unnamed clade (Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis + Torvosaurus tanneri + Spinosaurus aegyptiacus + Allosaurus fragilis + Passer domesticus)
= Megalosauridae sensu Allain, 2002
Definition- (Torvosaurus tanneri + Afrovenator abakensis + "Poekilopleuron" valesdunensis) (modified)
Comments- A clade containing eustreptospondylines, spinosauroids and avetheropods to the exclusion of basal tetanurines such as Piatnitzkysaurus, Condorraptor, "Szechuanoraptor" and Xuanhanosaurus has been recognized by most recent analyses (e.g. Rauhut, 2003; Holtz et al., 2004; Smith et al., 2007). It remains unnamed however.

Lourinhanosaurus Mateus, 1998
L. antunesi Mateus, 1998
Early Tithonian, Late Jurassic
Sobral Unit of Lourinha Formation, Portugal
Holotype- (ML 370) (4 m) cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, chevrons, ilia, partial pubes, partial ischia, partial femora, tibia, fibula, proximal metatarsal, 32 gastroliths
Referred- (ML 555) femur (Antunes and Mateus, 2003)
(ML 565) adult teeth, more than 200 embryonic elements including skull and jaw elements, four teeth, vertebrae, scapulae, femora, tibiae and metatarsi, more than 180 eggs, nests (Mateus and Mateus, 1997)
distal caudal vertebra (Mateus, pers. comm, 2002)
Comments- Though Mateus (1998) originally referred this taxon to Allosauroidea and Holtz et al. (2004) later found it to be a carnosaur, Allain (2001) recovered it as a eustreptospondyline (his Megalosauridae) in his unpublished analysis while Mateus et al. (2006) refer it to Eustreptospondylidae without explication. My unpublished theropod supermatrix agrees more closely with the latter in placing Lourinhanosaurus outside Avetheropoda, though its exact position within basal Tetanurae is uncertain.
The specimen had 32 gastroliths and the enveloping sediment preserved the negative imprint of 3 additional gastroliths. The maximum observed gastrolith length is 22 millimetres. Near the pebbles there were three small bone fragments that seem to be food remains. The gastroliths have been found in the rib cage below the eleventh dorsal vertebra. The high number, concentration and relative size of the gastroliths suggest that they belong to this specimen, and that they had not been swallowed when eating other dinosaur's stomach. Mateus (pers. comm., 2002) refers one distal caudal previously referred to Megalosaurus insignis (Lapparent and Zbyszewski, 1957) to Lourinhanosaurus.
References- Lapparent and Zbyszewski, 1957. Les dinosauriens du Portugal. Mémoires du Service géologique du Portugal, 2:1-63.
Mateus and Mateus, 1997. Eggs, nest and embryos of theropod dinosaur in Upper Jurassic level of Lourinha, Portugal. Documents of the International Conference Dinosaurs in Mediterranean. Tunis 30.
Mateus, Mateus, Antunes, Mateus, Taquet, Ribeiro and Manuppella, 1997. Couvee, oeufs et embryons d'un Dinosaure Theropode du Jurassique de Lourinha (Portugal). C.R Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planètes, 325: 71-78.
Mateus, 1998. Lourinhanosaurus antunesi, a new Upper Jurassic Allosauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Lourinhã (Portugal). Memórias da Academia de Ciências de Lisboa. 37: 111-124.
Mateus, Mateus, Antunes, Mateus, Taquet, Ribeiro and Manuppella, 1998. Upper Jurassic theropod dinosaur embryos from Lourinhã (Portugal). Memórias da Academia de Ciências de Lisboa. 37: 101-110.
Mateus, Taquet, Antunes, Mateus and Ribeiro, 1998. Theropod dinosaur nest from Lourinha, Portugal. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18(3) 61A.
Allain, 2001. The phylogenetic relationships of Megalosauridae within basal tetanurine theropods. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22(3), 31A.
Mateus, Antunes and Taquet, 2001. Dinosaur ontogeny: The case of Lourinhanosaurus (Late Jurassic, Portugal). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21 (Suppl. 3): 78A.
Ricqles, Mateus, Antunes and Taquet, 2001. Histomorphogenesis of embryos of Upper Jurassic Theropods from Lourinhã (Portugal). Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences - Série IIa - Sciences de la Terre et des planètes. 332(10): 647-656.
Allain, 2002a. Les Megalosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Nouvelle découverte et révision systématique: Implications phylogénétiques et paléobiogéographiques. Unpublished thesis. 329 pp.
Antunes and Mateus, 2003. Dinosaurs of Portugal. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2, Systematic Paleontology: 77–95.
Cunha, Mateus and Antunes, 2004, The sedimentology of the Paimogo dinosaur nest site (Portugal, Upper Jurassic): Abstract Book of the IAS [International
Association of Sedimentologists] 23rd Meeting, Coimbra, Portugal, p. 93.
Holtz, Molnar and Currie, 2004. Basal Tetanurae. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmolska. The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 861 pp.
Mateus, Antunes, Taquet and Ricqlès, in preparation. The osteology of the embryos of the theropod dinosaur Lourinhanosaurus antunesi from Portugal.

Monolophosauridae Bakker, 1997
Monolophosaurus Zhao and Currie, 1994
= "Jiangjunmiaosaurus" anonymous, 1987
M. jiangi Zhao and Currie, 1994
= "Monolophosaurus jiangjunmiaoi" Dong, 1992
= "Monolophosaurus dongi" Grady, 1993
Bathonian-Callovian, Middle Jurassic
Wucaiwan Formation, China
Holotype- (IVPP 84019) (5.71 m) skull (670 mm), mandible, atlas, axis (61.8 mm), third cervical vertebra (67.1 mm), fourth cervical vertebra (69.3 mm), fifth cervical vertebra (70.6 mm), sixth cervical vertebra (69.6 mm), seventh cervical vertebra (67.8 mm), eighth cervical vertebra (72.3 mm), ninth cervical vertebra (68.4 mm), tenth cervical vertebra (67.3 mm), most cervical ribs, (dorsal series 942.3 mm) first dorsal vertebra (60 mm), second dorsal vertebra (60.6 mm), third dorsal vertebra (60.9 mm), fourth dorsal vertebra (65.5 mm), fifth dorsal vertebra (70 mm), sixth dorsal vertebra (71.2 mm), seventh dorsal vertebra (74 mm), eighth dorsal vertebra (79.6 mm), ninth dorsal vertebra (79.5 mm), tenth dorsal vertebra (78.8 mm), eleventh dorsal vertebra (80.9 mm), twelfth dorsal vertebra (81.5 mm), thirteenth dorsal vertebra (79.8 mm), dorsal ribs 1-13, (sacrum 367.2 mm), first sacral vertebra (82.8 mm), second sacral vertebra (75.4 mm), third sacral vertebra (67.4 mm), fourth sacral vertebra (69.5 mm), fifth sacral vertebra (72.1 mm), first caudal vertebra (78 mm), second caudal vertebra (76.1 mm), third caudal vertebra (74.2 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (74.9 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (78.7 mm), sixth caudal vertebra (78.5 mm), ilia (498 mm), pubes (495 mm), ischia (390 mm)
Diagnosis- (after Rauhut, 2000) large midline crest on skull, formed by the premaxillae, nasals, lacrimals and anterior ends of the frontals.
Comments- Zhao and Currie (1994) placed Monolophosaurus as a basal tetanurine ("megalosaurid-grade"), but also suggested it may be a basal allosaurid (closer to Allosaurus than to Sinraptor). Sereno et al. (1994) placed it within Allosauridae, while most authors have found it resolves as a basal carnosaur (Holtz, 1996; Holtz, 2000; Holtz et al., 2004; Novas et al., 2005; Yates, 2005). However, Holtz (1995) and Smith et al. (2007) recovered Monolophosaurus as the sister taxon to Avetheropoda. Rauhut's (2000) placement was similar, as the sister taxon of Afrovenator+Allosauroidea within a Carnosauria containing spinosauroids and eustreptospondylines. My own analyses incorporating most of this data result in Monolophosaurus being outside Avetheropoda, but in a variable position relative to eustreptospondylines and spinosauroids.
References- Dong, 1992. Dinosaurian Fauna's of China. 188 pp. Ocean press/ Springer-Verlag, Beijing/Berlin.
Grady, 1993. The Dinosaur Project, pp. 261. McFarlane, Ross & Walters, Toronto.
Sereno, Wilson, Larsson, Dutheil and Sues, 1994. Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Sahara. Science. 266, 267-271.
Zhao and Currie, 1994. A large crested theropod from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 2027-2036.
Holtz, 1995. A new phylogeny of the Theropoda. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15(3), 35A.
Holtz, 1996. Phylogenetic analysis of the nonavian tetanurine dinosaurs (Saurischia: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16(3), 42A.
Holtz. 2000. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs. GAIA. 15, 5-61.
Rauhut, 2000. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Bristol [U.K.], 1-440.
Holtz, Molnar and Currie, 2004. Basal Tetanurae. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmolska. The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 861 pp.
Novas, de Valais, Vickers-Rich and Rich, 2005. A large Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia, Argentina, and the evolution of carcharodontosaurids. Naturwissenschaften. 92, 226-230.
Yates, 2005. A new theropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and its implications for the early evolution of theropods. Palaeontologia Africana. 41, 105-122.
Smith, Makovicky, Hammer and Currie, 2007. Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 151, 377-421.
Zhao, Benson, Brusatte and Currie, 2009. The postcranial skeleton of Monolophosaurus jiangi (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Xinjiang, China, and a review of Middle Jurassic Chinese theropods. Geological Magazine. doi:10.1017/S0016756809990240

