropod), or Spinostropheus may be an exceptionally autapomorphic ceratosaur.
Comments- Though originally identified as Early Cretaceous (Lapparent, 1960), the Tiouraren Formation has been reinterpreted as Bathonian-Oxfordian (Rauhut and Lopez-Arbarello, 2009)
Lapparent referred this species to Elaphrosaurus without reason, distinguishing it from his Elaphrosaurus iguidiensis by its larger size. New remains were discovered in 1997 or 2000 and presented at SVP 2002. Sereno et al. (2004) list only unspecified vertebrae, the partial humerus and incomplete tibia as the holotype. The other remains described by Lapparent with this material may have been discovered isolated, and therefore not definitely referrable to this taxon. The second set of remains described by Lapparent was referred to Spinostropheus (Elaphrosaurus gautieri of Lapparent) based on similarly broad sacral centra. The validity of this referral has yet to be determined, though if true it would allow positive referral of several other elements supposedly in the holotype to the taxon. The ulna has no justification for being referred to this taxon. Sereno et al. do not include any remains except MNN TIG6 in their codings for Spinostropheus, and find it to be the sister taxon to Abelisauria. Carrano and Sampson (2008) found it to be a basal ceratosaur outside Neoceratosauria
References- Lapparent, 1960. Les dinosauriens du "Continental intercalaire" du Sahara central. Mem. Soc. Geol. France. 88A 1-57.
Sereno, Conrad and Wilson, 2002. Abelisaurid theropods from Africa: Phylogenetic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22(3) 106A.
Sereno, Wilson and Conrad, 2004. New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proceedings: Biological Sciences. Published online.
Carrano and Sampson, 2008. The Phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 6, 183-236.
Rauhut and Lopez-Arbarello, 2009. Considerations on the age of the Tiouaren Formation (Iullemmeden Basin, Niger, Africa): Implications for Gondwanan Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 271, 259-267.

Neoceratosauria Novas, 1991
Definition- (Ceratosaurus nasicornis + Abelisaurus comahuensis) (modified from Holtz, 1994)
Other definitions- (Ceratosaurus nasicornis <- Coelophysis bauri) (modified from Padian et al., 1999)
= Abelisauridae sensu Rowe et al., 1997
Definition- (Carnotaurus sastrei <- Elaphrosaurus bambergi) (modified)
Comments- A supposed neoceratosaur distal femur from the Sinpetru Beds of Romania described by Csiki and Grigorescu (1998) is a probably hadrosaurid distal metatarsal based on a matching complete specimen (MAFI Ob.3120a) (Kessler et al., 2005).
References- Csiki and Grigorescu, 1998. Small Theropods from the Late Cretaceous of the Hateg Basin (Western Romania) - an unexpected diversity at the top of the food chain. Oryctos. 1, 87-104.
Kessler, Grigorescu and Csiki, 2005. Elopteryx revisited - a new bird-like specimen from the Maastrichtian of the Hateg Basin. Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae. 5, 249-258.

unnamed probable neoceratosaur (Maganuco et al., 2005)
Bathonian, Middle Jurassic
Isalo Formation IIIb, Madagascar
Material- (MSNM V5778) anterior tooth (25.2 mm)
(MSNM V5779) lateral tooth (24.4 mm)
(MSNM V5780) lateral tooth (10.2 mm)
(MSNM V5781) lateral tooth (9.1 mm)
(MSNM V5782) lateral tooth (14.9 mm)
(MSNM V5783) lateral tooth (12.3 mm)
(MSNM V5784) lateral tooth (14.1 mm)
(MSNM V5788) lateral tooth (11.2 mm)
(MSNM V5790) lateral tooth (8.5 mm)
(MSNM V5794) lateral tooth (10.2 mm)
(MSNM V5798) lateral tooth (10.4 mm)
(MSNM V5799) lateral tooth (11.8 mm)
(MSNM V5806) lateral tooth (>9.7 mm)
(MSNM V5807) anterior tooth (28 mm)
(MSNM V5809) lateral tooth (>17.3 mm)
(MSNM V5810) lateral tooth (21.6 mm)
(MSNM V5814) lateral tooth (16.1 mm)
(MSNM V5817) lateral tooth (13.7 mm)
(MSNM V5818) lateral tooth (>14.6 mm)
(MSNM V5820) anterior tooth (16.4 mm)
(MSNM V5821) lateral tooth (9.7 mm)
(MSNM V5957) lateral tooth (>14 mm)
(MSNM V5962) lateral tooth (>19.1 mm)
Comments- These teeth resemble ceratosaurids in being extremely labiolingually compressed, and having the mesial carina vary in basal extent. The premaxillary teeth lack mesial fluting, unlike ceratosaurids. They are similar to abelisaurids' in having well developed basally angled blood grooves, short crowns, a fairly high DSDI (mean of 1.24). In addition to possessing the ceratosaurid similarities noted above, they differ from abelisaurids in having more serrations and lacking a drop-shaped cross section.
Reference- Maganuco, Cau, and Pasini, 2005. First description of theropod remains from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of Madagascar. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano. 146(2):165-202.

Ceratosauridae Marsh, 1884
Definition- (Ceratosaurus nasicornis <- Abelisaurus comahuensis) (modified from Rauhut, 2004)
= Neoceratosauroidea Marsh, 1884 sensu Madsen and Welles, 2000
Diagnosis- (after Rauhut, 2000) extremely labiolingually compressed maxillary teeth; longest maxillary tooth exceeds minimum dentary height.
(after Chure, 2000) lingually fluted premaxillary teeth

Ceratosaurus? ingens (Janensch, 1920) Paul, 1988
= Megalosaurus ingens Janensch, 1920
Late Tithonian-Berriasian, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
Upper Saurian Bed of the Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania
Holotype- (HMN MB. R1050) (~7-8 m) tooth (120 mm)
Late Kimmeridgian-Berriasian, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
Middle and Upper Saurian Beds of the Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania
Paratypes- (HMN coll.) 24 teeth (54, 75, 107 mm), tooth fragments
Comments- Rauhut (1995) noted similarity with Carcharodontosaurus in the interdenticle grooves, and suggested it may be a carcharodontosaurid.
References- Janensch, 1920. Ueber Elaphrosaurus bambergi und die Megalosaurier aus den Tendaguru Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Sitz.-Ber. naturforsch. Fr. Berlin 1920 225-235, 7 figs.
Paul, 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon & Schuster, New York.

Ceratosaurus? roechlingi Janensch, 1925
Late Tithonian-Berriasian, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
Upper Saurian Bed of the Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania
Holotype- (MW 2) (~9.3 m) (skull ~1.0 m) incomplete quadrate
Paratypes- ....(MW 1) proximal fibula
....(MW 3) (~7.8 m) partial proximal caudal centrum
....(MW 4) partial mid caudal centrum
....(MW 5) distal caudal centrum (119 mm)
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Middle Saurian Bed of Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania
Paratypes- ?(ST 270) mid caudal vertebra (123 mm)
?(ST 757) two mid caudal vertebrae (91, ~90 mm)
Diagnosis- Provisionally indeterminate relative to Ceratosaurus spp..
Comments- Madsen and Welles found this material to indeterminate at the level of Ceratosaurus.
References- Janensch, 1925. Die Coelurosaurier und Theropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Palaeontographica (Suppl. 7)1:1-99.
Madsen and Welles, 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) a revised osteology. Miscellaneous Publication 00-2 Utah Geological Survey, 80 pages.

Genyodectes Woodward, 1901
G. serus Woodward, 1901
Aptian-Albian, Early Cretaceous
Cerro Castano Member(?) of Cerro Barcino Formation, Argentina
Holotype- (MLP 26-39) premaxillae, anteroventral maxillae, anterior dentaries, partial supradentaries, splenial fragment, teeth
Diagnosis- (after Rauhut, 2004) ceratosaurid synapomorphies (extremely labiolingually compressed maxillary teeth; longest maxillary tooth exceeds minimum dentary height) combined with plesiomorphic presence of four premaxillary teeth.
References- Woodward, 1901. On some extinct reptiles from Patagonia, of the genera Miolania, Dinilysia, and Genyodectes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1901:169–184.
Rauhut, 2004. Provenance and anatomy of Genyodectes serus, a large-toothed ceratosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Patagonia. J. Vert. Paleontol. 24 (4): 894-902.

"Labrosaurus" stechowi Janensch, 1920
= Allosaurus stechowi (Janensch, 1920) Glut, 1997
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Middle Saurian Bed of Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania
Holotype- premaxillary tooth (45 mm)
Paratypes- (type b of Janensch) three premaxillary teeth
(type c of Janensch) premaxillary tooth
(type d of Janensch) lateral tooth (36 mm)
(type e of Janensch) lateral tooth (38 mm)
Late Tithonian-Berriasian, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
Upper Saurian Bed of the Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania
Paratype- ?(type a of Janensch) premaxillary tooth (41 mm) (Janensch, 1925)
Diagnosis- (after Chure, 2000) differs from Ceratosaurus in having extensive mesial serrations on premaxillary teeth; lower, less laterally compressed lateral teeth; lingual ridges on lateral teeth.
Comments- Chure (2000) noted this resembles Ceratosaurus in the lingual fluting of premaxillary teeth. The single type a tooth of Janensch (1925) differs from the others in having labial fluting as well, similar to C. sulcatus.
References- Janensch, 1920. Uber Elaphrosaurus bambergi und die Megalosaurier aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafricas. Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Berlin 8, 225-235.
Janensch, 1925. Die Coelurosaurier und Theropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Palaeontographica (Suppl. 7)1:1-99.
Glut, 1997. Dinosaurs - The Encyclopedia. McFarland Press, Jefferson, NC. 1076pp.
Chure, 2000. A new species of Allosaurus from the Morrison Formation of Dinosaur National Monument (Utah-Colorado) and a revision of the theropod family Allosauridae. Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1-964.
Madsen and Welles, 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) a revised osteology. Miscellaneous Publication 00-2 Utah Geological Survey, 80 pages.