Megalosaurinae sensu Allain, 2002
Definition- (Poekilopleuron bucklandii <- Torvosaurus tanneri) (modified)
Poekilopleuron Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1838
= "Poecilopleuron" Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1835 vide Bronn, 1937
P. bucklandii Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1838
= "Poecilopleuron bucklandi" Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1835 vide Bronn, 1937
= Liopleurodon bucklandi (Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1838) Sauvage, 1873
= Megalosaurus poikilopleuron Huene, 1923
Middle Bathonian, Middle Jurassic
Calcaire de Caen Formation, France
Holotype- (destroyed; plastoholotype MNHN 1897-2) cervical ribs (lost), dorsal ribs (lost), gastralia, twenty-one caudal vertebrae (lost), six chevrons (lost), scapula (lost), humerus (~306 mm), radius (170 mm), ulna (182 mm), metacarpal I (58 mm), phalanx I-1 (66 mm; lost), femur (lost), distal tibia (lost), partial fibula (lost), astragalus (lost), phalanx I-1, pedal ungual I, phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2, pedal ungual; II, metatarsal III, phalanx III-1, phalanx III-2, phalanx III-3, pedal ungual III, phalanx IV-2, phalanx IV-3, pedal ungual IV, ten gastroliths
Diagnosis- (after Allain and Chure, 2002) mid caudal neural spines as long as their corresponding centrum length; deltopectoral crest extending to midlength of humerus; ulna lacking olecranon process; distal end of radius as wide as proximal end; strong ulnar process at midlength of posteromedial edge of radius; convex lateral margin of ascending process of astragalus.
(after Rauhut, 2000) metacarpal I with small lateral flange behind distal articular facet.
Comments- Traditionally considered a torvosaurid or megalosaurid (Allain, 2002; Holtz et al., 2004), this taxon may be a basal eustreptospondyline, spinosauroid or a stem-avetheropod instead, based on an unpublished larger dataset.
References- Bronn, 1837.
Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1838. Mémoire sur le Poekilopleuron bucklandi, grand saurien fossile, intermédiaire entre les crocodiles et les lézards. Mém. Soc. linn. Normandie VI 37-146, pls. I-VIII.
Sauvage, 1873.
Huene, 1923. Carnivorous Saurischia in Europe since the Triassic. bulletin of the Geological Society of America. 34: 449-458.
Rauhut, 2000. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Bristol [U.K.], 1-440.
Allain, 2002a. Les Megalosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Nouvelle découverte et révision systématique: Implications phylogénétiques et paléobiogéographiques. Unpublished thesis. 329 pp.
Allain, 2002b. Discovery of a megalosaur (dinosauria, Theropoda) in the Middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22(3), 548-563.
Allain and Chure, 2002. Poekilopleuron bucklandi, the theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) of Normandy. Paleontology. 45(6).
Holtz, Molnar and Currie, 2004. Basal Tetanurae. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmolska. The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 861 pp.
P? sp. indet. (Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1838)
Middle Jurassic
Grande Oolithe, France
Material- (destroyed) tooth
Comments- This cannot be compared to Poekilopleuron, so cannot be referred to the genus.
Reference- Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1838. Mémoire sur le Poekilopleuron bucklandi, grand saurien fossile, intermédiaire entre les crocodiles et les lézards. Mém. Soc. linn. Normandie VI 37-146, pls. I-VIII.
P? sp. indet. (Owen, 1854)
Hauterivian-Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Weald Clay, England
Material- (Royal College of Surgeons coll.) partial dorsal centrum
Comments- Based on its age, this material is unlikely to be Poekilopleuron, and cannot be compared to the genus in any case.
Reference- Owen, 1854. Descriptive catalogue of the fossil organic remains of reptilia and pisces contained in the Museum of The Royal College of Surgeons of England: 184pp.

Eustreptospondylinae Paul, 1988
Definition- (Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis <- Torvosaurus tanneri, Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, Allosaurus fragilis) (Sereno, in press)
Other definitions- (Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis <- Megalosaurus bucklandii) (Holtz et al., 2004)
= Eustreptospondylidae Paul, 1988
Comments- Holtz et al.'s (2004) definition only includes Megalosaurus bucklandii as an external specifier, and I agree with Sereno (in press) that additional ones are useful in case eustreptospondylines are closer to allosaurids than to Megalosaurus (Paul, 1988; Kurzanov, 1989; Molnar et al., 1990; Holtz, 2000). This is especially true considering Megalosaurus' uncertain placement among theropods. The latter situation makes Holtz et al.'s definition impossible to apply to a particular clade at the moment, though at least Eustreptospondylus and Magnosaurus seem to be more closely related to each other than either is to Megalosaurus.