Ceratosaurus Marsh, 1884
Diagnosis- (after Rauhut, 2000) narrow rounded horn core centrally placed on the fused nasals; median oval groove on nasals behind horn core; premaxilla with three teeth; premaxillary teeth with reduced extent of mesial serrations; chevrons extremely long; pubis with large, rounded notch underneath the obturator foramen; small epaxial osteoderms.
Reference- Rauhut, 2000. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Bristol [U.K.], 1-440.
C. dentisulcatus Madsen and Welles, 2000
= Ceratosaurus "dentisulcatus" anonymous, 1995
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, Utah, US
Holotype- (UMNH 5278) (6.7 m) premaxillae, maxilla, jugal, quadratojugal, quadrate, pterygoid, incomplete dentaries, incomplete angular, incomplete splenials, teeth (to 93x30x15 mm), atlas, axis (89 mm), third cervical vertebra (65 mm), fourth cervical vertebra, fifth cervical vertebra (90 mm), sixth cervical vertebra (75 mm), seventh cervical vertebra (64 mm), eighth cervical vertebra, ninth cervical vertebra (66 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (50 mm), two incomplete cervical ribs, sixth dorsal vertebra (63 mm), eighth dorsal vertebra (94 mm), tenth dorsal vertebra (99 mm), three incompete dorsal ribs, eight proximal caudal vertebrae (102 mm), three mid caudal vertebrae (90 mm), eleven distal caudal vertebrae (72 mm), two proximal chevrons (276 mm), three mid chevrons, six distal chevrons, scapulocoracoid (405 mm), humerus (333 mm), metacarpal II, manual phalanx, femur (759 mm), tibiae (594 mm), fibulae (564 mm), astragalocalcaneum (165 mm wide), distal tarsal IV, metatarsal IV, pedal phalanx, fifteen dermal ossicles
Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Praia da Amoreira of Lourinha Formation, Portugal
(ML 342) tooth (Mateus et al., 2006)
(ML 352) femur (647 mm), tibia (Antunes and Mateus, 2003)
(ML 737) tooth (Mateus et al., 2006)
(ML 809) tooth (Mateus et al., 2006)
Diagnosis- (after Madsen and Welles, 2000) compared to C. nasicornis- premaxilla ventrally arched and horizontal; nasal process of premaxilla lower; premaxilla longer; premaxilla with several large foramina; ventral edge of maxilla more concave; maxillary recess more pronounced; posterior edge of dorsal maxillary process rises more steeply; dentary upturned anteriorly; odontoid more prominent; axis shorter; axial neural spine higher; no axial prezygopophysis; axial and third cervical epipophysis larger; third cervical vertebra shorter; third cervical neural spine shorter and straight; astragalar overhang of tibia more horizontal; distal end of fibula evenly rounded; weak horizontal groove across anterior surface of astragalus.
References- Anonymous, 1995. Price list of specimens available from Dinolab, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Madsen and Welles, 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) a revised osteology. Miscellaneous Publication 00-2 Utah Geological Survey, 80 pages.
Mateus and Antunes, 2000. Late Jurassic dinosaurs of Portugal. Abstracts of the First Symposium of European Dinosaurs.
Antunes and Mateus, 2003. Dinosaurs of Portugal. Comptes Rendus Palevol.
Mateus, Walen and Antunes, 2006. The large theropod fauna of the Lourinha Formation (Portugal) and its similarity to the Morrison Formation, with a description of a new species of Allosaurus. in Foster and Lucas, eds.. Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 36.
C. magnicornis Madsen and Welles, 2000
= Ceratosaurus “willisobrienorum” Welles, Powell and Pickering vide Pickering, 1995
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, Colorado, US
Holotype- (MWC 1) (subadult) (5.6 m) skull (600 mm), teeth (to 80x29x11 mm), fifth cervical vertebra (65 mm), sixth cervical vertebra (80 mm), seventh cervical vertebra (75 mm), eighth cervical vertebra (60 mm), ninth cervical vertebra (68 mm), tenth cervical vertebra, cervical rib, first dorsal vertebra (170 mm), second dorsal vertebra (75 mm), third dorsal vertebra (65 mm), fourth dorsal vertebra (65 mm), sixth dorsal vertebra (110 mm), seventh dorsal vertebra (100 mm), eighth dorsal vertebra (85 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra (95 mm), posterior dorsal vertebra (98 mm), proximal caudal vertebra (70 mm), mid caudal vertebra, four distal caudal vertebrae, mid chevron, humerus (292 mm), manual ungual, incomplete femora (630 mm), tibiae (520 mm), astragalocalcaneum (127 mm wide), metatarsal II, metatarsal III (234 mm), phalanx II-1, phalanx III-2, phalanx IV-1, five dermal ossicles
Diagnosis- (after Madsen and Welles, 2000) lower skull than C. nasicornis (H:L ratio 40 versus 47); anterior border of premaxilla straighter; anterior edge of maxilla nearly vertical; ventral border of maxilla more convex; nasal process of maxilla with deep maxillary fossa; ventral edge of antorbital fenestra more horizontal; nasal horncore longer and lower; teeth longer and stouter; lacrimal more massive with longer horncore and larger fenestra; quadratojugal more massive ventrally; quadrate with larger lower articular surface; quadrate more concave posteriorly; cnemial crest more poorly developed; ascending process completely fills facet; calcaneum broader anteriorly.
References- Pickering, S., 1995. "Jurassic Park: Unauthorized Jewish Fractals in Philopatry," A Fractal Scaling in Dinosaurology Project, 2nd revised printing, Capitola, California: 478 pp. [January 27, 1995].
Welles and Pickering, 1999. An Extract From: Archosauromorpha: Cladistics and Osteologies. 70 pp.
Madsen and Welles, 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) a revised osteology. Miscellaneous Publication 00-2 Utah Geological Survey, 80 pages.
Sanders and Smith, 2005. The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (3), 601–616.
C. meriani (Greppin, 1870) new comb.
= Megalosaurus meriani Greppin, 1870
= Labrosaurus meriani (Greppin, 1870) Janensch, 1920
= Antrodemus meriani (Greppin, 1870) Steel, 1970
= Allosaurus meriani (Greppin, 1870) Olshevsky, 1978
Late Tithonian-Early Berriasian, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
Virgulla Beds, Switzerland
Holotype- (MH 350) premaxillary tooth (39 mm)
Diagnosis- Provisionally indeterminate relative to Ceratosaurus dentisulcatus.
Comments- Olshevsky refers this to Ceratosaurus based on resemblance to Labrosaurus sulcatus. The tooth is nearly identical to the first premaxillary tooth of Ceratosaurus dentisulcatus, and differs from other theropods in having ligual ridges. Chure (2000) is cautious in only saying it probably has affinities with Ceratosaurus. As it is of identical size and found in temporally equivalent beds, I believe it should be called Ceratosaurus meriani, though the species is indeterminate within the genus Ceratosaurus.
References- Greppin, 1870. Description geologique du Jura bernois et de quelques districts adjacents. Beitr. Geol. Karte Schweiz: 1-357.
Janensch, 1920. Uber Elaphrosaurus bambergi und die Megalosaurier aus den Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafricas. Sitzungsberichte Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde Berlin 8, 225-235.
Steel, 1970. Saurischia. Handbuch der Palaoherpetologie, Teil 14 (O. Kuhn Ed.), Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart.
Olshevsky, 1978. The Archosaurian Taxa (excluding the Crocodylia). Mesozoic Meanderings 1: 1-50.
Chure (2000) A new species of Allosaurus from the Morrison Formation of Dinosaur National Monument (Utah-Colorado) and a revision of the theropod family Allosauridae. Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1-964.
C. nasicornis Marsh, 1884
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, Colorado, US
Holotype- (USNM 4735) (5.46 m, 524 kg, adult) skull (625 mm), atlas (37 mm), axial intercentrum (22 mm), axis (66 mm), third cervical vertebra (60 mm), fourth cervical vertebra (60 mm), fifth cervical vertebra (64 mm), sixth cervical vertebra (68 mm), seventh cervical vertebra (68 mm), partial eighth cervical vertebra, partial ninth cervical neural spine, second dorsal vertebra (62 mm), third dorsal vertebra (~73 mm), fourth dorsal vertebra (~83 mm), fifth dorsal vertebra (~80 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra (~93 mm), tenth dorsal vertebra (88 mm), eleventh dorsal vertebra (81 mm), twelfth dorsal vertebra (80 mm), first sacral vertebra (85 mm), second sacral vertebra (82 mm), third sacral vertebra (84 mm), fourth sacral vertebra (73 mm), fifth sacral vertebra (71 mm), sixth sacral vertebra (72 mm), seventh sacral vertebra (80 mm), first caudal vertebra (79 mm), second caudal vertebra (80 mm), third caudal vertebra (80 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (79 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (78 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (76 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (81 mm), eighth caudal vertebra (79 mm), ninth caudal vertebra (78 mm), tenth caudal vertebra (78 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (77 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (76 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (74 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra, fifteenth caudal vertebra, sixteenth caudal vertebra, seventeenth caudal vertebra, eighteenth caudal vertebra (62 mm), nineteenth caudal vertebra (58 mm), twentieth caudal vertebra, twenty-first caudal vertebra, twenty-second caudal vertebra (59 mm), twenty-third caudal vertebra (62 mm), twenty-fourth caudal vertebra (58 mm), twenty-fifth caudal vertebra (58 mm), twenty-sixth caudal vertebra (56 mm), twenty-seventh caudal vertebra, twenty-eighth caudal vertebra (55 mm), twenty-ninth caudal vertebra (51 mm), thirtieth caudal vertebra (48 mm), thirty-first caudal vertebra (49 mm), thirty-second caudal vertebra (48 mm), thirty-third caudal vertebra (50 mm), thirty-fourth caudal vertebra (47 mm), thirty-fifth caudal vertebra (47 mm), thirty-sixth caudal vertebra (43 mm), thirty-seventh caudal vertebra (41 mm), thirty-eighth caudal vertebra (40 mm), thirty-ninth caudal vertebra (39 mm), fourtieth caudal vertebra (39 mm), fourty-first caudal vertebra (36 mm), fourty-second caudal vertebra (35 mm), fourty-third caudal vertebra (30 mm), fourty-fourth caudal vertebra (29 mm), fourty-fifth caudal vertebra (32 mm), fourty-sixth caudal vertebra (28 mm), fourty-seventh caudal vertebra (26 mm), fourty-eighth caudal vertebra (24 mm), fourty-ninth caudal vertebra (20 mm), fifthieth caudal vertebra (18 mm), fifty-first caudal vertebra (18 mm), third chevron (258 mm), sixth chevron (221 mm), fifteenth(?) chevron (132 mm), thirtieth chevron (53 mm), thirty-first chevron (49 mm), thirty-third chevron (43 mm), thirty-fifth chevron (34 mm), thirty-ninth chevron (24 mm), fourtieth chevron (23 mm), eleventh dorsal rib, proximal scapulocoracoid, radius (150 mm), ulna (177 mm), metacarpal I (41 mm), metacarpal II (70 mm), phalanx II-1 (28 mm), metacarpal III (66 mm), phalanx III-1 (27 mm), metacarpal IV (49 mm), phalanx IV-1 (17 mm), ilia (~650 mm), pubes (~670 mm), ischia (~505 mm), femur (620 mm), tibia (555 mm), astragalocalcaneum (astragalus 90 mm wide), distal tarsal III, astragalocalcaneum (130 mm wide, 82 mm tall), metatarsal II (230 mm), metatarsal III (254 mm), metatarsal IV (220 mm), axial osteoderms, skin impression
Referred- (CM 21704)
References- Dollo, 1884. Les métatarsiens du Ceratosaurus. Rev. Quest. sci. XVI 646-648.
Marsh, 1884. On the united metatarsal bones of Ceratosaurus. Amer. Jour. Sci. 3 pp. 161-162, with 2 fig.
Marsh, 1892. Restorations of Claosaurus and Ceratosaurus. Amer. Jour. Sci. 3 pp. 343-350, with pls.
Natural Science 1893. The restoration of extinct animals. Natural Science ii pp. 135-143, with 2 fig.
Marsh, 1893. Restorations of Anchisaurus, Ceratosaurus, and Claosaurus. Geol. Magazine 3 pp. 150-157, pls. vi an.
Hay, 1908. On certain genera and species of carnivorous dinosaurs, with special reference to Ceratosaurus nasicornis Marsh. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. XXXV 351-366, 4 text-figures.
Gilmore, 1916. Mode of progression of Ceratosaurus. Scient. Amer. Suppl. No. 2098 187.
Shufeldt, 1916. Gilmore's restoration of Ceratosaurus nasicornis. Scient. Amer. Suppl. No. 2098 187, 1 text-fig.
Gilmore, 1920. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. CX 1-154, 36 pls., 78 text-figs.
Gilmore, 1926. Ceratosaurus, a flesh-eating dinosaur. Nature Mag. VIII 91, 1 fig.
Stovall, John Willis 1938. The Morrison of Oklahoma and its dinosaurs. Jour. Geol. 46 583-600, 3 figs.
C. sulcatus (Marsh, 1896) new comb.
= Labrosaurus sulcatus Marsh, 1896
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, Wyoming, US
Holotype- (YPM 1936) anterior dentary tooth (30 mm)
Diagnosis- Provisionally indeterminate realative to Ceratosaurus dentisulcatus, due to the high variability of fluting within Judith River coelurosaurian taxa.
Comments- Madsen and Welles (2000) refer this specimen to Ceratosaurus sp.. Chure (2000) notes it is identical to the first premaxillary tooth of C. dentisulcatus except for weak ridges at the labial apex.
References- Marsh, 1896. The dinosaurs of North America. U.S. Geological Survey, 16th Annual Report, 1894-95, pp. 133-244.
Madsen and Welles, 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) a revised osteology. Miscellaneous Publication 00-2 Utah Geological Survey, 80 pages.
Chure (2000) A new species of Allosaurus from the Morrison Formation of Dinosaur National Monument (Utah-Colorado) and a revision of the theropod family Allosauridae. Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1-964.
C? sp. (Janensch, 1925)
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Middle Saurian Bed of Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania
Material- (T L 8) (juvenile) anterior dorsal centrum (73 mm)
(T L 43) (juvenile) posterior dorsal centrum (86 mm)
(T L 44) (juvenile) mid dorsal centrum (89 mm)
(37) tibia (567 mm)
(68) femur (773 mm) (Tykoski and Rowe, 2004)
(69) tibia (~610 mm)
Comments- Madsen and Welles (2000) found this material to indeterminate at the level of Ceratosaurus.
References- Janensch, 1925. Die Coelurosaurier und Theropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Palaeontographica (Suppl. 7)1:1-99.
Glut, 1997. Dinosaurs - The Encyclopedia. McFarland Press, Jefferson, NC. 1076pp.
Madsen and Welles, 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) a revised osteology. Miscellaneous Publication 00-2 Utah Geological Survey, 80 pages.
Tykoski and Rowe, 2004. Ceratosauria. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmolska. The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 861 pp.
C. sp. (Britt, 1991)
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, Colorado, US
Material- (BYUVP 4838) caudal vertebra (80 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 4853) anterior caudal vertebra (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 4908) caudal vertebra (95 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 4951) posterior dorsal vertebra (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 4952) posterior dorsal vertebra (96 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5092) caudal vertebra (94 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5254) caudal vertebra (84 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 8907) dorsal vertebra (88 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 8910) middle caudal vertebra, (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 8937) caudal vertebra (92 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 8938) caudal vertebra (76 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 8974) posterior caudal vertebra (91 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 8982) caudal vertebra (70 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9108) caudal vertebra (83 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9136) caudal vertebra (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9141) caudal vertebra (90 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9142) middle or posterior dorsal vertebra (83 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9143) middle or posterior dorsal vertebra (85 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9144) middle or posterior dorsal vertebra (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9152) caudal vertebra (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9161) caudal vertebra (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9162) caudal vertebra (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9163) posterior caudal vertebra (36 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5010) metatarsal III (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5008) metatarsal III (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 13024) scapulocoracoid (Madsen and Welles, 2000)
teeth (Kirkland pers. comm. to Madsen and Welles, 2000)
References- Britt, 1991. Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 37 p. 1-72.
Madsen and Welles, 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) a revised osteology. Miscellaneous Publication 00-2 Utah Geological Survey, 80 pages.
C. sp. (Madsen and Welles, 2000)
Late Kimmeridgian-Tithonian, Late Jurassic
Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, Utah, US
Material- (BYUVP 12893) (subadult) (7.1 m) skull (~810 mm), seven fragmentary dorsal vertebrae, incomplete pelvic elements including pubis and ischium (Britt, Chure, Holtz, Miles and Stadtman, 2000; Britt, Stadtman, Chure and Madsen in prep.)
(DNM 972) premaxilla (154 mm) (Madsen and Welles, 2000)
References- Britt, Chure, Holtz, Miles and Stadtman, 2000. A reanalysis of the phylogenetic affinities of Ceratosaurus (Theropoda, Dinosauria) based on new specimens from Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming. JVP 20 (Suppl. to 3): 32A.
Madsen and Welles, 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) a revised osteology. Miscellaneous Publication 00-2 Utah Geological Survey, 80 pages.
C. sp. (Britt et al., 1999)
Kimmeridigian, Late Jurassic
Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation, Wyoming, US
Material- (juvenile) (3.6 m) complete skull (413 mm), 30% complete skeleton including vertebrae and pelvis
References- Britt, Cloward, Miles and Madsen, 1999. A juvenile Ceratosaurus (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from Bone Cabin Quarry West (Upper Jurassic, Morrison Formation), Wyoming. JVP 19(3) 33A.
Britt, Chure, Holtz, Miles and Stadtman, 2000. A reanalysis of the phylogenetic affinities of Ceratosaurus (Theropoda, Dinosauria) based on new specimens from Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming. JVP 20 (Suppl. to 3): 32A.
C. sp. (Madsen and Welles, 2000)
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, Wyoming, US
Material- scapulocoracoid
Reference- Madsen and Welles, 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) a revised osteology. Miscellaneous Publication 00-2 Utah Geological Survey, 80 pages.
C? sp. (Rauhut, 2000)
Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Guimarota, Portugal
Material- several teeth
Reference- Rauhut, 2000. The dinosaur fauna from the Guimarota mine. pp. 75-82. In: Martin, T. and Krebs, B. (eds) Guimarota - A Jurassic Ecosystem. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munchen. ISBN 3-931516-80-6.

Abelisauroidea Bonaparte and Novas, 1985 sensu Bonaparte, 1991
Definition- (Abelisaurus comahuensis <- Ceratosaurus nasicornis) (modified from Holtz, 1994)
Other definitions- (Carnotaurus sastrei <- Ceratosaurus nasicornis) (Tykoski and Rowe, 2004; modified from Padian et al., 1999)
(Carnotaurus sastrei + Noasaurus leali) (Wilson et al., 2003)
= Abelisauroidea sensu Padian et al., 1999
Definition- (Carnotaurus sastrei <- Ceratosaurus nasicornis)

Abelisauria Novas, 1992
Definition- (Abelisaurus comahuensis + Noasaurus leali) (modified from Novas, 1997)
= Abelisauroidea sensu Wilson et al. 2003
Definition- (Carnotaurus sastrei + Noasaurus leali)
Diagnosis- (after Carrano et al., 2002) enlarged external mandibular fenestra; anterior end of external mandibular fenestra ventral to last dentary tooth; large socket in surangular for articulation with dentary; posteroventral dentary process extends posteriorly subequally to posterodorsal process; cervical neural spines anteroposteriorly short; humeral head globular; hypertrophied and flange-like femoral medial epicondyle; fibula fused to astragalar ascending process; double vascular grooves in pedal unguals; pedal ungual II asymmetrical.

Abelisauria incertae sedis

"Bayosaurus" Coria, Currie and Carabajal, 2006
"B. pubica" Gasparini, Salgado and Coria, 2007
Turonian, Late Cretaceous
Lisandro Formation of the Rio Limay Subgroup, Neuquen, Argentina
Material- (MCF-PVPH-237) eleventh dorsal vertebra (63 mm), anterior sacrum (91, 110, 62 mm), incomplete ilium, proximal pubes, proximal ischia
Comments- Coria et al. (2006) do not officially name this specimen, but the name "Bayosaurus" can be found in large font in their cladogram (figure 6), while the specimen number MCF-PVPH-237 is lacking. Thus, one can infer they intended to name the specimen "Bayosaurus", but the name was left in the figure accidentally. This is confirmed by Coria (pers. comm. to Auditore, 2007). Gasparini et al. (2007) reference "Bayosaurus pubica", citing Coria's chapter in the same volume, yet Coria never uses that name. This is apparently another prepublication mistake.
References- Coria, Currie and Carabajal, 2006. A new abelisauroid theropod from Northwestern Patagonia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 43, 1283-1289.
Gasparini, Salgado and Coria, 2007. Reptilian faunal succession in the Mesozoic of Patagonia: An updated overview. in Gasparini, Salgado and Coria (eds.). Patagonian Mesozoic Reptiles. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana. 335-358.

Betasuchus Huene, 1932
B. bredai (Seeley, 1883) Huene, 1932
= Megalosaurus bredai Seeley, 1883
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Maastricht Beds, Netherlands
Holotype- (BMNH 42997) incomplete femur (312 mm)
Comments- The term Ornithomimidorum is not a generic name, but rather the latinized form of ornithomimid. Ornithomimidorum gen. B refers to Huene transfering Megalosaurus bredai to the Ornithomimidae.
References- Seeley, 1883. On the dinosaurs from the Maastricht beds. Q. J. Geol. Soc. London 39: 246-253.
Huene, 1932. Die fossile Reptile-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte. Monogr. Geol. Palaeontol. (Pt. I and II, Ser. I) 4, 1-361.