Dubreuillosaurus Allain, 2005
= "Calvadosaurus" Holtz, 2007
D. valesdunensis (Allain, 2002) Allain, 2005
= Poekilopleuron valesdunensis Allain, 2002
Middle Bathonian, Middle Jurassic
Calcaire de Caen Formation, France
Holotype- (MNHN 1998-13) partial skull (~490 mm), dentary splenials, surangular impression, angular, incomplete cervical centrum (45 mm excluding anterior ball), incomplete posterior cervical vertebra (50 mm excluding anterior ball), axial rib, proximal cervical ribs, two partial anterior dorsal centra, three partial anterior dorsal neural arches, two posterior dorsal centra (70 mm), dorsal ribs, two gastralia, partial second sacral vertebra, partial third sacral vertebra (85 mm), partial fifth sacral vertebra, fifth sacral rib, proximal caudal neural arch, seven mid caudal vertebrae (60-65 mm), two distal caudal vertebrae (38, 40 mm), two chevrons (110, 90 mm), partial scapula, manual ungual I or II (83 mm on curve), incomplete femur (~450 mm), proximal tibia, incomplete fibula, phalanx III-1 (65 mm), metatarsal V (58 mm)
Diagnosis- (after Allain, 2005) very low skull, at least three times longer than high; parietals not visible in lateral view; a straight medial margin of the upper temporal fenestra; a well developed ventral process on the jugal ramus of the ectopterygoid; a deeply grooved posterior margin of the ectopterygoid ahead of the subtemporal fenestra; a double curvature of the anterodorsal margin of the maxillary nasal ramus; a postorbital ventral process with U-shaped cross section; the absence
of a quadrate-quadratojugal fenestra; a large external mandibular fenestra; a mylohyoid foramen largely opened anteroventrally; femoral head medioventrally directed; convex anterior surface of distal end of femur.
References- Allain, 2002a. Les Megalosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Nouvelle découverte et révision systématique: Implications phylogénétiques et paléobiogéographiques. Unpublished thesis. 329 pp.
Allain, 2002b. Discovery of a megalosaur (dinosauria, Theropoda) in the Middle Bathonian of Normandy (France) and its implications for the phylogeny of basal Tetanurae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22(3), 548-563.
Allain, 2005. The postcranial anatomy of the megalosaur Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (Dinosauria Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Normandy, France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25(4), 850–858.
Holtz, 2007. Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages. Random House.

Afrovenator Sereno, Wilson, Larsson, Duthell and Sues, 1994
A. abakensis Sereno, Wilson, Larsson, Duthell and Sues, 1994
Bathonian-Oxfordian, Middle-Late Jurassic
Tiouraren Formation of the Irhazer Group, Niger
Holotype- (UC UBA 1) (6.76 m) skull (~840 mm) (lacking premaxilla, nasal, frontal, parietal and quadratojugal), prearticular, axis, third cervical cervical vertebra, fourth cervical vertebra, eighth cervical vertebra, cervical rib, first dorsal vertebra, fourth dorsal vertebra, seventh dorsal centrum, eighth dorsal centrum, eleventh dorsal vertebra, twelfth dorsal vertebra, two dorsal ribs, proximal caudal vertebra, two mid caudal vertebrae, ten distal caudal vertebrae, fifteen chevrons, humerus (~400 mm), distal radius, distal ulna, semilunate carpal, metacarpal I (62 mm), phalanx I-1 (112 mm), manual ungual I (80 mm), metacarpal II (135 mm), proximal phalanx II-1, manual ungual II (76 mm), phalanx III-3 (53 mm), manual ungual III (40 mm), incomplete ilium (567 mm), incomplete pubis (644 mm), ischium (533 mm), femur (760 mm), tibia (~687 mm), fibula, astragalus lacking ascending pr., calcaneum, metatarsal I (103 mm), phalanx II-1 (122 mm), pedal ungual II (76 mm), (metatarsal III ~344 mm), metatarsal IV (321 mm), phalanx IV-1 (90 mm), phalanx IV-2 (106 mm), phalanx IV-3 (87 mm)
Diagnosis- (after Sereno et al., 1994) third cervical vertebra with low, rectangular neural spine; very flat semilunate carpal; metacarpal I with broad flange for articulation against metacarpal II.
Comments- Though originally identified as Hauterivian-Barremian (Sereno et al., 1994), the Tiouraren Formation has been reinterpreted as Bathonian-Oxfordian (Rauhut and Lopez-Arbarello, 2009).
References- Sereno, Wilson, Larsson, Dutheil and Sues, 1994. Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Sahara. Science. 266, 267-271.
Rauhut and Lopez-Arbarello, 2009. Considerations on the age of the Tiouaren Formation (Iullemmeden Basin, Niger, Africa): Implications for Gondwanan Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 271, 259-267.

unnamed clade (Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis + Magnosaurus nethercombensis)
= Eustreptospondylinae sensu Holtz et al., 2004
Definition- (Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis <- Megalosaurus bucklandii)
Diagnosis- (after Rauhut, 2000) slight dorsoventral and transversal expansion of the anterior part of the dentary; presence of a significantly enlarged third dentary tooth; lateral nutrient foramina placed in a shallow longitudinal groove with a subrectangular cross-section on posterior part of dentary.

Eustreptospondylus Walker, 1964
E. oxoniensis Walker, 1964
= Magnosaurus oxoniensis (Walker, 1964) Rauhut, 2003
Late Callovian, Middle Jurassic
Middle Oxford Clay Formation, England
Holotype- (OUM J13558) (4.63 m, 218 kg; subadult) (partial skull ~483 mm) premaxillae, incomplete maxillae, lacrimal, postorbitals, squamosal, quadrate, frontals, parietal, partial braincase, dentaries, teeth (lost), axis, third cervical vertebra, fourth cervical vertebra, fifth cervical centrum, sixth cervical centrum, seventh cervical centrum, eighth cervical vertebra, ninth cervical vertebra, tenth cervical vertebra, first dorsal vertebra, second dorsal centrum, third dorsal centrum, fourth dorsal vertebra, fifth dorsal vertebra, sixth dorsal vertebra, seventh dorsal vertebra, eighth dorsal centrum, ninth dorsal vertebra, tenth dorsal vertebra, eleventh dorsal centrum, first sacral vertebra, third sacral vertebra, fourth sacral vertebra, fifth sacral centrum, first caudal vertebra, second caudal vertebra, third caudal centrum, fourth caudal vertebra, partial fifth caudal centrum, seventh caudal centrum, eighth caudal vertebra, tenth caudal centrum, twelfth caudal centrum, thirteenth caudal centrum, sixteenth caudal vertebra, twenty-first caudal vertebra, scapula (299 mm), humerus (231 mm), ilium (365 mm), pubes (451 mm), ischia (358 mm), femora (498 mm), tibiae (479 mm), fibulae (467 mm), astragali (86 mm wide), calcaneum (lost), metatarsal II, phalanx II-1 (64 mm), phalanx II-2, metatarsal III (232 mm), phalanx III-1 (80, 85mm), phalanx III-2 (65, 63mm), phalanx III-3 (54 mm), pedal ungual III (54 mm), metatarsal IV (207 mm), phalanx IV-1 (76 mm), phalanx IV-2 (53 mm)
Diagnosis- (after Rauhut, 2000) differs from Magnosaurus in the proximal extent of the pubic symphysis.
(after Sadlier et al., 2008) shallow lacrimal fenestra that incorporates a second smaller foramen; fossa on posterolateral surface of ventral postorbital process; squamosal with a hypertrophied ventral flange that overhangs the laterotemporal fenestra in lateral view, partially obscuring its posterodorsal corner; ventral keels absent on presacral vertebrae; marked depression on anterior part of ventral surface of tenth cervical vertebra.
differs from Magnosaurus in having interdental plates which are longer than tall; pubis with less transverse expansion at acetabular margin in proximal view; lateral margin of distal femur straight in posterior view; dorsoventrally extending ridge on lateral surface of cnemial crest absent.
Comments- This specimen was originally described by Phillips (1871) as combining Streptospondylus and Megalosaurus attributes, but left unnamed. Nopcsa (1905, 1906) referred the specimen to Streptospondylus cuvieri in his description, while Huene referred the specimen to either Streptospondylus cuvieri (1907-08, 1923, 1926) or Megalosaurus cuvieri (1926, 1932). Walker (1964) erected the new genus Eustreptospondylus for the specimen, as it not referrable to Megalosaurus or Streptospondylus. Streptospondylus? cuvieri is now restricted to the lost holotype partial dorsal vertebra, which is an indeterminate theropod.
The jugal mentioned by Huene (1926) is probably the squamosal. The supposed parts of the coronoid and angular figured by Nopcsa (1906) are probably parts of the dentaries. Huene's (1926) fourteenth dorsal vertebra does not exist and his account of 29 preserved caudal vertebrae is in error as well. Phillips (1871) and Huene (1926) describe and illustrate a distal metacarpal and manual phalanx, which are either lost or misidentified pedal elements.
References- Phillips, 1871. Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames. 529 pp.
Nopcsa, 1905. Notes on British dinosaurs. Part III: Streptospondylus. Geol. Mag. 5, 289-293.
Nopcsa, 1906. Zur Kenntnis des Genus Streptospondylus. Beitr. Palaeont. Geol. Osterr.-Ung. 19, 59-83.
Huene, 1907-08. Die Dinosaurier der Europaiaschen Triasformation mit Berucksichtiging der aussereuropaischen Vorkommnisse. Geol. Paleont. Abhandl. Suppl. 1, 1-419.
Huene, 1923. Carnivorous Saurischia in Europe since the Triassic. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 34, 449-458.
Huene, 1926. On several known and unknown reptiles of the order Saurischia from England and France. Annal and Magazine of Natural History. ser. 9 17, 473-489.
Huene, 1932. Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte. Monog. Geol. Pal. 4 (1) pts. 1 and 2, viii + 361 pp.
Walker, 1964. Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B 248, 53-134.
Rauhut, 2000. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Bristol [U.K.], 1-440.
Allain, 2002a. Les Megalosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Nouvelle découverte et révision systématique: Implications phylogénétiques et paléobiogéographiques. Unpublished thesis. 329 pp.
Rauhut, 2003. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology. 69, 1-213.
Sadlier, Barrett and Powell, 2008. The anatomy and systematics of Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis, a theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic from Oxfordshire, England. Monograph of the Palaeontological Society. 1-82.