Kemkemia Cau and Maganuco, 2009
K. auditorei Cau and Maganuco, 2009
Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Kem Kem Beds, Morocco
Holotype- (MSNM V6408) distal caudal vertebra (60.48 mm)
Diagnosis- (after Cau and Maganuco, 2009) inflated neural canal on distal caudal vertebra, broader than the width of the centrum at mid-length; strongly reduced finger-like distal caudal prezygapophyses lacking articular facets and failing to reach the level of the articular end of the centrum; robust distal caudal neural spine (in which the mediolateral width at the apex is at least 30% of the width of the cranial articular surface of the centrum); shallow fossa on the distal half of the lateral surface of the distal caudal neural spine bounded distally by the postspinal lamina; mediolaterally concave dorsal surface to the distal caudal neural spine.
Comments- Cau and Maganuco (2009) determined this specimen resembled ceratosaurs such as Ilokelesia, Ligabueino and especially the Lameta abelisaur vertebra GSI K27/705.
Reference- Cau and Maganuco, 2009. A new theropod dinosaur, represented by a single unusual caudal vertebra, from the Kem Kem Beds (Cretaceous) of Morocco. Atti Soc. it. Sci. nat. Museo civ. Stor. nat. Milano. 150(II), 239-257.

Ozraptor Long and Molnar, 1998
= "Austroraptor" Pigdon, DML 1997
O. subotaii Long and Molnar, 1998
Bajocian, Middle Jurassic
Colalura Sandstone, Western Australia, Australia
Holotype- (UWA 82469) (~1.6-2 m) distal tibia (~170-200 mm, 40 mm wide)
Diagnosis- (after Long and Molnar, 1998) high rectangular ascending process with straight dorsal margin; centrally placed vertical ridge in astragalar facet; weakly developed medial condyle.
Comments- This was originally found in 1967 and identified as chelonian by the BMNH. It was later repared and reidentified as theropod by Long in 1990’s. Rauhut (2005) found Ozraptor shared a centrally placed vertical ridge in the astragalar facet with Quilmesaurus, Masiakasaurus, Velocisaurus and an unnamed Tendaguru specimen, so referred it to Abelisauroidea.
References- http://dml.cmnh.org/1997Sep/msg00942.html
Long and Molnar, 1998. A new Jurassic theropod dinosaur from Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 19 (1); 221-229.
Rauhut, 2005. Post-cranial remains of ‘coelurosaurs’ (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Tanzania. Geol. Mag. 142 (1), pp. 97–107.

Tarascosaurus Le Loeuff and Buffetaut, 1991
T. salluvicus Le Loeuff and Buffetaut, 1991
Early Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Lambeau de Beausset, France
Holotype- (FSL 330201) proximal femur (~350 mm)
Paratypes- ?(FSL 330202) partial sixth dorsal vertebra, fragment of seventh dorsal vertebra
?(FSL 330203) caudal centrum
Reference- Le Loeuff and Buffetaut, 1991. Tarascosaurus salluvicus nov. gen., nov. sp., theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of southern France. Géobios - Paléontologie, Stratigraphie, Paléoécologie 24 p. 585-594.

undescribed abelisaurian (Gemmellaro, 1921)
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Egypt
Material- teeth, two unguals
Comments- These were referred to Megalosaurus crenatissimus, but probably would not belong to that Malagasy taxon (now Majungasaurus).
References- Gemmellaro, 1921. Rettili maëstrichtiani d'Egitto: Giornale di Scienze Naturali ed Economiche. 32, 339-351.
Stromer and Weiler, 1930. Beschreibung von Wirbeltier-Resten aus den nubischen Sandsteinen Oberägyptens und aus ägyptischen Phosphaten: nebst Bemerkungen über die Geologie der Umgegend von Mahamîd in Oberägypten. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematischnaturwissenschaftliche Abteilung. 7, 1-42.

undescribed abelisaurian (Gemmellaro, 1921)
Cretaceous(?)
India
Material- tooth
Comments- This was referred to Megalosaurus crenatissimus, but probably would not belong to that Malagasy taxon (now Majungasaurus).
References- Lydekker, 1879.
Gemmellaro, 1921. Rettili maëstrichtiani d'Egitto: Giornale di Scienze Naturali ed Economiche. 32, 339-351.

unnamed probable Abelisauria (Huene and Matley, 1933)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lameta Formation, India
Material- (AMNH coll.) proximal caudal vertebrae
(GSI 296) proximal femur (Novas et al., 2004)
(GSI K20/362) chevron
(GSI K20/396) unknown element (previously identified as calcaneum)
(GSI K20/615; paratype of Dryptosauroides grandis) dorsal rib
(GSI K20/670) two teeth
(GSI K27/476) basioccipital
(GSI K27/526) distal caudal vertebra, unknown element (originally identified
as tibia)
(GSI K27/527) articular
(GSI K27/530) caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/533) four sacral centra
(GSI K27/554) four sacral centra
(GSI K27/535) jugal (lost)
(GSI K27/536) caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/537) pedal ungual IV
(GSI K27/546) partial ischium
(GSI K27/547; paratype of Dryptosauroides grandis) dorsal rib
(GSI K27/552) tibia (lost)
(GSI K27/555; paratype of Dryptosauroides grandis) cervical vertebra
(GSI K27/556) tibia (lost)
(GSI K27/559) unknown element (originally identified as ilium)
(GSI K27/560) femur (lost)
(GSI K27/563) femur (lost)
(GSI K27/564) femur (lost)
(GSI K27/566) chevron
(GSI K27/569) femur (lost)
(GSI K27/572) cervical vertebra (lost)
(GSI K27/573) dentary (lost)
(GSI K27/579) tooth
(GSI K27/581) jugal (lost)
(GSI K27/583) five teeth
(GSI K27/584) tooth
(GSI K27/585) tooth
(GSI K27/587) caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/590) dorsal vertebra
(GSI K27/598) first sacral centrum
(GSI K27/599) caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/603) caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/617) caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/620) proximal fibula
(GSI K27/621) femur (lost)
(GSI K27/623; paratype of Dryptosauroides grandis) dorsal rib
(GSI K27/624; paratype of Dryptosauroides grandis) dorsal rib
(GSI K27/625; paratype of Dryptosauroides grandis) dorsal rib
(GSI K27/626) limb bone (lost) (originally identified as tibia)
(GSI K27/627) femur (lost)
(GSI K27/628) basioccipital
(GSI K27/633) pedal ungual II (Novas and Bandyopadhyay, 2001)
(GSI K27/634) pedal ungual III
(GSI K27/635) pedal ungual II
(GSI K27/642) pedal phalanx IV-I
(GSI K27/645) unknown element (originally identified as phalanx)
(GSI K27/651) pedal phalanx
(GSI K27/652) pedal phalanx
(GSI K27/657) phalanx
(GSI K27/662) tibia (lost)
(GSI K27/669) limb bone (originally identified as tibia)
(GSI K27/670) tibia (lost)
(GSI K27/672) chevron
(GSI K27/674) chevron
(GSI K27/676) chevron
(GSI K27/680) chevron
(GSI K27/686) partial ischium
(GSI K27/687) basioccipital
(GSI K27/688) unknown element (originally identified as transverse bone)
(GSI K27/693) surangular
(GSI K27/703) tooth
(GSI K27/708) unknown element (originally identified as lacrimal)
Comments- Basioccipital GSI K27/687 shows the exoccipitals floored the foramen magnum, and has an elongate occipital condyle neck, unlike GSI K27/628. Cervical vertebra GSI K27/572 differs from abelisauroids in its axially elongate and transversely narrow neural spine and and poorly developed epipophyses. Sacral vertebrae GSI K27/533 and 554 resemble Masiakasaurus, Rajasaurus and material referred to Lametasaurus in their transverse width and clear contact between successive centra. At least one chevron has open haemal canals, like Aucasaurus, but unlike Carnotaurus and Ilokelesia. Femora GSI K/560, 563, 564, 569, 621 and 627 are slender, unlike the robust femora assigned to Abelisauridae. They may belong to Noasauridae. Much of the material above is probably indeterminate at levels higher than Abelisauroidea, but is retained in this section for simplicity and because all diagnostic Lameta Formation theropod material appears to belong to this clade.
References- Huene and Matley, 1933. The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the central provinces of India. Pal. Indica. 21, 1-74.
Novas, Agnolin and Bandyopadhyay, 2004. Cretaceous theropods from India: A review of specimens described by Huene and Matley (1933). Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat.. 6(1), 67-103.

undescribed possible abelisaurian (Bonaparte and Powell, 1980)
Late Campanian-Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lecho Formation, Argentina
Material- teeth
Comments- Said to be similar to Genyodectes and Majungasaurus.
Reference- Bonaparte and Powell, 1980. A continental assemblage of tetrapods from the upper Cretaceous beds of El Brete, northwestern Argentina (Sauropoda-Coelurosauria-Carnosauria-Aves). Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France. Nouvelle Série 59 p. 19-28.

unnamed abelisaurian (Astibia et al., 1990)
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Unit S3U1, Spain
Material- femur, proximal femur
Description- More robust than Tarascosaurus, with a less anteriorly oriented femoral head.
Comments- Referred to as cf. Tarascosaurus by Le Loeuff and Buffetaut (1991).
References- Astibia, Buffetaut, Buscalioni, Cappetta, Corral, Estes, Garcia-Garmilla, Jaeger, Jimenez-Fuentes, Le Loeuff, Mazin, Orue-Extebarria, Pereda-Superbiola, Powell, Rage, Rordriguez-Lazaro, Sanz and Tong, 1990. The fossil vertebrates from Laño (Basque Country, Spain); new evidence on the composition and affinities of the Late Cretaceous continental faunas of Europe. Terra Research. 2: 460-466.
Le Loeuff and Buffetaut, 1991. Tarascosaurus salluvicus nov. gen., nov. sp., theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of southern France. Géobios - Paléontologie, Stratigraphie, Paléoécologie 24 p. 585-594.

unnamed abelisaurian (Bonaparte, 1996)
Late Aptian-Albian, Early Cretaceous
Rayoso Formation, Argentina
Material- (private coll.) (large) distal metatarsal III
Reference- Bonaparte, 1996. Cretaceous tetrapods of Argentina. Muncher Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlung A 30 73-130.

unnamed abelisaurian (Russell, 1996)
Albian, Early Cretaceous
Gres Rouges Infracenomaniens, Morocco
Material- (CMN 41869) (1 ton) proximal femur
(CMN 50382) (3.78 kg, juvenile) femur (118 mm)
Comments- The distally placed anterior trochanter indicates this is not tetanurine.
Reference- Russell, 1996. Isolated dinosaur bones from the Middle Cretaceous of the Tafilalt, Morocco. Bulletin du Muse'um national d'Histoire naturelle (4e se'r.) 18:349-402.

undescribed abelisaurian (Rigal and Calvo, 1999)
Early Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Anacleto Formation of Rio Colorado Subgroup, Argentina
Reference- Rigal and Calvo, 1999. Unusual caudal series of Titanosauridae of the Late Cretaceous in the Rio Colorado Formation, Neuquen and Mendoza Provinces, Argentina. VII International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, abstracts.

undescribed abelisaurian (Smith, Lamanna, Dodson, Attia and Lacovara, 2001)
Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Baharija Formation, Egypt
Material- teeth (FABL 7.5 mm)
Reference- Smith, Lamanna, Dodson, Attia and Lacovara, 2001. Evidence of a new theropod from the Late Cretaceous of Egypt. JVP 21(3) 102A.

unnamed Abelisauria (Candeiro, 2002)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Marilia Formation of the Bauru Group, Brazil
Material- (CPP 002, 020-021, 121, 123, 129b, c, 131, 132, 134-136, 144, 150, 154, 158, 161/1, 198, 205-207, 211, 242, 372, 375/2, 446, 451/1, 452/1, 463, 476-478) thirty-two teeth
References- Candeiro, 2002. Dentes de Theropoda da Formacao Marylia (Santoniano-Maastrichtiano), Bacia Bauru, Regiao de Peiropolis, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Unpublished MSc thesis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 136 pp.
Candeiro, Martinelli, Avilla and Rich, 2006. Tetrapods from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian-Maastrichtian) Bauru Group of Brazil: a reappraisal. Cretaceous Research.

unnamed abelisaurian (Day and Barrett, 2004)
Middle Bathonian, Middle Jurassic
Taynton Limestone Formation (=Stonesfield Slate), England
Material- (BMNH 31804) incomplete femur (795 mm)
(BMNH 31806, 9) incomplete femur (800 mm), tibia (650 mm), metatarsal II (360 mm), metatarsal III (393 mm), metatarsal IV (355 mm)
(MNHN 9630) incomplete femur (710 mm)
(OUM J29753a) proximal femur
(OUM J29802) incomplete femur (685 mm)
(SDM 44.24) femur (800 mm)
Relationships- The anteromedially directed head eliminates derived eustreptospondylines and avetheropods. The aliform anterior trochanter eliminates coelophysoids, non-abelisaur ceratosaurs, and non-eustreptospondyline+spinosauroid+avetheropod tetanurines. The proximal extent of the trochanter eliminates the first two groups as well. The absent extensor groove eliminates tetanurines. A groove between the lateral condyle and tibiofibular crest is only known in coelophysoids and ceratosaurs. So my best guess is that this taxon is an abelisaur. Interestingly, Masiakasaurus is described as having a similar triangular femoral cross section proximally.
Comments- These femora were originally referred to Megalosaurus bucklandii, but were shown to differ from a paralectotype femur of the latter by Day and Barrett (2004). Pickering (online, 2005) refers SDM 44.24 and BMNH 31806 to his undescribed taxa Metriacanthosaurus? "reynoldsi" and Metriacanthosaurus "brevis" respectively. However, the femora are unlike Metriacanthosaurus, since the latter has a strongly sigmoidal femur and sinraptorids have deep extensor grooves, medially oriented heads, and no groove on the lateral condyle. Other material currently referred to M. bucklandii and M? "reynoldsi" may belong to the this unnamed taxon.
References- Day and Barrett, 2004. Material Referred to Megalosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Stonesfield, Oxfordshire, England: one taxon or two? Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 115, 359-366.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/paleo_bio_dinosaur_ontology/message/8453

unnamed abelisaurian (Rauhut, 2005)
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Middle Saurian Beds of Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania
Material- (MB.R 1750) tibia
Late Tithonian-Berriasian, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
Upper Saurian Beds of Tendaguru Formation, Tanzania
(MB.R 1751) tibia (255 mm)
?(MB.R 1756) distal ischium
Comments- Originally described as 'coelurosaurier B and C', Rauhut (2005) has identified the tibiae as abelisauroids. MB.R 1750 differs from 1751 in having a sharp ridge extend proximally from the latera malleolus, slightly broader facet for the astragalar ascending process, and narrower lateral fibular facet. They may be from different taxa, especially as MB.R 1750 comes from earlier sediments. The ceratosaurian distal ischium comes from the same locality as MB.R 1751 and is of similar size and preservation, so may be the same taxon.
References- Janensch, 1925. Die Coelurosaurier und Theropoden der Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Palaeontographica, Supplement VII, 1–99.
Rauhut, 2005. Post-cranial remains of ‘coelurosaurs’ (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Tanzania. Geol. Mag. 142 (1), pp. 97–107.

unnamed Abelisauria (Candeiro, Martinelli, Avilla and Rich, 2006)
Turonian-Santonian, Late Cretaceous
Adamantina Formation of the Bauru Group, Brazil
Material- (MMR/UFU-PV 0006) tooth
(UFRJ-DG 371-Rd) tooth
(UFRJ-DG 374-Rd) tooth
(UFRJ-DG 378-Rd) tooth
Reference- Candeiro, Martinelli, Avilla and Rich, 2006. Tetrapods from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian-Maastrichtian) Bauru Group of Brazil: a reappraisal. Cretaceous Research.