Magnosaurus Huene, 1932
M. nethercombensis (Huene, 1926) Huene, 1932
= Megalosaurus nethercombensis Huene, 1926
Aalenian-Bajocian, Middle Jurassic
Inferior Oolite, England
Holotype- (OUM J12143) (~4.6 m) dentaries, partial posterior dorsal vertebra, proximal caudal centrum, partial pubis, femora, incomplete tibia (480 mm), distal fibula
Diagnosis- (after Rauhut, 2000) differs from Eustreptospondylus in the proximal extent of the pubic symphysis.
(after Sadlier et al., 2008) differs from Eustreptospondylus in having interdental plates which are taller than long; pubis with greater transverse expansion at acetabular margin in proximal view; lateral margin of distal femur concave in posterior view; dorsoventrally extending ridge on lateral surface of cnemial crest.
References- Huene, 1926. On several known and unknown reptiles of the order Saurischia from England and France. Annal and Magazine of Natural History. ser. 9 17, 473-489.
Huene, 1932. Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte. Monog. Geol. Pal. 4 (1) pts. 1 and 2, viii + 361 pp.
Waldman, 1974. Megalosaurids from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset. Palaeontology 17, 325-339.
Rauhut, 2000. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Bristol [U.K.], 1-440.
Allain, 2002a. Les Megalosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Nouvelle découverte et révision systématique: Implications phylogénétiques et paléobiogéographiques. Unpublished thesis. 329 pp.
Sadlier, Barrett and Powell, 2008. The anatomy and systematics of Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis, a theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic from Oxfordshire, England. Monograph of the Palaeontological Society. 1-82.

Spinosauria Olshevsky, 1991
= Torvosauroidea Jensen, 1985 vide Sereno et al., 1994
= Torvosaurinae Jensen, 1985 vide Allain, 2002
Definition- (Torvosaurus tanneri <- Poekilopleuron bucklandii, Afrovenator abakensis) (modified from Allain, 2002)
= Spinosauroidea sensu Holtz et al., 2004
Definition- (Spinosaurus aegyptiacus <- Passer domesticus)
Comments- Sereno (in press) suggested using Spinosauria for a stem-based clade including Spinosauroidea but excluding avetheropods, in case taxa like eustreptospondylines or Poekilopleuron fall outside the Torvosaurus+Spinosaurus clade. This is similar to his prior use of Torvosauroidea (to contain Afrovenator plus what is now defined as Spinosauroidea) and to Holtz et al.'s stem-based version of Spinosauroidea. Here it is used to contain Megaraptor and spinosauroids, though it may be expanded if evidence gathers that eustreptospondylines and spinosauroids are closer to each other than either are to avetheropods.
Calvo et al. (2004) first suggested similarities between Megaraptor and Torvosaurus and spinosaurids, though without an analysis to back it up. Smith et al. (2008) recovered Megaraptor as the sister taxon of Spinosauridae in their analysis, though Torvosaurus was a more basal spinosauroid. Combining Smith et al.'s data with other data in my theropod supermatrix results in placing Megaraptor sister to Spinosauroidea (Torvosaurus + Spinosaurus). This is based on the elongate manual ungual I, large lateral ulnar tuberosity and accessory vertebral laminae in the infradiapophyseal fossae of the dorsal vertebrae.
References- Calvo, Porfiri, Veralli, Novas and Pobletei, 2004. Phylogenetic status of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii Novas based on a new specimen from Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana (Rev. Asoc. Paleontol. Argent.). 41(4), 565-575.
Smith, Makovicky, Agnolin, Ezcurra, Pais and Salisbury, 2008. A Megaraptor-like theropod (Dinosauria: Tetanurae) in Australia: support for faunal exchange across eastern and western Gondwana in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proc. R. Soc. B doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0504

Megaraptor Novas, 1998
= "Megaraptor" Shreeve, 1997
Diagnosis- (after Calvo et al., 2004) manual unguals I and II enlarged and highly transversely compressed.
(after Smith et al., 2008) proximocaudally expanded blade-like olecranon process that extends distally as a caudal olecranon crest; pronounced lateral tuberosity that is continuous distally with a distinct lateral crest.
M. namunhuaiquii Novas, 1998
= "Megaraptor namuhualquii" Shreeve, 1997
Late Turonian-Early Coniacian, Late Cretaceous
Portezuelo Formation of Rio Neuquen Subgroup, Argentina
Holotype- (MCF-PVPH 79) ulna (332 mm), phalanx I-1 (188 mm), manual ungual I (339 mm), distal metatarsal III (~375 mm)
Referred- (MUCPv 341) cervical vertebra, two proximal caudal vertebrae, three chevrons, incomplete scapula, coracoid, radius, ulna, semilunate carpal, ulnare, metacarpal I (106 mm), phalanx I-1 (182 mm), manual ungual I (350 mm), metacarpal II (170 mm), phalanx II-1 (108 mm), phalanx II-2 (104 mm), manual ungual II (235 mm), metacarpal III (119 mm), phalanx III-1 (56 m), phalanx III-2 (41 mm), phalanx III-3 (56 mm), manual ungual III (65 mm), metacarpal IV (4 mm), pubis (480 mm), metatarsal IV (Calvo et al., 2004)
(MUCPv 412) distal ulna (Porfiri, Calvo and Santos, 2007)
(MUCPv 413) proximal manual phalanx I-1 (Porfiri, Calvo and Santos, 2007)
Diagnosis- (after Novas, 1998; Lamanna, 2004; Calvo et al., 2004) cervical vertebrae with elongate elliptical pleurocoels; ulna stout and triangular in distal view; manual phalanx I-1 subquadrangular in proximal view, with dorsal portion wider than ventral portion; proximodorsal depression on manual ungual I absent; lateral vascular groove in manual ungual III absent; metatarsal III with deep and wide extensor ligament pit; distal end of metatarsal IV narrower than shaft.
Comments- This was first reported by Novas et al. (1996) in an abstract as a possibly maniraptoran tetanurine. Originally thought to have an enlarged hyperextensible pedal ungual II, a new specimen (Calvo et al., 2002) shows this is actually manual ungual I. This specimen indicates Megaraptor is more basal than the deinonychosaurs it was previously allied with. The numerous carcharodontosaurid teeth at the same locality may therefore belong to Megaraptor.
References- Novas, Cladera and Puerta, 1996. New theropods from the Late Cretacoues of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16(3), 56A.
Novas, 1998. Megaraptor namunhuaiquii, gen. et sp. nov., a large-clawed, Late Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18(1), 4-9.
Calvo, Porfiri, Veralli and Novas, 2002. Megaraptor namunhuaiquii (Novas, 1998), a new light about its phylogenetic relationships. Primer Congreso latinoamericano de Paleontología de Vertebrados. Santiago de Chile, Octubre del 2002. p.20.
Calvo, Porfiri, Veralli, Novas and Pobletei, 2004. Phylogenetic status of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii Novas based on a new specimen from Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana (Rev. Asoc. Paleontol. Argent.). 41(4), 565-575.
Lamanna, 2004. Late Cretaceous dinosaurs and crocodiliforms from Egypt and Argentina. PhD Thesis. University of Pennsylvania. 305 pp.
Porfiri, Calvo and Santos, 2007. Evidencia de gregarismo en Megaraptor namunhuaiquii (Theropoda: Tetanurae), Patagonia, Argentina. in Díaz-Martínez and Rábano (eds.). 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America. 323-326.
Porfiri, Santos and Calvo, 2007. New information on Megaraptor namunhuaiquii (Theropoda: Tetanurae), Patagonia: Considerations on paleoecological aspects. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. 65(4), 545-550.
M. sp. nov. (Martinez et al., 1999)
Middle Cenomanian-Turonian, Late Cretaceous
Lower Member of Bajo Barreal Formation, Argentina
Material- (UNPSJB-PV 944) (subadult) first dorsal vertebra (~64 mm), two dorsal ribs, three incomplete mid caudal vertebrae, partial manual ungual I (~294 mm), phalanx II-2, manual ungual II fragment, partial manual ungual III, femoral fragment, fibular fragment, distal metatarsal II, two fragmentary pedal phalanges
(UNPSJB-PV 958) manual ungual I (~370 mm), manual ungual III, fragmentary femur, fragmentary tibia, incomplete fibula, distal metatarsal I, metatarsal II (~280 mm), incomplete phalanx II-1, phalanx II-2 (~62 mm), phalanx III-2 (~71 mm), two fragmentary pedal phalanges, fragments
Diagnosis- proximodorsal depression on manual ungual I; lateral vascular groove in manual ungual III well defined.
References- Martinez, Lamanna, Smith, Casal and Luna, 1999. New Cretaceous theropod material from Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19(3), 62A.
Lamanna, Martínez, Luna, Casal, Ibiricu and Ivany, 2004. Specimens of the problematic large theropod dinosaur Megaraptor from the Late Cretaceous of Central Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24(3), 252A.
Lamanna, 2004. Late Cretaceous dinosaurs and crocodiliforms from Egypt and Argentina. PhD Thesis. University of Pennsylvania. 305 pp.
M. sp. nov. (Smith et al., 2008)
Late Aptian-Early Albian, Cretaceous
Eumeralla Formation of the Otway Group, Victoria, Australia
Material- (NMV P186076) ulna (192.6 mm)
Diagnosis- distal ulna with circular outline.
Comments- Pigdon (DML, 1998) noted a supposedly dromaeosaurid ulna had been reported in the 1998 Flat Rocks Site Report, mentioned by Rich and Rich. Pidgon states (pers comm., 2007) that Rich and Rich had forgotten about suggesting a dromaeosaurid identity and that it may be the ulna photographed in Rich and Vickers-Rich (2003) and identified merely as theropod. Salisbury et al. (2007) stated it compared favorably to Megaraptor, which was expanded on in Smith et al.'s (2008) description and phylogenetic analysis. It shares two apomorphies with Megaraptor namunhuaiquii- proximocaudally expanded blade-like olecranon process that extends distally as a caudal olecranon crest; pronounced lateral tuberosity that is continuous distally with a distinct lateral crest.
References- Rich, 1998. Research Update. Dinosaur Dreaming 1998 Annual Report. Monash University.
http://dml.cmnh.org/1998Sep/msg00454.html
Rich and Vickers-Rich, 2003. Protoceratopsian? ulnae from the Early Cretaceous of Australia. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum. 113, 12 pp.
Salisbury, Agnolin, Ezcurra and Pais, 2007 A critical reassessment of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaur faunas of Australia and New Zealand. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27(3), 138A.
Smith, Makovicky, Agnolin, Ezcurra, Pais and Salisbury, 2008. A Megaraptor-like theropod (Dinosauria: Tetanurae) in Australia: support for faunal exchange across eastern and western Gondwana in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proc. R. Soc. B doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0504

Spinosauroidea Stromer, 1915 sensu Olshevsky, 1991
Definition- (Spinosaurus aegyptiacus + Torvosaurus tanneri) (modified from Sereno, 1998)
Other definitions- (Spinosaurus aegyptiacus <- Passer domesticus) (Holtz et al., 2004)
(Spinosaurus aegyptiacus + Torvosaurus tanneri, - Allosaurus fragilis, Passer domesticus) (Sereno, in press)
= Spinosauroidea sensu Sereno, in press
Definition- (Spinosaurus aegyptiacus + Torvosaurus tanneri, - Allosaurus fragilis, Passer domesticus)
Comments- A superfamily containing Megalosaurus must be called Megalosauroidea according to the ICZN, so this taxon may need to be renamed Megalosauroidea if Megalosaurus is found to fall inside it (e.g. Allain, 2002; Holtz et al., 2004). As Spinosauroidea was first defined as containing the common ancestor of Torvosaurus and Spinosaurus and all of its descendants by Sereno (1998), it doesn't necessarily cover all of the taxa generally placed in it. For instance, Rauhut (2003) found eustreptospondylines to fall outside this group, Sereno et al. (1994) placed Afrovenator outside of it, and Smith et al. (2007) found Afrovenator and Dubreuillosaurus outside it. Even if eustreptospondylines are torvosaurids (as in Allain, 2002 and Holtz et al., 2004), taxa such as Poekilopleuron, Streptospondylus, Lourinhanosaurus, Megalosaurus or Monolophosaurus may fall outside Spinosauroidea as defined by Sereno.