Noasauridae Bonaparte and Powell, 1980
Definition- (Noasaurus leali <- Carnotaurus sastrei) (Wilson et al., 2003)
Other definitions- (Noasaurus leali <- Coelophysis bauri, Carnotaurus sastrei, Passer domesticus) (Sereno, in press)
= Noasaurinae Bonaparte and Powell, 1980 sensu Paul, 1988
= Velocisauridae Bonaparte, 1991
= Velocisaurinae Bonaparte, 1991 sensu Agnolin, Novas and Apesteguia, 2003
= Noasauridae sensu Sereno, in press
Definition- (Noasaurus leali <- Coelophysis bauri, Carnotaurus sastrei, Passer domesticus)
Diagnosis- (after Carrano et al., 2002; Sereno et al., 2004) palatal process of maxilla simple; anteroventral border of antorbital fenestra demarcated by a raised ridge; interdental plates obscured medially; presacral vertebrae without posterior pleurocoels; cervical neural spines located in the anterior half of centra; distal condyle of metatarsal IV <50% width of metatarsal II distal condyle.
Comments- Neither Coelophysis nor Passer seem particularily useful as external specifiers in Sereno's (in press) redefinition, as noasaurids have been universally considered abelisaurians since Paul (1988) and Bonaparte et al. (1990), and were never placed anywhere else besides the polyphyletic pre-cladistic Coelurosauria.

unnamed Noasauridae (Huene and Matley, 1933)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lameta Formation, India
Material- (GSI K20/337C) distal metatarsal IV
(GSI K20/619) premaxilla
(GSI K20/626B) pedal phalanx IV-1 (50 mm)
(GSI K27/524) pedal phalanx II-1 (60 mm), pedal ungual IV
(GSI K27/525) pedal phalanx III-1 (76 mm)
(GSI K27/629) pedal ungual IV
(GSI K27/632) pedal ungual I
(GSI K27/644) pedal phalanx III-2 (46 mm)
(GSI K27/648) pedal phalanx IV-III (26 mm)
(GSI K27/659) metatarsal IV
(GSI K27/665) distal metatarsal III
(GSI K27/666) distal metatarsal IV
(GSI K27/667) distal metatarsal II
(GSI K27/671) distal metatarsal II
(GSI K27/681) metatarsal III
........(GSI K27/697) metatarsal III
(GSI K27/684) quadrate
Comments- The premaxilla GSI K20/619 is excluded from Abelisauridae due to the lack of external texturing. The quadrate GSI K27/684 is excluded due to the lack of fusion with the quadratojugal. These are provisionally assumed to be noasaurid based on the apparent presence of only abelisaurians in the Lameta Forrmation. The pedal elements closely resemble Velocisaurus, so maybe from a noasaurid more derived than Deltadromeus. The above material may be referrable to Laevisuchus, Jubbulpuria and/or Coeluroides.
References- Huene and Matley, 1933. The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the central provinces of India. Pal. Indica 21 1-74, 33 figs., 24 pls.
Novas, Agnolin and Bandyopadhyay, 2004. Cretaceous theropods from India: A review of specimens described by Huene
and Matley (1933). Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 6(1): 67-103.

undescribed possible noasaurid (Novas, Cladera and Puerta, 1996)
Cenomanian-Early Coniacian, Late Cretaceous
Rio Neuquen Subgroup, Argentina
Material- proximal humerus
Comments- Novas et al. (1996) mentioned this as an ornithomimid based on the ball-shaped articular head and shallow deltopectoral crest. However, these character are also found in abelisauroids, which are common in Late Cretaceous South America, unlike ornithomimosaurs.
Reference- Novas, Cladera and Puerta, 1996. New theropods from the Late Cretacoues of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16(3), 56A.

unnamed possible noasaurid (Russell, 1996)
Albian, Early Cretaceous
Gres Rouges Infracenomaniens, Morocco
Material- (CMN 50807) (adult) frontals (50 mm), parietals
(CMN 50808) (adult) frontals (65 mm)
Comments- The specimens are small (frontal lengths of 50 mm and 65 mm), but firmly coossified. There is a sagittal crest on the parietals, which is otherwise only known in abelisaurids, "Alashansaurus", tyrannosaurids and some more derived coelurosaurs. Comparing it to Troodon indicates the cerebral hemispheres are much smaller, suggesting this is not a coelurosaur. Although rather small and elongate for an abelisaurid, the fact noasaurids are closely related (and have unknown frontals), of similar size and are also known from Africa (Deltadromeus) makes me hypothesize a noasaurid affinity for these specimens. The humerus NMC 41873 also resembles Masiakasaurus in general proportions and may derive from the same taxon.
Reference- Russell, 1996. Isolated dinosaur bones from the Middle Cretaceous of the Tafilalt, Morocco. Bulletin du Muse'um national d'Histoire naturelle (4e se'r.) 18:349-402.

unnamed probable noasaurid (Russell, 1996)
Albian, Early Cretaceous
Gres Rouges Infracenomaniens, Morocco
Material- (CMN 41873) distal humerus (48 mm wide)
Comments- Very similar to Masiakasaurus.
Reference- Russell, 1996. Isolated dinosaur bones from the Middle Cretaceous of the Tafilalt, Morocco. Bulletin du Muse'um national d'Histoire naturelle (4e se'r.) 18:349-402.

Coeluroides Huene and Matley, 1933
C. largus Huene and Matley, 1933
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lameta Formation, India
Cotypes- (GSI K27/562) proximal caudal vertebra (92 mm)
(GSI K27/574) proximal caudal vertebra
Referred- (AMNH 1957) caudal vertebra
Diagnosis- (after Novas et al., 2004) wide, almost horizontally oriented and well separated mid-caudal zygapophyses; expanded and triangular mid caudal transverse processes with deeply excavated dorsal surface; transversely robust and axially elongate mid caudal neural spines.
Comments- The specimens closely resemble AMNH 1957 and Jubbulpuria, and may be synonymous with the latter and/or Laevisuchus.
References- Huene and Matley, 1933. The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the central provinces of India. Pal. Indica 21 1-74, 33 figs., 24 pls.
Novas, Agnolin and Bandyopadhyay, 2004. Cretaceous theropods from India: A review of specimens described by Huene
and Matley (1933). Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 6(1): 67-103.

Genusaurus Accarie, Beaudoin, Dejax, Fries, Michard and Taquet, 1995
G. sisteronis Accarie, Beaudoin, Dejax, Fries, Michard and Taquet, 1995
Middle Albian, Early Cretaceous
"Bevons Beds", France
Holotype- (MNHN, Bev.1) (3.16 m) seven dorsal centra, sacral centrum, incomplete ilium, proximal pubis, femur (380 mm), proximal tibia, proximal fibula, tarsal
Reference- Accarie, Beaudoin, Dejax, Fries, Michard and Taquet, 1995. Decouverte d'un Dinosaure Theropode nouveau (Genusaurus sisteronis n. g., n. sp.) dans l'Albien marin de Sisteron (Alpes de Haute-Provence, France) et extension au
Cretace inferieur de la lignee ceratosaurienne. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris 320, serie IIa: 327-334.

Jubbulpuria Huene and Matley, 1933
= "Jubbulpuria" Huene, 1932
J. tenuis Huene and Matley, 1933
= "Jubbulpuria tenuis" Huene, 1932
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lameta Formation, India
Cotypes- (GSI K20/612) distal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/614) distal caudal vertebra (lost)
Referred- (GSI K27/599) distal caudal vertebra
Diagnosis- Provsionally indeterminate relative to Ligabueino.
Comments- Novas et al. (2004) determined the vertebrae were distal caudals, not dorsals as suggested by Huene and Matley (1933). Jubbulpuria may be synonymous with Coeluroides since both taxa possess large, triangular, dorsally excavated transverse processes. Both may be synonymous with the noasaurid Laevisuchus based on resemblence to Masiakasaurus and Ligabueino.
References- Huene, 1932. Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte. Monog. Geol. Pal. 4 (1) pts. 1 and 2, viii + 361 pp.
Huene and Matley. 1933. The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the central provinces of India. Pal. Indica 21 1-74, 33 figs., 24 pls.
Novas and Bandyopaphyay, 1999. New approaches on the Cretaceous theropods from India. VII International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, abstracts.
Novas, Agnolin and Bandyopadhyay, 2004. Cretaceous theropods from India: A review of specimens described by Huene
and Matley (1933). Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 6(1): 67-103.

Laevisuchus Huene and Matley, 1933
L. indicus Huene and Matley, 1933
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lameta Formation, India
Cotypes- (GSI K27/588) dorsal vertebra (lost)
(GSI K20/613) anterior cervical vertebra (35 mm) (lost)
(GSI K20/614) cervical vertebra (lost)
(GSI K27/696) fifth cervical vertebra (42 mm)
Diagnosis- (after Novas et al., 2004) differs from Noasaurus in- shallower antediapophyseal, diapophyseal and postdiapophyseal fossae in cervical vertebrae; wider and less ventrally directed cervical diapophyses; cervical neural spines less excavated anteriorly and posteriorly; shorter cervical prezygopophyses; postzygapophyses posteriorly rounded in dorsal view. Differs from Masiakasaurus in- less excavated space between postzygapophyses; thinner prezygapophyses; shallower infrapostzygapophyseal and infraprezygapophyseal fossae.
References- Huene and Matley, 1933. The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the central provinces of India. Pal. Indica 21 1-74, 33 figs., 24 pls.
Novas and Bandyopaphyay, 1999. New approaches on the Cretaceous theropods from India. VII International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, abstracts.
Novas, Agnolin and Bandyopadhyay, 2004. Cretaceous theropods from India: A review of specimens described by Huene
and Matley (1933). Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 6(1): 67-103.

Ligabueino Bonaparte, 1996
= "Ligabueino" Bonaparte, 1995
L. andesi Bonaparte, 1996
Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Puesto Antigual Member of La Amarga Formation, Argentina
Holotype- (MACN-N 42) (.74 m) posterior cervical neural arch, dorsal centrum, two posterior dorsal neural arches, caudal vertebra, ilium, incomplete pubes, femur (62 mm), two pedal phalanges
References- Bonaparte, 1995. Dinosaurios de America del Sur.
Bonaparte, 1996. Cretaceous Tetrapods of Argentina. Muenchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 30A: 73-130.

Masiakasaurus Sampson, Carrano and Forster, 2001
M. knopfleri Sampson, Carrano and Forster, 2001
Middle Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Anembalemba Member of Maevarano Formation, Madagascar
Holotype- (UA 8680) dentary, teeth
Paratypes- (FMNH PR 2108) pubis
(FMNH PR 2109) pubis
(FMNH PR 2110) mid caudal vertebra
(FMNH PR 2111) dorsal centrum
(FMNH PR 2112) (gracile) tibia (191.3 mm)
(FMNH PR 2113) dorsal centrum
(FMNH PR 2114) dorsal centrum
(FMNH PR 2115) (gracile) femur
(FMNH PR 2116) (robust) tibia (189.2 mm), partial fibula, astragalocalcaneum
(FMNH PR 2117) (robust) femur (189.4 mm)
(FMNH PR 2118) (gracile) tibia
(FMNH PR 2119) (robust) tibia
(FMNH PR 2120) (gracile) femur (190.8 mm)
(FMNH PR 2121) (gracile) tibia (171.5 mm)
(FMNH PR 2122) (robust) tibia, partial fibula, astragalocalcaneum
(FMNH PR 2123) (robust) femur (202.5 mm)
(FMNH PR 2124) splenial
(FMNH PR 2125) mid caudal vertebra
(FMNH PR 2126) mid caudal vertebra
(FMNH PR 2127) distal caudal vertebra
(FMNH PR 2128) distal caudal vertebra
(FMNH PR 2129) pedal phalanx
(FMNH PR 2130) pedal phalanx
(FMNH PR 2131) pedal phalanx
(FMNH PR 2132) manual phalanx I-1(?)
(FMNH PR 2133) proximal caudal vertebra
(FMNH PR 2134) pedal ungual
(FMNH PR 2135) pedal ungual
(FMNH PR 2136) manual ungual, pedal phalanx
(FMNH PR 2137) dorsal centrum
(FMNH PR 2138) dorsal centrum
(FMNH PR 2139) posterior cervical vertebra
(FMNH PR 2140) anterior cervical vertebra
(FMNH PR 2141) posterior cervical vertebra
(FMNH PR 2142) three sacral vertebrae
(FMNH PR 2143) incomplete humerus
(FMNH PR 2144) dorsal neural arch
........(FMNH PR 2145) dorsal centrum
(FMNH PR 2146) metatarsal III
(FMNH PR 2147) metatarsal II
(FMNH PR 2148) (gracile) femur
(FMNH PR 2149) (robust) femur
(FMNH PR 2150) (gracile) femur
(FMNH PR 2151) metatarsal II
(FMNH PR 2152) (gracile) tibia
(FMNH PR 2153) (gracile) femur
(FMNH PR 2154) metatarsal II
(FMNH PR 2155) metatarsal III
(FMNH PR 2156) distal caudal vertebra
(FMNH PR 2157) distal caudal vertebra
(FMNH PR 2158) pedal phalanx
(FMNH PR 2159) pedal phalanx
(FMNH PR 2160) pedal phalanx
(FMNH PR 2161) pedal phalanx
(FMNH PR 2162) distal caudal vertebra
(FMNH PR 2163) distal caudal vertebra
(FMNH PR 2164) lateral tooth
(FMNH PR 2165) anterior tooth
(FMNH PR 2166) angular(?)
(FMNH PR 2167) pedal phalanx
(FMNH PR 2168) distal caudal vertebra
(FMNH PR 2169) manual ungual
(FMNH PR 2170) lateral tooth
(FMNH PR 2171) dorsal centrum
(FMNH PR 2172) pedal phalanx
(FMNH PR 2173) pedal phalanx
(FMNH PR 2174) pedal phalanx
(FMNH PR 2175) metatarsal II
(FMNH PR 2176) pedal phalanx
(FMNH PR 2177) dentary
(FMNH PR 2178) dentary
(FMNH PR 2179) dentary
(FMNH PR 2180) anterior tooth
(FMNH PR 2181) lateral tooth
(FMNH PR 2182) lateral tooth
(UA 8681) (gracile) femur (202.5 mm)
(UA 8682) dentary
(UA 8683) metatarsal II
(UA 8684) (robust) femur (201.6 mm)
(UA 8685) (robust) tibia (205.4 mm)
(UA 8686) pedal phalanx
(UA 8687) (gracile) tibia
(UA 8688) mid caudal vertebra
(UA 8689) distal caudal vertebra
(UA 8690) distal caudal vertebra
(UA 8691) distal caudal vertebra
(UA 8692) mid caudal vertebra
(UA 8693) humerus
(UA 8694) humerus
(UA 8695) distal caudal vertebra
(UA 8696) distal caudal vertebra
Referred- (FMNH PR 2100) lateral tooth (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2101) lateral tooth (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2183) maxilla (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2198) lateral tooth (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2199) lateral tooth (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2202) distal caudal vertebra (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2203) distal caudal vertebra (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2204) proximal caudal vertebra (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2205) manual phalanx (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2206) metatarsal II (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2207) dorsal centrum (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2208) (robust) femur (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2214) (gracile) tibia (151.2 mm), metatarsal IV (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2215) (gracile) femur (180 mm) (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2216) pedal phalanx (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2217) pedal phalanx (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2218) pedal phalanx (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2219) pedal phalanx (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2220) lateral tooth (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2221) lateral tooth (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2222) dentary (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2223) pedal phalanx (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2224) manual phalanx I-1(?) (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2225) manual phalanx (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2226) anterior tooth (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2227) manual phalanx (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2228) lateral tooth (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2229) dorsal centrum (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2230) proximal caudal vertebra (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2234) metatarsal IV (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2235) calcaneum (Carrano et al., 2002)
(FMNH PR 2236) pedal ungual (Carrano et al., 2002)
(MNHN.MAJ 249) tooth (Smith, 2007)
(MSNM V5378) fourth or fifth dentary tooth (13 mm) (Fanti and Therrien, 2007)
(UA 8700) pedal phalanx (Carrano et al., 2002)
(UA 8701) dorsal centrum (Carrano et al., 2002)
(UA 8702) distal caudal vertebra (Carrano et al., 2002)
(UA 8703) distal caudal vertebra (Carrano et al., 2002)
(UA 8710) (gracile) tibia (Carrano et al., 2002)
(UA 8711) (gracile) tibia (167.6 mm) (Carrano et al., 2002)
(UA 8712) (robust) femur (168.3 mm) (Carrano et al., 2002)
(UA 8713) pedal phalanx (Carrano et al., 2002)
(UA 8714) pedal phalanx (Carrano et al., 2002)
Diagnosis- (after Carrano et al., 2002) anterior four dentary teeth procumbent, the first inclined at 108 above the horizontal and lying in an alveolus that is slung below the ventral margin of the dentary; first alveolus large and ventrally expanded, lying lateral to an anteroposteriorly long dentary symphysis; lower dentition markedly heterodont: the first four teeth are weakly spoon-shaped, elongate, and terminate in a posteriorly hooked, pointed apex; anterior dentary teeth bear two weakly serrated posterior carinae and have faint posterior ridges; more posterior teeth are transversely compressed, recurved, and have a serrated posterior carina.
References- Sampson, Nyit, Forster, Suny, Krause and Suny, 1998. The Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Madagascar. JVP 18(3) 74A.
Sampson, Carrano, and Forster. 2000. A theropod dinosaur with bizarre dentition from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. JVP 20(3) 66A.
Carrano, Sampson and Forster, 2002. The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. JVP 22(3) 510-534.
Fanti and Therrien, 2007. Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in
Madagascar. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 52(1), 155-166.
Smith, 2007. Dental morphology and variation in Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. in Sampson and Krause (eds.). Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. SVP Memoir 8. 103-126.