Torvosauridae Jensen, 1985
Definition- (Torvosaurus tanneri <- Spinosaurus aegyptiacus) (modified from Sereno, 1998)
Other definitions- (Torvosaurus tanneri <- Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, Allosaurus fragilis, Passer domesticus) (Sereno, 2005)
= Torvosauridae sensu Sereno, in press
Definition- (Torvosaurus tanneri <- Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, Allosaurus fragilis, Passer domesticus)

"Brontoraptor" Redman, 1995
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Brushy Basin Member of Morrison Formation, Wyoming, US
Material- (TATE 0012) atlas (60 mm), axis (150 mm), sacrum (620 mm), first caudal vertebra (105 mm), second caudal vertebra (113 mm), third caudal vertebra (121 mm), fourth caudal vertebra (112 mm), fifth caudal vertebra (113 mm), seventh caudal vertebra (111 mm), eighth caudal vertebra (118 mm), ninth caudal vertebra (118 mm), tenth caudal vertebra (119 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (118 mm), twentieth caudal vertebra (118 mm), six chevrons (305, 285, 265, 245, 210, 118 mm), scapulocoracoid (835 mm), ilium (~930 mm), pubis (~610 mm), ischium (590 mm), femur (830 mm), tibia (700 mm), fibula (650 mm)
(TATE 1012-11; = CPS 1003) coracoid (198 mm deep)
Diagnosis- (from Siegwarth et al., online) differs from Torvosaurus tanneri in- ilium with straight dorsal edge; vertical pubic peduncle of ilium; brevis shelf oriented laterally; short pubic symphysis; reduced pelvic canal; ischium not strongly curved; obturator process present; no ischial symphysis.
Comments- Described online by Siegwarth et al., who refrained from naming it until further comparisons with Torvosaurus were complete.
References- Redman, 1995. Paleo Horizons, Winter Issue.
Bakker, 1996. The real Jurassic Park: dinosaurs and habitats at Como Bluff, Wyoming. in Morales ed. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin. 60, 35-49.
Siegwarth, Lindbeck, Redman, Southwell and Bakker, online. Megalosaurid Dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of Eastern Wyoming.

Edmarka Bakker, Kralis, Siegwarth and Filla, 1992
E. rex Bakker, Kralis, Siegwarth and Filla, 1992
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Brushy Basin Member of Morrison Formation, Wyoming, US
Cotypes- (CPS 1002) incomplete scapula (~950 mm), partial coracoid
(CPS 1004) dorsal ribs
(CPS 1005) jugal (444 mm)
Paratypes- (CPS 1001) partial third dorsal rib, fourth dorsal rib, ninth dorsal rib, tenth dorsal rib, partial eleventh dorsal rib, dorsal rib
(CPS 1003) coracoid (198 mm deep)
(CPS 1006) first caudal vertebra (140 mm)
(CPS 1010) pubis (866 mm)
Referred- (CEUM 3301) pubes (Siegwarth et al., online)
(TATE coll.) pubis (790 mm), proximal ischium (Siegwarth et al., online)
?(TATE coll.) ilium (Siegwarth et al., online)
Comments- Bakker et al. (1992) confusingly label the proximal caudal vertebra as CPS 1005 in the material list, which is the same number as the jugal. In the discussion, it is called CPS 1006. Also, they label the ribs CPS 1001 in the discussion and figures, but as CPS 401 in the material list. Given the other specimen numbers, CPS 1001 is the more likely possibility. A coracoid (CPS 1003) was originally included as a paratype, but was referred to "Brontoraptor" by Siegwarth et al. (unpublished).
Synonymized with Torvosaurus tanneri by Holtz et al. (2004) without detailed analysis.
References- Bakker, Kralis, Siegwarth and Filla, 1992. Edmarka rex, a new, gigantic theropod dinosaur from the Middle Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic of the Como Bluff outcrop, with comments on the evolution of the chest region and shoulder in theropods and birds and a discussion of the five cycles of originn and extinction among giant dinosaurian predators. Hunteria. 2(9), 1-24.
Holtz, Molnar and Currie, 2004. Basal Tetanurae. In Weishampel, Dodson and Osmolska. The Dinosauria Second Edition. University of California Press. 861 pp.
Siegwarth, Lindbeck, Redman, Southwell and Bakker, online. Megalosaurid Dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of Eastern Wyoming.

Torvosaurus Galton and Jensen, 1979
T. tanneri Galton and Jensen, 1979
= Megalosaurus tanneri (Galton and Jensen, 1979) Paul, 1988
Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Brushy Basin Member of Morrison Formation, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, US
Holotype- (BYUVP 2002) humeri (412, 429 mm), radius (187 mm), ulnae (225, 229 mm)
Paratypes- (BYUVP 2003) (skull ~1.31 m) anterior dentary
(BYUVP 2004a-d) fragment of fifth cervical vertebra, sixth cervical vertebra (115 mm), seventh cervical vertebra (123 mm), eighth cervical vertebra (121 mm)
(BYUVP 2005) first dorsal vertebra (135 mm)
(BYUVP 2006) fifth dorsal vertebra (118 mm)
(BYUVP 2007) sixth dorsal vertebra (~107 mm)
(BYUVP 2008) twelfth dorsal vertebra
(BYUVP 2009) dorsal vertebra
(BYUVP 2010) metacarpal I (72.3 mm)
(BYUVP 2011) metacarpal II (117.5 mm)
(BYUVP 2012) metacarpal III (96.5 mm)
(BYUVP 2013) ilium
(BYUVP 2014) pubes (736 mm)
(BYUVP 2015) ischium (736 mm)
(BYUVP 2016) tibia (725 mm)
(BYUVP 2017) incomplete tibia
(BYUVP 2018) manual phalanx I-1
(BYUVP 2020) manual ungual I
Referred- (BYUVP 4860) third cervical vertebra (90 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 4881) distal ischium (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 4882) premaxilla (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 4883) jugals (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 4884) atlantal intercentrum (50 mm), neurapophysis (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 4890) thirteenth dorsal vertebra (130 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 4976a-k) eighth caudal vertebra (115 mm), eighth chevron, ninth caudal vertebra (118 mm), ninth chevron, tenth caudal vertebra (119 mm), tenth chevron (232 mm), eleventh caudal vertebra (116 mm), eleventh chevron (220 mm), twelfth caudal vertebra (104 mm), twelfth chevron (190 mm), thirteenth caudal vertebra (109 mm), thirteenth chevron (185 mm), fourteenth caudal vertebra (100 mm), fourteenth chevron (~180 mm), fifteenth caudal vertebra, fifteenth chevron, sixteenth caudal vertebra (100 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 4977) ilium (853 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 4998) fourth dorsal vertebra (124 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5004) fourth caudal vertebra (127 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5005) metatarsal III (320 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5009) metatarsal III (348 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5020) calcaneum (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5077) metatarsal II (295 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5086) second caudal vertebra (116 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5110) quadrate (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5129) fibula (686 mm), astragalus (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5136) fibula (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5147) metatarsal II (303 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5241) metatarsal III (357 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5276) metatarsal II (288 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5277) metatarsal III (358 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5278) metatarsal IV (302 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5279) metatarsal IV (308 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5280) metatarsal III (365 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5281) metatarsal II (307 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 5286) lacrimal (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 8966) metatarsal IV (302 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9013) twelfth caudal vertebra (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9090) tenth dorsal vertebra (~113 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9120) seventh dorsal vertebra (112 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9121) ninth dorsal vertebra (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9122) maxilla (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9135) twenty-third caudal vertebra (86 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9249) postorbital (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9620) fibula (688 mm) (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9621) astragalus (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP 9622) calcaneum (Britt, 1991)
(BYUVP coll.) teeth (Britt, 1991)
(CM 1254) tooth (Britt, 1991)
(DMNH 2243) posterior dorsal vertebra (Britt, 1991)
(YPM coll.) tooth (>100 mm) (Lull, 1927)
two teeth (Foster, 2005)
Middle Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic
Salt Wash Member of the Morrison Formation, Colorado
humerus (Carpenter, 1998)
Diagnosis- (after Rauhut, 2000) opisthocoelous cervical vertebrae with a pronounced flat rim around the anterior ball; fenestra in neural arch of dorsal vertebrae in front of hyposphene.
References- Lull, 1927. Organic Evolution, Macmillan, New York. 729 pp.
Galton and Jensen, 1979. A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. Brigham Young University Geology Studies. 26(2):1-12.
Paul, 1988. Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. Simon & Schuster, New York.
Britt, 1991. Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 37 p. 1-72.
Carpenter, 1998. Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Morrison Formation near Cañon City, Colorado. Modern Geology. 23, 407-426.
Rauhut, 2000. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Bristol [U.K.], 1-440.
Foster, 2005. Evidence of size-classes and scavenging in the theropod Allosaurus fragilis at the Mygatt-Moore Quarry (Late Jurassic), Rabbit Valley, Colorado: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25(3), 59A.
T. sp. indet. (Mateus and Antunes, 2000)
Early Tithonian, Late Jurassic
Bombarral Unit of Lourinha Formation, Portugal
Material- (ML 430) tibia (Mateus and Antunes, 2000)
?(ML 632) (~11 m; 1.93 tons) distal femur (Mateus et al., 2006)
(ML 1100) (skull ~1.58 m) maxilla (630 mm), tooth (127 mm) (Mateus et al., 2006)
Reference- Mateus and Antunes, 2000. Torvosaurus sp. (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Late Jurassic of Portugal: Livro de Resumos do I Congresso Iberico de Paleontologia, p. 115-117.
Antunes and Mateus, 2003. Dinosaurs of Portugal. Comptes Rendus Palevol.
Mateus, Walen and Antunes, 2006. The large theropod fauna of the Lourinha Formation (Portugal) and its similarity to the Morrison Formation, with a description of a new species of Allosaurus. in Foster and Lucas, eds.. Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 36.