Noasaurus Bonaparte and Powell, 1980
N. leali Bonaparte and Powell, 1980
Late Campanian-Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lecho Formation, Argentina
Holotype- (PVL 4061) maxilla (78 mm), five maxillary teeth, quadrate (45 mm), posterior cervical neural arch, two cervical ribs (48 mm), dorsal centrum, manual(?) phalanx (17 mm), manual(?) ungual (37 mm), metatarsal II (113 mm)
....(MACN 622) (adult) anterior cervical vertebra (34.4 mm) (Frankfurt and Chiappe, 1999)
Comments- The squamosal originally identified is a cervical rib (Bonaparte, 1991). A cervical vertebra (MACN 622) discovered with the holotype was originally identified as an oviraptorosaur (Frankfurt and Chiappe, 1999), but reidentified by Agnolin and Martinelli (2007) as a noasaurid, and probably part of the Noasaurus holotype individual.
Bonaparte and Powell (1980) note the distal articular surface of the phalanx allows a wide range of flexion/extension, so at least one phalanx seems capable of this. Interestingly, Carrano et al. (2002) note the manual phalanges of Masiakasaurus possess distal articular surfaces suggestive of hyperextension, and asymmetrical proximal concavities separated by dorsal and ventral prongs, the ventral ones being far more prominant. This agrees with Noasaurus' non-ungual phalanx. If one compares Masiakasaurus' pedal phalanx II-2 however, differences are noted between it and Noasaurus. The proximal end is stated to have two ventral heels, and a median dorsal extension is present. There are no described differences between phalanges III-2, IV-2 and IV-3 in Masiakasaurus and Noasaurus' phalanx. No non-ungual phalanges are illustrated in Masiakasaurus however, making more detailed comparison difficult. All of Velocisaurus' phalanges are longer except IV-2, IV-3 and IV-4. Only the last two have as pronounced of a dorsal concavity in lateral view, and all phalanges except perhaps IV-2 have much larger ligament pits. Only phalanges IV-1 and IV-2 have ligament pits shifted dorsally like Noasaurus, and only III-3 has the distal articular surface elongated distodorsally like the latter. All have a broad lower heel/lip and prominant pointed upper one, quite unlike Noasaurus. Based on these comparisons, Noasaurus' non-ungual phalanx tentatively seems more likely to be a manual phalanx.
As for the ungual, it's different from both Masiakasaurus' manual and pedal unguals. It differs from the manual unguals in having a more concave articular surface, no flexor tubercle, a distally placed flexor pit, a more distally placed proximodorsal 'corner', and a deeper more curved morphology. It differs from the pedal unguals in having a more prominant proximoventral lip, being longer and more curved, as well as more lateromedially compressed. Other features are like the pedal unguals though, such as the proximodorsal morphology, virtual absence of a flexor tubercle, and keeled ventral surface. In addition, Carrano et al. note the unillustrated pedal ungual II(?) is more lateromedially compressed than the illustrated ungual III(?) or IV(?).
References- Bonaparte and Powell, 1980. A continental assemblage of tetrapods from the upper Cretaceous beds of El Brete, northwestern Argentina (Sauropoda-Coelurosauria-Carnosauria-Aves). Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France. Nouvelle Série 19, 19-28.
Bonaparte, 1991. The Gondwanian theropod families Abelisauridae and Noasauridae. Historical Biology. An International Journal of Paleobiology. 5, 1-25.
Frankfurt and Chiappe, 1999. A possible oviraptorosaur from the Late Cretaceous of northwestern Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19(1), 101-105.
Agnolin, 2004. The end of a myth: The mysterious ungual claw of Noasaurus leali. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24(3).
Agnolin and Martinelli, 2007. Did oviraptorosaurs (Dinosauria; Theropoda) inhabit Argentina? Cretaceous Research. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2006.10.006

"Sidormimus" Lyon, unpublished
= "Dogosaurus" anonymous, unpublished
Aptian-Albian, Early Cretaceous
Elrhaz Formation, Niger
Material- (~1 m) partial skeleton including presacral vertebrae, dorsal ribs, sacral vertebrae, pubis and hindlimb
Comments- This specimen was discovered in 2000 and immediately announced on the Project Exploration website with a photograph and the unofficial name "Sidormimus", due to its discovery by Chris Sidor. The same photo of the specimen was labeled "Dogosaurus" on a dispatch from Project Exploration on the National Geographic website (currently offline but preserved by web.archive.org). Sereno et al. (2004) first announced the specimen in print, stating it is an articulated skeleton preserving numerous abelisaur and noasaurid characters (e.g. pneumatized presacral and sacral neural arches; elongate presacral centra). It is also listed in Sereno and Brusatte (2008) as "undescribed noasaurid" in a faunal list, and is noted to have a pubic boot with limited expansion. Sidor (pers. comm. 2005) confirms the "Sidormimus" specimen is the Elrhaz noasaurid. It has yet to be described in detail, however.
References- Lyon, 2000. http://www.projectexploration.org/niger2000/9_15_2000.htm
http://web.archive.org/web/20001208070300/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/dinoquest/profile_01_dispatch2b.html
Sereno, Wilson and Conrad, 2004. New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B. 271, 1325-1330.
Sereno and Brusatte, 2008. Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 53(1), 15-46.

Velocisaurus Bonaparte, 1991
V. unicus Bonaparte, 1991
Santonian, Late Cretaceous
Bajo de la Carpa Formation Rio Colorado Subgroup, Argentina
Holotype- (MUCPv 41) tibia (140 mm), astragalus, partial metatarsal II, phalanx II-1 (23 mm), phalanx II-2 (15 mm), metatarsal III (90 mm), phalanx III-1 (23 mm), phalanx III-2 (20 mm), phalanx III-3 (16 mm), partial metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1 (15 mm), phalanx IV-2 (12 mm), phalanx IV-3 (7 mm), phalanx IV-4 (5 mm), pedal ungual IV (15 mm)
References- Bonaparte, 1991. The fossil vertebrates of the Rio Colorado Formation, of the city of Neuquen and surroundings, Upper Cretaceous, Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ``Bernardino Rivadavia'' e Instituto Nacional de las Ciencias Naturales. Paleontología 4 p. 17-123.

Abelisauridae sensu Wilson et al., 2003
Definition- (Carnotaurus sastrei <- Noasaurus leali)
= Abelisauridae sensu Sereno, in press
Definition- (Carnotaurus sastrei <- Coelophysis bauri, Noasaurus leali, Passer domesticus)
Diagnosis- (after Carrano et al., 2002) sculpturing on craniofacial elements; ventral extent of antorbital fossa absent; pneumatic nasal foramina; suborbital process on postorbital; postorbital contacts lacrimal above orbit; enlarged parietal nuchal crest; broad cervical prespinal fossa; posterior dorsal parapophyses and transverse processes joined by web.

Compsosuchus Huene and Matley,1933
C. solus Huene and Matley, 1933
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lameta Formation, India
Holotype- (GSI K27/578) atlas, axis (40 mm)
Referred- (ISI I91/1) atlas, axis (Chatterjee and Rudra, 1996)
Comments- Novas et al. (2004) concluded that Compsosuchus is an indeterminate abelisaurid, since there are apparently no major differences from an atlas-axis complex referred to Indosaurus by Chatterjee and Rudra (1996). However, the latter is not necessarily Indosaurus, and may be Compsosuchus, making this reason moot.
References- Huene and Matley, 1933. The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the central provinces of India. Pal. Indica 21 1-74, 33 figs., 24 pls.
Chatterjee and Rudra, 1996. KT events in India: Impact, rifing, volcanism and dinosaur extinction. in Novas and Molnar eds. Proceedings of the Gondwanan Dinosaur Symposium: Memiors of the Queensland Museum 39(3) 489-532.
Novas and Bandyopaphyay, 1999. New approaches on the Cretaceous theropods from India. VII International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, abstracts.
Novas, Agnolin and Bandyopadhyay, 2004. Cretaceous theropods from India: A review of specimens described by Huene
and Matley (1933). Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 6(1): 67-103.

Dryptosauroides Huene and Matley, 1933
= "Dryptosauroides" Huene 1932
D. grandis Huene and Matley, 1933
= "Dryptosauroides grandis" Huene, 1932
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lameta Formation, India
Cotypes- (GSI K20/334) proximal caudal vertebra
(GSI K20/609) proximal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/549) proximal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/601) proximal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/602) proximal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/626) proximal caudal vertebra
Diagnosis- Provisionally indeterminate at the level of Abelisauridae.
Comments- Novas et al. (2004) determined the vertebrae were proximal caudals, not dorsals as suggested by Huene and Matley (1933). They are indistinguishable from Ornithomimoides mobilis and O? barasimilis.
References- Huene, 1932. Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte. Monog. Geol. Pal. 4 (1) pts. 1 and 2, viii + 361 pp.
Huene and Matley. 1933. The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the central provinces of India. Pal. Indica 21 1-74, 33 figs., 24 pls.
Novas and Bandyopaphyay, 1999. New approaches on the Cretaceous theropods from India. VII International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, abstracts.
Novas, Agnolin and Bandyopadhyay, 2004. Cretaceous theropods from India: A review of specimens described by Huene
and Matley (1933). Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 6(1): 67-103.

Ornithomimoides? barasimlensis Huene and Matley, 1933
= "Ornithomimoides barasimlensis" Huene, 1932
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lameta Formation, India
Cotypes- (GSI K27/531) proximal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/541) proximal caudal vertebra (~50 mm)
(GSI K27/604) proximal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/682) proximal caudal vertebra
Diagnosis- Provisionally indeterminate at the level of Abelisauridae.
Comments- Novas et al. (2004) determined the vertebrae were proximal caudals, not dorsals as suggested by Huene and Matley (1933). They are indistinguishable from Dryptosauroides and Ornithomimoides mobilis.
References- Huene, 1932. Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte. Monog. Geol. Pal. 4 (1) pts. 1 and 2, viii + 361 pp.
Huene and Matley, 1933. The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the central provinces of India. Pal. Indica 21 1-74, 33 figs., 24 pls.
Novas and Bandyopaphyay, 1999. New approaches on the Cretaceous theropods from India. VII International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, abstracts.
Novas, Agnolin and Bandyopadhyay, 2004. Cretaceous theropods from India: A review of specimens described by Huene
and Matley (1933). Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 6(1): 67-103.

Ornithomimoides Huene and Matley, 1933
= "Ornithomimoides" Huene, 1932
O. mobilis Huene and Matley, 1933
= "Ornithomimoides mobilis" Huene, 1932
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lameta Formation, India
Cotypes- (GSI K20/610) proximal caudal vertebra (~90 mm)
(GSI K20/614B) proximal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/586) proximal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/597) proximal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/600) proximal caudal vertebra
Diagnosis- Provisionally indeterminate at the level of Abelisauridae.
Comments- Novas et al. (2004) determined the vertebrae were proximal caudals, not dorsals as suggested by Huene and Matley (1933). They are indistinguishable from Dryptosauroides and Ornithomimoides? barasimilis.
References- Huene, 1932. Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte. Monog. Geol. Pal. 4 (1) pts. 1 and 2, viii + 361 pp.
Huene and Matley, 1933. The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the central provinces of India. Pal. Indica 21 1-74, 33 figs., 24 pls.
Novas and Bandyopaphyay, 1999. New approaches on the Cretaceous theropods from India. VII International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, abstracts.
Novas, Agnolin and Bandyopadhyay, 2004. Cretaceous theropods from India: A review of specimens described by Huene
and Matley (1933). Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 6(1): 67-103.

Pycnonemosaurus Kellner and Campos, 2002
P. nevesi Kellner and Campos, 2002
Turonian-Santonian, Late Cretaceous
Adamantina Formation of the Bauru Group, Brazil
Holotype- (DGM 859-R) five teeth, rib fragments, two incomplete caudal vertebrae, four caudal centra, caudal transverse process, distal pubis, tibia, distal fibula, fragments
Diagnosis- (after Kellner and Campos, 2002) hatchet-shaped cnemial crest; relatively small pubic foot; moderate distal expansion of caudal transverse processes.
Reference- Kellner and Campos, 2002. On a theropod dinosaur (Abelisauria) from the continental Cretaceous of Brazil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional. 60(3), 163-170.