Spinosauridae Stromer, 1915
Definition- (Spinosaurus aegyptiacus <- Torvosaurus tanneri) (modified from Sereno, 1998)
Other definitions- (Spinosaurus aegyptiacus <- Torvosaurus tanneri, Allosaurus fragilis, Passer domesticus) (Sereno, in press)
= Baryonychidae Charig and Milner, 1986
= Irritatoridae Martill et al., 1996
= Spinosauridae sensu Holtz et al., 2004
Definition- (Spinosaurus aegyptiacus <- Megalosaurus bucklandii, Allosaurus fragilis, Passer domesticus)
= Spinosauridae sensu Sereno, in press
Definition- (Spinosaurus aegyptiacus <- Torvosaurus tanneri, Allosaurus fragilis, Passer domesticus)
Diagnosis- (after Rauhut, 2000) Dentary with strongly developed anterior expansion; anterior dentary teeth much larger than the relatively small and closely spaced posterior teeth; medial alveolar border is as high as the lateral border and formed by a sheet of bone of the dentary, rather than by separately ossified interdental plates; teeth almost round in basal cross section and only slightly recurved; very long premaxillae, forming a rostral rosette; seven premaxillary teeth; ventral margin of premaxilla strongly concave; anterior ramus of maxilla strongly elongated; angle between anterior and ventral ramus of the lacrimal less than 45°; dorsal vertebrae with several small vertical laminae connecting the transverse process with the neural spine dorsally; humerus extremely robust, with strongly expanded internal tuberosity and distal condyles; ulna with a broad and very strongly developed olecranon process; ischium with a long and low obturator flange.
Comments- Sereno's (in press) definition is the same as Holtz et al.'s (2004) except for the substitution of Torvosaurus for Megalosaurus. Sereno's has an advantage that Torvosaurus is more often included in analyses than Megalosaurus (Sereno, 1999; Rauhut, 2000; Allain, 2002), and has a more certain phylogenetic position. Incidentally, I believe a node-based Spinosauridae may be a better idea, for this stem-based one could include Chilantaisaurus (Rauhut, 2000, 2003), coelophysoids (Paul, 1988), tyrannosaurids (Walker, 1964), carcharodontosaurids (Bonaparte et al., 1990) and other taxa proposed to be more closely related to Spinosaurus than torvosaurids, allosaurids or birds.

unnamed possible spinosaurid (Bittencourt and Kellner, 2003)
Albian, Early Cretaceous
Romualdo Member of Santana Formation, Brazil
Material- (MN 4743-V) sacral vertebrae 3-5, six proximal caudal vertebrae, three proximal chevrons
Comments- Bittencourt and Kellner (2003) excluded MN 4743-V from Ceratosauria based on the lack of a synsacrum and a ventral midline groove on the proximal caudal centra. They excluded it from Coelurosauria based on the transversely rounded ventral sacral margin and anterior chevrons with a roblike proximal section. They suggested spinosaurid affinities based on the infradiapophyseal laminae on the proximal caudals, as well as undisclosed similarities to an undescribed specimen (MN coll.) tentatively referred to that family.
However, a ventral midline groove on proximal caudal centra is present in nearly every theropod, even Shuvuuia (only the first two caudals are keeled). It's absence is only reported for Elaphrosaurus, Carnotaurus, Eustreptospondylus, Suchomimus, "Alashansaurus” maortuensis and Ornithomimus? sedens. Additionally, synsacra are highly variable in theropods (seemingly due to age and individual variation). "Ceratosaurs" (sensu lato) that lack complete sacral fusion include Liliensternus, some Coelophysis rhodesiensis specimens, Dilophosaurus and abelisaurids. Tyrannosauroids lack ventrally flattened sacral centra, a condition that has also been reported for SMNK 2349 PAL and Ornitholestes. Thus, the flat venter may be a maniraptoriform character, not a coelurosaurian one. I have not observed any difference in the anteroposterior elongation of the proximal end of anterior chevrons between coelurosaurs and non-coelurosaurs. The expansion seen in most coelurosaurs (but not all- eg. Gallimimus) is also found in many other theropods, such as Dilophosaurus, Torvosaurus, Acrocanthosaurus and Allosaurus. This is mostly caused by paired anterior processes at the proximal end. Baryonyx lacks these however, adding further proof to their possible spinosaurid identification.
Reference- Bittencourt and Kellner, 2003. New theropod remains from the Romualdo Member, Santana Formation (Aptian-Albian), Northeastern Brazil. III Simpósio Brasileiro de Paleovertebrados, Resumos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ.

Baryonychinae Charig and Milner, 1986 vide Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, Wilson and Wilson, 1998
Definition- (Baryonyx walkeri <- Spinosaurus aegyptiacus) (Holtz et al., 2004; modified from Sereno et al., 1998)