Vitakridrinda Malkani, 2004 vide Malkani, 2006
V. sulaimani Malkani, 2004 vide Malkani, 2006
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Vitakri Member of the Pab Formation, Pakistan
Holotype- (MSM-59-19, MSM-60-19, MSM-61-19, MSM-62-19) partial braincase, tooth, two proximal femora
(MSM-155-19) premaxilla, maxilla, partial nasal, palatine, teeth (Malkani, 2006)
Referred- (MSM-53-2, MSM-54-2, MSM-55-2, MSM-56-1, MSM-57-3, MSM-58-15) two possible dorsal vertebrae, four fragmentary caudal vertebrae
Comments- This taxon was supposedly named by Malkani in 2004, though in exactly which publication is unclear. The second one is listed as in review by Malkani (2006), which would make any name proposed there invalid as of that time. But with publication delays and the fact neither 2004 publication has been seen by me or most Western paleontologists, all of this is uncertain. The snout (Malkani, 2006) has some strange features as described (e.g. premaxilla completely encloses naris) and the photograph leaves one doubting its identity as a fossil.
References- Malkani, 2004. Saurischian Dinosaurs from Late Cretaceous of Pakistan. In Hussain and Akbar (eds.). Fifth Pakistan Geological Congress, 14-15 April, Islamabad, National Geological Society of Pakistan, Pakistan Museum of Natural History (Pakistan Science Foundation), Islamabad. 71-73.
Malkani, 2004. Saurischian Dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Pab Formation of Pakistan. (In review).
Malkani, 2006. First rostrum of carnivorous Vitakridrinda (abelisaurid theropod dinosaur) found from the latest Cretaceous Dinosaur Beds (Vitakri) Member of Pab Formation, Alam Kali Kakor locality of Vitakri area, Barkhan District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series). 38(2), 7-26.

unnamed Abelisauria (Huene and Matley, 1933)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lameta Formation, India
Material- (AMNH 1733) premaxilla
(AMNH 1753) premaxilla, maxilla
(AMNH 1955) maxilla
(AMNH 1958) distal caudal vertebra
(AMNH 1960) anterior dentary tip
(AMNH 1960) proximal caudal neural arch
(GSI K20/337B) pedal phalanx IV-2 (24 mm)
(GSI K27/529; incorrectly labeled 527) dentary
(GSI K27/532) distal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/538; incorrectly labeled 548) maxilla
(GSI K27/539) metatarsal IV
(GSI K27/544; incorrectly labeled 538) maxilla
(GSI K27/548) maxilla
(GSI K27/550) dentary
(GSI K27/558) femur (lost)
(GSI K27/568) tibia (lost)
(GSI K27/570) femur (lost)
(GSI K27/571) three sacral centra
(GSI K27/577) jugal
(GSI K27/580) jugal
(GSI K27/589) distal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/594) distal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/595; syntype of Coeluroides largus) proximal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/596) caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/618) femur (lost)
(GSI K27/637) pedal phalanx IV-4 (28 mm)
(GSI K27/638) pedal phalanx IV-3 (38 mm)
(GSI K27/646) pedal phalanx III-1 (36 mm)
(GSI K27/647) pedal phalanx IV-4
(GSI K27/653) pedal phalanx III-2
(GSI K27/654) pedal phalanx II-1 (80 mm)
(GSI K27/658) metatarsal III (254 mm)
(GSI K27/705) distal caudal vertebra
(GSI K27/709) dentary
(GSI K27/710) premaxilla
(ISI R 163) lacrimal, jugal, posterior dentary, angular (Chatterjee and Rudra, 1996)
(ISI R 401-454) atlas, axis, three posterior cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae 1-13, sacrum (7 vertebrae), caudal vertebrae 1-20, scapula, coracoid, humerus, ulna, capal, pelvis, femur, tibia, astragalus, metatarsal III, pedal digits III and IV (Chatterjee and Rudra, 1996)
six teeth (Mather and Srivastava, 1987)
Comments- Cranial elements showing external sculpturing, caudal vertebrae resembling Majungasaurus, and robust hindlimb elements are here referred to Abelisauria closer to abelisaurids than noasaurids. Jugal GSI K27/580 is distinct from GSI K27/577 in the large posterior notch in the ascending process (shared with Carnotaurus) and different pattern of rugosities. Sacral vertebrae GSI K27/571 resemble Carnotaurus by having transversely narrow centra with only slight intercentral expansion. Proximal caudal neural arch AMNH 1960 resembles Majungasaurus more than Aucasaurus or Carnotaurus in the laterally oriented transverse processes. It differs from Aucasaurus and Carnotaurus in the lack of hyposphene-hypantrum articulations. AMNH 1958, GSI K27/532, 589, 594, 596 and 705 have low ridgelike transverse processes and short rounded prezygopophyses, unlike noasaurids, but like Majungasaurus, Ornithomimoides, O? barasimilis and Dryptosauroides. This material is likely referrable to Rajasaurus, Indosuchus and/or indeterminate Lameta abelisaurian taxa. Chatterjee (1978) and Chatterjee and Rudra (1996) have referred some of it to Indosuchus, but this cannot be confirmed until more material of the latter is discovered. Mathur and Srivastava (1987) referred teeth to Majungasaurus, but these are more likely to belong to a separate taxon, as the teeth of the AMNH abelisaurid specimens strongly resemble those of Majungasaurus.
References- Huene and Matley, 1933. The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the central provinces of India. Pal. Indica 21 1-74, 33 figs., 24 pls.
Chatterjee, 1978. Indosuchus and Indosaurus, Cretaceous Carnosaurus from India. Journal of Paleontology, 52 (3): 570-580.
Mathur and Srivastava, 1987. Dinosaur teeth from Lameta Group (Upper Cretaceous) of Kheda District, Gujarat. Journal of the Geological Society of India 29 p. 554-566.
Chatterjee and Rudra, 1996. KT events in India: Impact, rifing, volcanism and dinosaur extinction. in Novas and Molnar eds. Proceedings of the Gondwanan Dinosaur Symposium: Memiors of the Queensland Museum 39(3) 489-532.
Novas, Agnolin and Bandyopadhyay, 2004. Cretaceous theropods from India: A review of specimens described by Huene
and Matley (1933). Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 6(1): 67-103.

unnamed abelisaurian (Bertini, 1996)
Turonian-Santonian, Late Cretaceous
Adamantina Formation of the Bauru Group, Brazil
Material- (URC 44-R) premaxilla, tooth
References- Bertini, 1996. Evidencias de Abelisauridae (Carnosauria: Saurischia) do Neocreta´ceo da Bacia do Parana. IV0 Simposio Cretaceo do Brasil
(Rio Claro, Brasil), Abstracts. 267-271.
Candeiro, Martinelli, Avilla and Rich, 2006. Tetrapods from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian-Maastrichtian) Bauru Group of Brazil: a reappraisal. Cretaceous Research.

unnamed abelisaurian (Lamanna, Martinez and Smith, 2002)
Mid Cenomanian-Turonian, Late Cretaceous
Lower Bajo Barreal Formation, Argentina
Material- (UNPSJB-PV247) (~8-10 m) maxilla
Comments- This specimen resembles Rugops very closely in the distribution of external grooves and pits, elevated dental lamina, and fine striae on the latter (Sereno et al., 2004). It may be referrable to Xenotarsosaurus, from the same formation, though the latter was smaller and seemingly an adult.
References- Martinez, Maure, Oliva and Luna, 1993. Ameghiniana 30(1) 1 109-110.
Lamanna, Martinez and Smith, 2002. A definitive abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. J. Vert. Paleontol. 22, 58–69.
Sereno, Wilson and Conrad, 2004. New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proceedings: Biological Sciences. Published online.

unnamed abelisaurian (Novas and Bandyopadhyay, 2001)
Late Cretaceous
Rio Limay Subgroup, Argentina
Material- (MCA 56) cranial elements, distal caudal vertebrae, hindlimb elements, pedal unguals IV (65 mm)
Description- cranial sculpturing.
Reference- Novas, F. E., Bandyopadhyay, S. (2001) Abelisaurid pedal unguals from the Late Cretaceous of India: In: VII International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, Asociacion Paleontologica Argentina, Publicacion Especial 7, p. 145-149.

Kryptops Sereno and Brusatte, 2008
K. palaios Sereno and Brusatte, 2008
Aptian-Albian, Early Cretaceous
Elrhaz Formation, Niger
Holotype- (MNN GAD1) (~6-7 m; adult) incomplete maxilla (~250 mm), fragmentary anterior dorsal vertebra (~70 mm), two partial mid dorsal vertebrae, two ribs (~500-600 mm), sacrum (?,?,?,110,110 mm), ilia (650 mm), pubes (~620 mm), ischia (~580 mm)
Diagnosis- (after Sereno and Brusatte, 2008) a deep secondary wall in the anteroventral corner of the antorbital fossa that completely obscures the antorbital fossa and that has a scalloped and fluted dorsal margin; external texture on the maxilla, which is composed of short linear grooves.
Comments- This was mentioned by Sereno et al. (2004) as an undescribed abelisaurid from Gadoufaoua. It was later described in detail and named by Sereno and Brusatte (2008).
References- Sereno, Wilson and Conrad, 2004. New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proceedings: Biological Sciences. Published online.
Sereno and Brusatte, 2008. Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 53(1), 15-46.

undescribed abelisaurian (Sereno, Wilson and Conrad, 2004)
Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Kem Kem beds, Morocco
Material- maxilla
Description- pit and grooved texture on external surface of maxilla; subrectangular alveoli.
Reference- Sereno, Wilson and Conrad, 2004. New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proceedings: Biological Sciences. Published online.

Rugops Sereno, Wilson and Conrad, 2004
R. primus Sereno, Wilson and Conrad, 2004
Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Echkar Formation, Niger
Holotype- (MNN IGU1) partial skull including premaxilla, incomplete maxilla, nasal, lacrimal, prefrontal, frontal, parietal, prootic and teeth
Diagnosis- (after Sereno et al., 2004) small fenestra in the skull roof between the prefrontal, frontal, postorbital and lacrimal; row of seven small invaginated depressions on the dorsal surface of each nasal.
Comments- This taxon is placed basal to abelisaurids by Sereno et al. (2004). It is very similar to an unnamed maxilla (UNPSJB-PV247) described by Lamanna et al. (2002) from the Bajo Barreal Formation of Argentina. The nasal fossae are intruded by vascular grooves, and may have served as a base for sensory or display structures.
References- Lamanna, Martinez and Smith, 2002. A definitive abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. J. Vert. Paleontol. 22, 58–69.
Sereno, Conrad and Wilson, 2002. Abelisaurid theropods from Africa: Phylogenetic and biogeographic implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22(3) 106A.
Sereno, Wilson and Conrad, 2004. New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proceedings: Biological Sciences. Published online.

Abelisauridae Bonaparte and Novas, 1985
Definition- (Abelisaurus comahuensis + Carnotaurus sastrei + Indosaurus matleyi + Indosuchus raptorius + Majungasaurus crenatissimus + Xenotarsosaurus bonapartei) (Novas, 1997)
Other definitions- (Carnotaurus sastrei <- Elaphrosaurus bambergi) (modified from Rowe et al., 1997)
(Abelisaurus comahuensis + Carnotaurus sastrei) (Tykoski and Rowe, 2004; modified from Sereno, 1998)
(Carnotaurus sastrei <- Noasaurus leali) (Wilson et al., 2003)
(Carnotaurus sastrei <- Coelophysis bauri, Noasaurus leali, Passer domesticus) (Sereno, in press)
= Abelisauridae sensu Novas, 1997
Definition- (Abelisaurus comahuensis + Carnotaurus sastrei + Indosaurus matleyi + Indosuchus raptorius + Majungasaurus crenatissimus + Xenotarsosaurus bonapartei)
Diagnosis- (after Carrano et al., 2002) long axis of postorbital slanted anteroventrally/posterodorsally; frontals fused to parietals; quadratojugal fused to quadrate; interdental plates striated medially.
Comments- For the same reason noted above for Noasauridae, the inclusion of Coelophysis and Passer as specifiers seems useless in Sereno's (in press) redefinition. Abelisaurus comahuensis should be the internal specifier (Phylocode 11.8), so I don't accept this definition. If Abelisaurus is a carcharodontosaurid, a possibility suggested by Lamanna et al. (2002), it would leave Abelisauridae without Abelisaurus.

Ekrixinatosaurus Calvo, Rubilar-Roger and Moreno, 2004
= "Ekrixinatosaurus" Juarez Valieri, Fiorelli and Cruz, 2004
E. novasi Calvo, Rubilar-Roger and Moreno, 2004
= "Ekrixinatosaurus novasi" Juarez Valieri, Fiorelli and Cruz, 2004
Early Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Candelaros Formation of Rio Limay Group, Argentina
Holotype- (MUCPv-294) (7-8 m) (skull ~830 mm) partial maxillae, postorbital, squamosal, frontals, parietals, parasphenoid, occiput, incomplete dentaries, teeth, anterior cervical vertebra, mid-posterior cervical vertebra, dorsal centrum, dorsal ribs, sacrum, caudal vertebrae, chevrons, ilia, pubis, proximal ischia, femora (770 mm), tibiae (690 mm), proximal fibula, astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsals, phalanges, pedal ungual
Diagnosis- (after Calvo et al., 2004) fenestra between postorbital and frontal; posteriorly directed protuberance on contact of parietal and paroccipital process; anteroposteriorly compressed cervical vertebrae; cervical neural spines as tall as epipophyses; mid-posterior cervical centrum with flat venter; two wide foramina on mid-posterior cervical vertebrae; small prespinal depression with pneumatic excavation connected to neural canal in mid-posterior cervical vertebrae; small prespinal lamina on mid-cervical vertebrae; tibia with swelling at midshaft.
References- Juárez Valieri, Fiorelli and Cruz, 2004. Quilmesaurus curriei Coria, 2001. Su validez taxonómica y relaciones filogenéticas. XX Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología de Vertebrados (La Plata), Resúmenes: 36-37.
Calvo, Rubilar-Roger and Moreno, 2004. A new Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from northwest Patagonia. Ameghiniana (Rev. Asoc. Paleontol. Argent.). 41 (4): 555-563.

Quilmesaurus Coria, 2001
Q. curriei Coria, 2001
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Allen Formation, Argentina
Holotype- (MPCA-PV-100) distal femur, tibia (520 mm)
Comments- Juarez Valieri et al. (2004) assigned Quilmesaurus to Abelisauridae based on the marked distal expansion of the cnemial crest and the asymmetrical distal end of the tibia, and to Carnotaurinae because of the downturned distal part of the cnemial crest.
Reference- Coria, 2001. New Theropod from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. in Tanke and Carpenter (eds), 2001. Mesozoic Vertebrate Life: New Research inspired by the Paleontology of Philip J. Currie, Indiana University Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, Indiana. 3-9.
Juárez Valieri, Fiorelli and Cruz, 2004. Quilmesaurus curriei Coria, 2001. Su validez taxonómica y relaciones filogenéticas. XX Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontología de Vertebrados (La Plata), Resúmenes: 36-37.

Skorpiovenator Canale, Scanferla, Agnolin and Novas, 2009
S. bustingorryi Canale, Scanferla, Agnolin and Novas, 2009
Late Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Huincul Formation of Rio Limay Subgroup, Argentina
Holotype- (MMCH-PV 48) (~6 m) skull, mandible, ten cervical vertebrae, cervical ribs, eleven dorsal vertebrae, dorsal ribs, few gastralia, sacrum, caudal vertebrae 1-12, three distal caudal vertebrae, chevron, ulna, ilium, proximal pubis, proximal ischium, femora, tibiae, fibula, astragali, calcaneum, metatarsal II, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, metatarsal III, phalanx III-1, phalanges III-2, phalanges III-3, pedal ungual III, metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3, phalanx IV-4
Diagnosis- (after Canale et al., 2009) ascending process of maxilla homogeneously wide anteroposteriorly; maxillary horizontal ramus dorsoventrally deep with subparallel dorsal and ventral margins; maxilla/jugal contact subvertical; 19 maxillary teeth; lacrimal anteriorly projected and with well-developed suborbital process; quadratojugal with pronounced posterodorsal notch; dentary with posteroventral process bifurcated to receive anterior end of angular; angular with anterior end dorsoventrally deep to fit between splenial and prearticular.
Reference- Canale, Scanferla, Agnolin and Novas, 2009. New carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of NW Patagonia and the evolution of abelisaurid theropods. Naturwissenschaften. 96, 409-414.

Xenotarsosaurus Martinez, Gimenez, Rodriguez and Bochatey, 1987
X. bonapartei Martinez, Gimenez, Rodriguez and Bochatey, 1987
Cenomanian?, Late Cretaceous
Bajo Barreal Formation, Argentina
Cotypes- (PVL 612) (4.8 m) femur (611 mm), tibia (592 mm), fibula, astragalocalcaneum (134 mm wide, 96 mm tall)
(UNPSJB PV 184) two anterior dorsal vertebrae
References- Martínez, Gimenez, Rodríguez and Bochatey, 1986. Xenotarsosaurus bonapartei nov. gen. et sp. (Carnosauria, Abelisauridae), a new theropod from the Bajo Barreal Formation, Chubut, Argentina. Actas del Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía 4 p. 23-31.
Coria and Rodríguez, 1993. Sobre Xenotarsosaurus bonapartei Martínez, Giménez, Rodríguez, y Bochatey, 1986; un problematico Neoceratosauria (Novas, 1989) del Cretacico de Chubut. Ameghiniana 30 (3):326-327.

Carnotaurini Coria, Chiappe and Dingus, 2002
Definition- (Carnotaurus sastrei + Aucasaurus garridoi) (Coria, Chiappe and Dingus, 2002)

Abelisaurinae Bonaparte and Novas, 1985 sensu Paul, 1988
Definition- (Abelisaurus comahuensis <- Carnotaurus sastrei) (modified from Sereno, 1998)
Abelisaurus Bonaparte and Novas, 1985
A. comahuensis Bonaparte and Novas, 1985
Early Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Anacleto Formation of Rio Colorado Subgroup, Argentina (Leanza et al., 2004)
Holotype- (MC 11098) icomplete skull (856 mm)
References- Bonaparte and Novas, 1985. Abelisaurus comahuensis, n. g., n. sp., Carnosauria from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Ameghiniana. Revista de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 21 p. 259-265.
Bonaparte, 1991. The Gondwanian theropod families Abelisauridae and Noasauridae. Historical Biology. An International Journal of Paleobiology 5 p. 1-25.

Aucasaurus Coria, Chiappe and Dingus, 2002
= “Aucasarus” Dingus and Chiappe, 2001
A. garridoi Coria, Chiappe and Dingus, 2002
Early Campanian, Late Cretaceous
Anacleto Formation of Rio Colorado Subgroup, Argentina
Holotype- (MCF-PVPH-236) (adult) skull, mandible, cervical series, cervical ribs, dorsal series, dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacrum, first-thirteenth caudal vertebrae, distal caudal fragments, ten chevrons, scapulocoracoid, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpal I, metacarpal II, phalanx II-1, metacarpal III, phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, metacarpal IV, pelvis, femora, tibiotarsi, fibulae, distal tarsal III, distal tarsal IV, metatarsal I, phalanx I-1, pedal ungual I, metatarsal II, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, pedal ungual II, metatarsal III, phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, phalanx III-3, pedal ungual III, metatarsal IV, phalanx IV-1, phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3, phalanx IV-4, pedal ungual IV, metatarsal V
Diagnosis- (from Coria et al., 2002) differs from Carnotaurus in- longer and lower rostrum and external antorbital fenestra; horizontal ventral margin of the antorbital fenestra; complete lateral exposure of the maxillary fenestra; frontal swells instead of horns; sigmoidal outline of the dentigerous margin of the maxilla; less developed coracoidal process; forelimb relatively longer; humerus with a slender and craniocaudally compressed shaft and well-defined condyles; proximal radius lacking a hooked ulnar process; chevrons with dorsally open haemal canals.
References- Coria, Chiappe and Dingus, 2000. A new abelisaur theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia. JVP 20(3) 36A-37A.
Dingus and Chiappe, 2001. Walking on Eggs.
Coria, Chiappe and Dingus 2002. A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. JVP 22:460-465.

Indosaurus Huene and Matley, 1933
I. matleyi Huene and Matley, 1933
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lameta Formation, India
Holotype- (GSI K27/565) frontals, parietals, braincase
Diagnosis- Provisionally indeterminate relative to Indosuchus raptorius.
Comments- Though traditionally thought to be more Allosaurus- or Carnotaurus-like than the tyrannosaurid- or Abelisaurus-like Indosuchus, Novas et al. (2004) found that poor preservation made the two taxa impossible to distinguish. In particular, there is no evidence of frontal horns or sagittal crest shape differences. Other minor differences may be individual variation, based on the high amount observed in Majungasaurus.
References- Huene and Matley. 1933. The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the central provinces of India. Pal. Indica 21 1-74, 33 figs., 24 pls.
Novas and Bandyopaphyay, 1999. New approaches on the Cretaceous theropods from India. VII International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, abstracts.
Novas, Agnolin and Bandyopadhyay, 2004. Cretaceous theropods from India: A review of specimens described by Huene
and Matley (1933). Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 6(1): 67-103.

Indosuchus Huene, 1932
I. raptorius Huene, 1932
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lameta Formation, India
Lectotype- (GSI K27/685) frontals, parietals,
Paratypes- (GSI K20/350) (subadult?) partial lacrimals, frontals, parietals
(GSI K20/690) skull roof
Diagnosis- (after Novas et al., 2004) frontonasal suture placed anteriorly compared to lacrimal.
References- Huene, 1932. Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte. Monog. Geol. Pal. 4 (1) pts. 1 and 2, viii + 361 pp.
Huene and Matley. 1933. The Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the central provinces of India. Pal. Indica 21 1-74, 33 figs., 24 pls.
Novas, Agnolin and Bandyopadhyay, 2004. Cretaceous theropods from India: A review of specimens described by Huene
and Matley (1933). Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., n.s. 6(1): 67-103.

Majungasaurus Lavocat, 1955
= Majungatholus Sues and Taquet, 1979
M. crenatissimus (Deperet, 1896) Lavocat, 1955
= Megalosaurus crenatissimus Daperet, 1896
= Majungatholus atopus Sues and Taquet, 1979
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Maevarano Formation, Madagascar
Syntypes- ?(FSL 92.289) incomplete caudal vertebra
?(FSL 92.290) partial pedal ungual
(FSL 92.306a-b) posterior premaxillary tooth, posterior dentary tooth
?(FSL 92.343) sacral centrum
?(FSL coll.) sacral centrum
Referred- (MNHN.MAJ 1) (subadult; holotype of Majungasaurus) incomplete dentary, two teeth (Lavocat, 1955)
(MNHN.MAJ 4; holotype of Majungatholus atopus) lacrimal fragment, frontals, parietals, mesethmoid, laterosphenoids (Sues and Taquet, 1979)
(MNHN 1911a-d) anterior premaxillary tooth, middle maxillary or dentary tooth, posterior maxillary or dentary tooth, posterior dentary tooth (Piveteau, 1926)
?(MNHN coll.; lost?) vertebra, limb bone fragments (Boule, 1896)
?(MNHN coll.; lost) teeth (Boule, 1900)
?(MNHN coll.; lost) tooth, vertebrae including a caudal vertebra, fragmentary limb bones (Thevenin, 1906)
?(MNHN coll.; lost) teeth, bones (Lavocat, 1955)
(UA Bv 532) pedal ungual I (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA Bv 1658) pedal ungual I (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA Bv 1260) pedal phalanx II-1 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA Bv 1265) pedal phalanx III-1 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA coll.) numerous teeth, three fragmentary femora or tibiae (Ravoavy, 1991)
Early Maastrichtian(?), Late Cretaceous
Masorobe Member of Maevarano Formation, Madagascar
Referred- teeth (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
Middle Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Anembalemba Member of Maevarano Formation, Madagascar
Referred- (FMNH PR 2008) premaxilla (72 mm) (Sampson, Krause, Dodson and Forster, 1996)
(FMNH PR 2099) (subadult) partial skull (Sampson, Witmer, Forster, Krause, O'Connor, Dodson and Ravoavy, 1998)
(FMNH PR 2100) incomplete skull (570 mm), mandibles, fifth caudal vertebra (84.9 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (95.7 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (98.1 mm), eighth caudal vertebra (98.1 mm), ninth caudal vertebra (97 mm), tenth caudal vertebra (~93.1 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (96 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (96.7 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (95.6 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (94.2 mm), fifteenth caudal vertebra (91.4 mm), sixteenth caudal vertebra (91.5 mm), seventeenth caudal vertebra (90.4 mm), eighteenth caudal vertebra (91.1 mm), nineteenth caudal vertebra (90.9 mm), twentieth caudal vertebra (88.7 mm), twenty-first caudal vertebra (86.6 mm), twenty-second caudal vertebra (83.5 mm), twenty-third caudal vertebra (81.6 mm), twenty-fourth caudal vertebra (79.2 mm), twenty-fifth caudal vertebra (79 mm), twenty-sixth caudal vertebra (76.6 mm), twenty-seventh caudal vertebra (74.6 mm), twenty-eighth caudal vertebra (70.8 mm), twenty-ninth caudal vertebra (67.5 mm), distal caudal vertebra (36.5 mm), eighteen chevrons (Sampson, Witmer, Forster, Krause, O'Connor, Dodson and Ravoavy, 1998)
....(UA 9089) four proximal caudal vertebrae (Ravoavy, 1991)
(FMNH PR 2198) tooth
(FMNH PR 2228) tooth
(FMNH PR 2278) (adult) premaxillae, maxillae, jugal, quadratojugal, ectopterygoid, quadrate, surangular, angular, prearticular, articular, two fragmentary cervical neural arches, three fragmentary dorsal vertebrae, one fragmentary caudal vertebra, scapulocoracoid, partial ilium, femur, tibiae (one fragmentary), fibulae (one partial; ~406 mm), astragalocalcaneum, metatarsal II (198.9 mm), phalanx II-1, metatarsal III (250 mm), metatarsal IV (207.7 mm), phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2293) axis (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2294) five caudal vertebrae, two chevrons (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2295) third cervical vertebra (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2423) humerus (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2424) tibia (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2425) astragalocalcaneum (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2426) pedal phalanx II-1 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2427) pedal phalanx II-2 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2428) distal pedal phalanx II-1, pedal ungual II, phalanx III-2 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2429) pedal phalanx III-1 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2430) pedal phalanx IV-1 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2431) pedal phalanx IV-3 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2432) pedal phalanx IV-4 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2433) pedal phalanx IV-4 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH PR 2434) pedal ungual IV (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(MSNM V3342) lateral tooth (Fanti and Therrien, 2007)
(MSNM V3360) anterolateral tooth (Fanti and Therrien, 2007)
(MSNM V3363) anterolateral tooth (Fanti and Therrien, 2007)
(MSNM V3368) anterolateral tooth (Fanti and Therrien, 2007)
(MSNM V5255) pedal phalanx III-1 (60 mm) (Maganuco et al., 2008)
(MSNM V5256) pedal phalanx III-2 (36 mm) (Maganuco et al., 2008)
(MSNM V5267) pedal ungual II (42 mm) (Maganuco et al., 2008)
(MSNM V5276) pedal ungual IV (52 mm) (Maganuco et al., 2008)
(MSNM V5368) anterior premaxillary tooth (Fanti and Therrien, 2007)
(MSNM V5509) pedal ungual IV (51 mm) (Maganuco et al., 2008)
(MSNM V5510) pedal phalanx III-1 (74 mm) (Maganuco et al., 2008)
(MSNM V5518) anterolateral tooth (Fanti and Therrien, 2007)
(MSNM V6418) pedal ungual III (~57 mm) (Maganuco et al., 2008)
(MSNM V6419) pedal ungual I (29 mm) (Maganuco et al., 2008)
(MSNM V6420) pedal ungual IV (61 mm) (Maganuco et al., 2008)
(MSNM V6421) pedal ungual II (56 mm) (Maganuco et al., 2008)
(MSNM V coll.) 123 lateral teeth (Fanti and Therrien, 2007)
(MSNM V coll.) 21 anterolateral teeth (16-35 mm) (Fanti and Therrien, 2007)
(MSNM V coll.) 19 anterior premaxillary teeth (15-30 mm) (Fanti and Therrien, 2007)
(UA 8678) (subadult) incomplete skull, splenial, prearticular, surangular, atlantal neurapophysis, axis (69.8 mm), third cervical vertebra (59.9 mm), fourth cervical vertebra (61.7 mm), fifth cervical vertebra (63.2 mm), sixth cervical vertebra (~65.5 mm), seventh cervical vertebra (~60.1 mm), eighth cervical vertebra (~56.1 mm), ninth cervical vertebra (57.9 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (58.4 mm), thirteen cervical ribs, first dorsal vertebra (59.3 mm), second dorsal vertebra (~51.9 mm), third dorsal vertebra (55.2 mm), fourth dorsal vertebra (~51.6 mm), fifth dorsal vertebra (58.9 mm), sixth dorsal vertebra (59.7 mm), seventh dorsal neural arch, eighth dorsal vertebra (67.4 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra (67.1 mm), tenth dorsal neural arch, eleventh dorsal vertebra (65.6 mm), twelfth dorsal vertebra, thirteenth dorsal neural arch, fourteen dorsal ribs, second sacral vertebra, third sacral vertebra, fourth sacral neural arch, first caudal vertebra (71.3 mm), second caudal vertebra (69.6 mm), third caudal vertebra (70.8 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (73.2 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (75.2 mm), mid caudal vertebra, first chevron, ilia (585 mm) (Sampson, Witmer, Forster, Krause, O'Connor, Dodson and Ravoavy, 1998)
(UA 8709) incomplete skull, mandibles (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 8716) premaxilla (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 8717) premaxillae (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 8718) partial lacrimal (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 8719) partial skull roof (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 8782) distal quadrate (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9031) humerus (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9032) tibia (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9033) astragalocalcaneum (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9034) metatarsal II (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9035) metatarsal IV (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9036) pedal phalanx II-1 (88 mm) (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9037) pedal phalanx II-2 (45 mm) (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9038) pedal ungual II (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9039) pedal phalanx III-1 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9040) pedal phalanx IV-1 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9041) pedal phalanx IV-2 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9042) pedal phalanx III-2 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9043) pedal ungual IV (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9077) tibia, fibula (406.4 mm) (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9078) fibula (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9079) metatarsal III (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9081) pedal phalanx III-1 or III-2 (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA 9082) astragalus (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
(UA coll.) gastralia (O'Connor, 2007)
(FMNH and UA coll.) thousands of isolated teeth (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
Late Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Miadana Member of Maevarano Formation, Madagascar
Referred- teeth (Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007)
Late Cretaceous(?)
Madagascar
Referred- ?(MNHN.MAJ 242) premaxillary tooth (Smith, 2007)
Diagnosis- (after Krause et al., 2007) dorsoventrally deep, fused nasals that are strongly pneumatized via large, bilateral foramina; nasal processes of left and right premaxillae separated by a thin lamina of nasal; maxilla bearing 17 alveoli; frontals rounded rostrally rather than forming a double notch; frontals with a sculptured, median cornual process in adults that is variably pneumatic; pronounced median fossa on sagittal (frontoparietal) crest; dentary bearing 17 alveoli, virtually no extension caudal to last alveolus, and ventral position of lateral sulcus; teeth bearing weakly developed interdenticular sulci; long, falciform atlantal epipophysis; vertebral centra in cranial dorsal series with dorsoventrally elongate articular surfaces; cranial and caudal borders of midcervical transverse processes parallel in lateral view; dorsal and caudal vertebral neural spines dorsally expanded (transversely and craniocaudally); cervical ribs pneumatized via multiple, enlarged foramina on medial surface of shaft, and accessory foramina on cranial and caudal surfaces of capitulotubercular web.
Comments- Deperet (1986) never specified a holotype from his syntypes for Megalosaurus crenatissimus, which came from different localities. Lavocat (1955) described a dentary (MNHN.MAJ 1) he believed to be from the same species, but which he thought indicated generic difference from Megalosaurus. He designated this dentary the type specimen of Majungasaurus, making the new combination Majungasaurus crenatissimus. This was an improper procedure, as Deperet's syntypes remain the type specimens of crenatissimus regardless of which genus they are assigned to. Sampson et al. (1996) and Krause et al. (2007) claimed Lavocat implicitly designated the dentary the neotype of Majungasaurus crenatissimus, but the ICZN does not allow neotype designation without petition unless the type material is lost (Article 75). So Sampson et al.'s and Krause et al.'s use of the dentary as the type specimen for Majungasaurus crenatissimus is incorrect. As Krause et al. determined two teeth of Deperet's syntype are diagnostic to this species, one of them should be designated the lectotype.
An additional nomenclatural issue involves the holotype of Majungatholus atopus, which was originally identified as a pachycephalosaur (Sues and Taquet, 1979). Though a few authors expressed doubt at this identification (Rage, 1988; Giffen, 1989), it was not disproven until 1996 when the skull of FMNH PR 2100 was found (Sampson et al., 1998), showing a Majungatholus dome on an abelisaurid skull. Sampson et al. believed Deperet's and Lavocat's material to be undiagnostic, making the diagnostic Majungatholus specimen the holotype of the species. This also resulted in Majungatholus atopus being the valid name for this theropod from 1998 until 2007. 2007 saw the publication of an extensive monograph on the Maevarano abelisaurid (Sampson and Krause, eds.) which determined both Deperet's and Lavocat's material could be distinguished from other abelisaurids, making Majungasaurus crenatissimus the valid name after all.
Several specimens from outside Madagascar have been referred to Majungasaurus, but these are all fragmentary and more likely to be other abelisaurid taxa, as dental apomorphies of Majungasaurus were only discovered in 2007. Such specimens include teeth and two unguals from Egypt (Gemmellaro, 1921), a tooth from India (Gemmerallo, 1921), teeth from the Lameta Formation of India (Mathur and Srivastava, 1987), and dentary fragments from the Kem Kem Formation of Morocco (Russell, 1996). The latter are carcharodontosaurid.
References- Deperet, 1896. Note on the sauropod and theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Madagascar. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, 3rd series, vol. 24 176.
Boule, 1896. Note préliminaire sur les débris de dinosauriens envoyés au Muséum par M. Bastard. Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris. 2, 347-351.
Boule, 1900. Note sur quelques fossiles de Madagascar parvenus récemment au laboratoire de Paléontologie. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle à Paris. 6, 201.
Thevenin, 1906. Note sur des fossils de Madagascar, recueillis par le Dr. Decorse, Bulletin du Muséum (national) d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 12, 334-336.
Thevenin, 1907. Dinosauriens (Paléontologie de Madagascar IV). Annales de Paléontologie. 2, 121-136.
Gemmellaro, 1921. Rettili maëstrichtiani d'Egitto: Giornale di Scienze Naturali ed Economiche. 32, 339-351.
Piveteau, 1926. Contribution à l’étude des formations lagunaires du Nord-Ouest de Madagascar. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. (4) 26, 33-38.
Lavocat, 1955. Etude des gisements de Dinosauriens de la région de Majunga (Madagascar). Travaux du Bureau Géologique. 69, 1-19.
Lavocat, 1955. Sur une portion de mandibule de Théropode provenant du Crétacé supérieur de Madagascar. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 27 256-259, 1 fig.
Lavocat, 1955. Les recherches de reptiles fossils à Madagascar. Le Naturaliste Malgache. VII(2), 203-207.
Lavocat, 1957. Sur les couches à dinosauriens de Madagascar. CCTA and Service Géologique de Madagascar, Comptes Rendus. Comités régionaux Centre, Est et Sud Conférence de Tananarive, Avril 1957, Geology, Second Volume. 363-364.
Russell, Russell, Taquet and Thomas, 1976. Nouvelles récoltes de Vertébrés dans les terrains continentaux du Crétacé supérieur de la région de Majunga (Madagascar). Comptes Rendu Sommaire Des Séances et Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 5, 205-208.
Sues and Taquet, 1979. A pachycephalosaurid dinosaur from Madagascar and a Laurasia-Gondwanaland connection in the Cretaceous. Nature. 279:633-635.
Mathur and Srivastava, 1987. Dinosaur teeth from Lameta Group (Upper Cretaceous) of Kheda District, Gujarat. Journal of the Geological Society of India 29 p. 554-566.
Rage, 1988. Gondwana, Tethys, and terrestrial vertebrates during the Mesozoic and Cainozoic. pp. 255–273. in Audley-Charles and Hallam (eds.). Gondwana and Tethys. Geological Society Special Publication 37.
Giffin, 1989. Pachycephalosaur paleoneurology (Archosauria: Ornithischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 9, 67–77.
Ravoavy, 1991. Identification et mise en catalogue des vertébrés fossiles récoltes dans le Crétacé supérieur continental de la région de Berivotra (Majunga) fouille 1987. Université d’Antananarivo Mémoire de Recherche. Part II, 55–104.
Russell, 1996. Isolated dinosaur bones from the Middle Cretaceous of the Tafilalt, Morocco. Bulletin du Muse'um national d'Histoire naturelle (4e se'r.) 18:349-402.
Sampson, Krause, Dodson and Forster, 1996. The premaxilla of Majungasaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) with implications for Gondwanan Paleobiography. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (4): 601-605.
O'Connor, Suny and Sampson, 1998. The vertebral column of Majungatholus atopus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. JVP 18(3) 67A.
Sampson, Witmer, Forster and Krause, 1998. The evolution and biogeography of Gondwanan theropod dinosaurs: new information from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Gondwana 10: Event Stratigraphy of Gondwana, Journal of African Earth Sciences.
Sampson, Witmer, Forster, Krause, O'Connor, Dodson and Ravoavy, 1998. Predatory dinosaur remains from Madagascar: Implications for the Cretaceous biogeography of Gondwana. Science, 280: 1048-1051.
Fanti, 2005. Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Cretaceous Layers of Berivotra (Mahajanga, Madagascar): Paleobiogeographic Implications. Unpublished
M. Sc. thesis, University of Bologna. 1-375.
Carrano, 2007. The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. in Sampson and Krause (eds.). Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. SVP Memoir 8. 164-179.
Fanti and Therrien, 2007. Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in
Madagascar. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 52(1), 155-166.
Farke and O'Connor, 2007. Pathology in Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. in Sampson and Krause (eds.). Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. SVP Memoir 8. 180-184.
Krause, Sampson, Carrano and O'Connor, 2007. Overview of the history of discovery, taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography of Majungasaurus crenatissumus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) form the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. in Sampson and Krause (eds.). Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. SVP Memoir 8. 1-20.
O'Connor, 2007. The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. in Sampson and Krause (eds.). Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. SVP Memoir 8. 127-162.
Rogers, Krause, Curry Rogers, Rasoamiaramanana and Rahanarisoa, 2007. Paleoenivronment and paleoecology of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. in Sampson and Krause (eds.). Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. SVP Memoir 8. 21-31.
Sampson and Witmer, 2007. Craniofacial anatomy of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. in Sampson and Krause (eds.). Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. SVP Memoir 8. 32-102.
Smith, 2007. Dental morphology and variation in Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. in Sampson and Krause (eds.). Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. SVP Memoir 8. 103-126.
Maganuco, Cau and Pasini, 2008. New information on the abelisaurid pedal elements from the Late Cretaceous of NW Madagascar (Mahajanga Basin). Atti Della Societa Italiana de Scienze Naturale Museo Civico de Storia Naturale in Milano. 149 (II), 239-252.
M? sp. indet. (Curry, 1997)
Coniacian?, Late Cretaceous
Ankazomihaboka Sandstones, Madagascar
Reference- Curry, 1997. Vertebrate fossils from the Upper Cretaceous Ankazomihaboka Sandstones, Mahajanga Basin, Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17(3), 40A.

Rajasaurus Wilson, Sereno, Srivastava, Bhatt, Khosla and Sahni, 2003
= "Rajasaurus" Badam, 2003
R. narmadensis Wilson, Sereno, Srivastava, Bhatt, Khosla and Sahni, 2003
= "Rajasaurus narmadensis" Badam, 2003
Maastrichtian, Late Cretaceous
Lameta Formation, India
Holotype- (GSI No. 21141/1-33) (7-9 m) braincase, cervical centrum, partial dorsal vertebrae, sacrum, partial caudal vertebrae, partial scapula, partial ilia, proximal pubis, femora (one distal), distal tibia, proximal fibula, metatarsals II, metatarsal IV
Referred- (paratypes of Lametasaurus indicus; lost) sacrum, ilium, tibia
(in cranial reconstruction online) premaxilla, maxilla, lacrimal, jugal, postorbital, quadratojugal, dentary, teeth
Diagnosis- (from Wilson et al., 2003) median nasofrontal prominence, with the frontals forming only the posterior rim of the prominence; anteroposteriorly elongate supertemporal fenestrae, with length approx. 150% transverse breadth of frontal; robust ilium with transversed ridge separating the brevis fossa from the acetabulum.
Comments- Collected in 1983 by Suresh Srivastava of the Geological Survey of India (GSI) and Ashok Sahni, a paleontologist at Panjab University. Matley (1923) described a sacrum, ilium, tibia and scutes as the thyreophoran Lametasaurus indicus. The postcrania were later recognized as theropod by Chakravarti (1935). The scutes may be crocodilian, sauropod or thyreophoran. Walker (1964) them the lectotype of Lametasaurus, leaving the theropod elements without a name. Wilson et al. note they may belong to Rajasaurus.
References- Matley, 1923. Note on an armored dinosaur from the Lameta beds of Jubbulpore. Records of the Geological Survey of India. 55 105-109.
Chakravarti, 1935. Is Lametasaurus indicus an armored dinosaur?. American Journal of Science 30 (5) 138-141.
Walker, 1964. Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B 248, 53-134.
Badam, 2003. Scientists discover new carnivorous dinosaur species in India. Associated Press, 14 August.
Wilson, Sereno, Srivastava, Bhatt, Khosla and Sahni, 2003. A new abelisaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lameta Formation (Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of India. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology [University of Michigan] 31(1):1-42.

Carnotaurinae Sereno, 1998
Definition- (Carnotaurus sastrei <- Abelisaurus comahuensis) (Sereno et al., 2004; modified from Sereno, 1998)
= Brachyrostra Canale, Scanferla, Agnolin and Novas, 2009
Definition- (Carnotaurus sastrei <- Majungasaurus crenatissimus) (Canale, Scanferla, Agnolin and Novas, 2009)
Comments- Canale et al. (2009) erected the new taxon Brachyrostra to contain abelisaurids more closely related to Carnotaurus than to Majungasaurus. In their analysis, this included not only Carnotaurus, but also Ilokelesia, Aucasaurus, Ekrixinatosaurus and Skorpiovenator. This may be a valid composition, but I have yet to include their data in my theropod supermatrix.
Diagnosis- (after Carrano et al., 2002) anterior lacrimal process greatly reduced; median fossa in saddle-shaped depression overlapping frontoparietal suture; knob-like dorsal projection of parietals; stepped-down ventrolateral fossa on postorbital; camellate presacral pneumaticity; dorsal centra length twice height or more; mid sacrals strongly constricted; proximal caudal neural spines narrow axially; posteroventral coracoid process extends far past glenoid; humerus <1/3 femoral length; humeral condyles flattened; deltopectoral crest <45% of humeral length; straight dorsal ilial margin; posterior ilial margin indented.
References- Canale, Scanferla, Agnolin and Novas, 2009. New carnivorous dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of NW Patagonia and the evolution of abelisaurid theropods. Naturwissenschaften. 96, 409-414.

Carnotaurus Bonaparte, 1985
C. sastrei Bonaparte, 1985
Late Campanian, Late Cretaceous
La Colonia Formation, Argentina
Holotype- (MACN-CH 894) (8.11 m, 1.5 tons) almost complete skeleton including skull (596 mm), corpus, ceratobranchials, atlas (45 mm), axis (118 mm), third cervical vertebra (100 mm), fourth cervical vertebra (110 mm), fifth cervical vertebra (119 mm), sixth cervical vertebra (120 mm), seventh cervical vertebra (110 mm), eighth cervical vertebra (108 mm), ninth cervical vertebra (104 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (98 mm), cervical ribs 1-10, first dorsal vertebra (100 mm), second dorsal vertebra (101 mm), third dorsal vertebra (103 mm), fourth dorsal vertebra (108 mm), fifth dorsal vertebra (101 mm), sixth dorsal vertebra (117 mm), seventh dorsal vertebra (123 mm), eighth dorsal vertebra (122 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra (120 mm), tenth dorsal vertebra (116 mm), eleventh dorsal vertebra (120 mm), dorsal ribs 1-11, gastralia, first sacral vertebra (132 mm), second sacral vertebra (115 mm), third sacral vertebra (112 mm), fourth sacral vertebra (~98 mm), fifth sacral vertebra (~71 mm), sixth sacral vertebra (118 mm), seventh sacral vertebra (124 mm), first caudal vertebra (~128 mm), second caudal vertebra (122 mm), third caudal vertebra (120 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (136 mm), fifth caudal neural arch, sixth caudal neural arch, twelfth caudal centrum, fragments of chevrons, scapulocoracoids (905, 900 mm), clavicle, sternal plates (180 mm long), humeri (285, 284 mm), radii (73, 80 mm), ulnae (78, 85 mm), radiale, ulnare, metacarpal I (30 mm), metacarpal II (37, 36 mm), phalanx II-1, fragment of phalanx II-2, metacarpal III (29, 31 mm), proximal half of phalanx III-1, metacarpal IV (84 mm), ilia (970 mm), pubes (880 mm), ischia, femora (1.03 m), proximal tibiae, skin impressions
Comments- Though originally reported as being from the Albian-Cenomanian Gorro Frigio Formation, it is actually from much later sediments (Lamanna et al., 2002).
References- Bonaparte, 1985. A horned Cretaceous carnosaur from Patagonia. National Geographic Research 1 p. 149-151.
Bonaparte, Novas and Coria, 1990. Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) 416 41 pp.
Bonaparte, 1991. The Gondwanian theropod families Abelisauridae and Noasauridae. Historical Biology. An International Journal of Paleobiology 5 p. 1-25.
Lamanna, Martinez and Smith, 2002. A definitive abelisaurid theropod dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. J. Vert. Paleontol. 22, 58–69.

Ilokelesia Coria and Salgado, 2000
= "Ilokelesia" Coria, 1999
I. aguadagradensis Coria and Salgado, 2000
= "Ilokelesia aguadagrandensis" Coria, 1999
Late Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Huincul Formation of Rio Limay Subgroup, Argentina
Holotype- (~5 m) postorbital, quadrate, occipital condyle, partial third cervical vertebra, fourth cervical vertebra, posterior dorsal vertebra, five mid caudal vertebrae, eight chevrons, eight pedal phalanges, two pedal unguals
Diagnosis- (after Coria and Salgado, 2000) quadrate with reduced lateral condyle; cervical vertebrae with very reduced diapopostzygopophyseal laminae; dorsal vertebrae with ventrally concave infraparapophyseal laminae and with ventrally oriented parapophyses; dorsal vertebrae lacking pleurocoels; mid caudal vertebrae with distally expanded transverse processes bearing anteriorly and posteriorly projecting processes; distal edge of caudal transverse processes exhibiting a gently sigmoid profile that is convex anteriorly and concave posteriorly.
References- Coria, R. A., 1999. Ornithopod dinosaurs from the Neuquén Group, Patagonia, Argentina: Phylogeny and biostratigraphy. in Tomida, Y., Rich, T. H. and Vickers-Rich, P., eds., 1999: 47–60.
Coria and Salgado, 1999. A primitive abelisaur theropod from the Rio Limay Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Patagonia. JVP 19(3) 39A.
Coria and Salgado, 2000. A basal Abelisauria Novas 1992 (Theropoda-Ceratosauria) from the Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina. Gaia 15. 89-102.