Baryonyx Charig and Milner, 1986
B. walkeri Charig and Milner, 1986
Early Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Upper Weald Clay, England
Holotype- (BMNH R9951) (9.1 m, 1.7-2.7 tons) partial skull (915 mm) including premaxillae, anterior process of maxilla, posterior third of nasals, jugal lacking maxillary, postorbital and quadratojugal processes, lacrimal, prefrontal, postorbital, frontal, partial partietal, laterosphenoid, orbitosphenoid, occiput, quadrates, dentaries (one fragmentary), splenials (one fragmentary), partial surangular, partial angulars, coronoid, anterior vomers, many teeth, atlantal pleurocentrum, atlantal neuropophysis, axial intercentrum, axis (73 mm), axial rib, third cervical (81 mm), fifth cervical (74 mm), sixth cervical (95 mm), eighth cervical (120 mm), three cervical ribs (one complete), first dorsal (91 mm), second dorsal (108 mm), third dorsal (92 mm), partial fourth dorsal including centrum, prezygopophysis and diapophysis (90 mm), fifth dorsal (92 mm), sixth dorsal (88 mm), seventh dorsal neural arch, eighth dorsal centrum (93 mm), tenth cervical neural arch, eleventh dorsal (105 mm), thirteenth dorsal centrum (108 mm), fourteenth dorsal (110 mm), many dorsal ribs, several gasteralia, proximal caudal (134 mm), proximal caudal (144 mm), proximal caudal (140 mm), three fragmentary caudal centra, proximal caudal neural arch, two proximal caudal neural spines, five chevrons, scapulae (one lacking proximal end, both lacking distal end), coracoids, paired sternum lacking caudal half of one side, humeri (463 mm), radii (225 mm), ulna (283 mm), distal phalanx I-1, manual ungual I (240 mm), phalanx III-2 (132 mm), phalanx III-3 (91 mm), manual ungual III (142 mm), phalanx IV-1 (65 mm), ilium lacking preacetabular process (~820 mm), nearly complete pubis, ischium lacking distal end, partial femur lacking central portion (~890 mm), tibial fragment, proximal fibula, astragalar fragment, calcaneum, distal ends of two metatarsals, proximal pedal ungual, gastrolith
Referred- (Maidstone Museum MNEMG 1996.133) tooth (Charig and Milner, 1997)
Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Wessex Formation, England
(IWCMS 1995 207) tooth (Martill and Hutt, 1996)
(IWCMS 1995 208) tooth (Martill and Hutt, 1996)
(IWCMS 1995 209) tooth (Martill and Hutt, 1996)
(IWCMS 3642) tooth (Martill and Hutt, 1996)
(IWCMS 5120) tooth (Martill and Hutt, 1996)
(IWCMS 5122) tooth (Martill and Hutt, 1996)
? (MIWG.6527) (~10-11 m) manual phalanx I-1 (Naish, Hutt and Martill, 2001)
(UOP.97) tooth (Charig and Milner, 1997)
(UOP C001.2004) dorsal vertebra (Hutt and Newbery, 2004)
Barremian-Aptian, Early Cretaceous
Wealden Formation, Spain
four teeth (Torcida et al., 1997)
Diagnosis- (after Sereno et al., 1998) fused nasals with a median crest terminating posteriorly in a cruciate process; solid subrectangular lacrimal horn; marked transverse constriction of the sacral or anterior caudal centra; well-formed peg-and-notch articulation between the scapula and coracoid; everted distal margin of the pubic blade; very shallow fibular fossa.
Comments- Hutt and Newbery (2004) describe a dorsal vertebra showing Baryonyx had taller dorsal neural spines than previously suggested.
The teeth described by Martill and Hutt (1996) differ from those in the holotype in having strong labial fluting, but variation of this kind is also known in Cristatusaurus (Taquet and Russell, 1998), Spinosaurus (Bouaziz et al., 1988) and the Alcantara spinosaurine (Medeiros, 2006). Thus it should not be used as a diagnostic character for distinguishing spinosaurid species. The referred material is assigned to Baryonyx purely based on stratigraphic grounds, and is no more similar to that genus than to Cristatusaurus, Suchosaurus or most of the known isolated baryonychine teeth. Suchosaurus cultridens is a likely senior synonym of Baryonyx walkeri based on provenence, but this cannot be proven at present (see Suchosaurus comments).
References- Charig and Milner, 1986. Baryonyx, a remarkable new theropod dinosaur. Nature. 324, 359-361.
Bouaziz, Buffetaut, Ghanmi, Jaeger, Martin, Mazin, and Tong, 1988. Nouvelle découvertes de vertébrés fossiles dans l'Albien du Sud tunisien. [New finds of fossil vertebrates in the Albian of southern Tunisia.] [in French, with English summ.]. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 4 p. 335-339.
Buffetaut, 1989. New remains of the enigmatic dinosaur Spinosaurus from the Cretaceous of Morocco and the affinities between Spinosaurus and Baryonyx. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte. 1989, 79-87.
Charig and Milner, 1990. The systematic position of Baryonyx walkeri, in the light of Gauthier's reclassification of the Theropoda. in Carpenter and Currie (eds.). Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. 127-140.
Buffetaut, 1992. Remarks on the Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs Spinosaurus and Baryonyx. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte. 1992, 88-96.
Martill and Hutt, 1996. Possible baryonychid dinosaur teeth from the Wessex Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Barremian) of the Isle of Wight, England. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association. 107, 81-84.
Charig and Milner, 1997. Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London (Geology). 53, 11-70.
Torcida, Fuentes, Izquierdo, Montero and Urien, 1997. Dientes de dinosaurios teropodos (cf. Baryonyx) en el Weald de Burgos (Espana). Studia Geologica Salamanticensia. 33, 59-65.
Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, Wilson and Wilson, 1998. A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of the spinosaurids. Science. 282(5392), 1298-1302.
Taquet and Russell, 1998. New data on spinosaurid dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of the Sahara. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planetes. 327, 347-353.
Naish, Hutt and Martill, 2001. Saurischian dinosaurs 2: Theropods. In Martill and Naish (eds). Dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight. The Palaeontological Association (London). 242-309.
Hutt and Newbery, 2004. A new look at Baryonyx walkeri (Charig and Milner, 1986) based upon a recent fossil find from the Wealden. SVPCA 2004.
Medeiros, 2006. Large theropod teeth from the Eocenomanian of northeastern Brazil and the occurrence of Spinosauridae. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 9(3), 333-338.

Baryonychinae indet. (Charig and Milner, 1997)
Hauterivian, Early Cretaceous
Ashdown Sand, England
Diagnosis- compared to Baryonyx, carinae do not extend to base of crown.
Material- (BEXHM:1993.485) tooth
Reference- Charig and Milner, 1997. Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London (Geology) 53:11-70.

Suchosaurus Owen, 1841
Comments- Milner (2003) has noted Suchosaurus teeth are identical or extremely similar to Baryonyx, while Buffetaut (2007) referred Suchosaurus girardi to Baryonyx sp.. The only noted difference from the Baryonyx holotype is the presence of strong labial fluting, compared to the weak or absent fluting in Baryonyx. However, fluting is known to vary in Cristatusaurus (Taquet and Russell, 1998), Spinosaurus (Bouaziz et al., 1988) and the Alcantara spinosaurine (Medeiros, 2006). Thus it should not be used as a diagnostic character for spinosaurid teeth. This leaves both Suchosaurus species indeterminate relative to Baryonyx walkeri, and S. cultridens at least is probably the same species as B. walkeri, given their spatiotemporal closeness. Yet Suchosaurus is also indistinguishable from Cristatusaurus, so synonymizing the former with Baryonyx would be unwarranted. Instead, both S. cultridens and S. girardi are indeterminate baryonychines, along with the vast majority of isolated baryonychine teeth.
References- Bouaziz, Buffetaut, Ghanmi, Jaeger, Martin, Mazin, and Tong, 1988. Nouvelle découvertes de vertébrés fossiles dans l'Albien du Sud tunisien. [New finds of fossil vertebrates in the Albian of southern Tunisia.] [in French, with English summ.]. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 4 p. 335-339.
Taquet and Russell, 1998. New data on spinosaurid dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of the Sahara. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planetes. 327, 347-353.
Milner, 2003. Fish-eating theropods: a short review of the systematics, biology and palaeobiogeography of spinosaurs. In Huerta Hurtado and Torcida Fernandez-Baldor (eds). Actas de las II Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontologýa de Dinosaurios y su Entorno (2001). 129-138.
Medeiros, 2006. Large theropod teeth from the Eocenomanian of northeastern Brazil and the occurrence of Spinosauridae. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 9(3), 333-338.
Buffetaut, 2007. The spinosaurid dinosaur Baryonyx (Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Early Cretaceous of Portugal. Geological Magazine. 144, 1021-1025.
S. cultridens (Owen, 1841)
= Crocodylus (Suchosaurus) cultridens Owen, 1841
Valanginian-Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Wealden Group, England
Holotype- (BMNH R36536) tooth
Referred- teeth (Owen, 1878)
Valanginian, Early Cretaceous
Wadhurst Clay, England
Referred- (BMNH R4415) tooth (Owen, 1842)
Diagnosis- Indeterminate within Baryonychinae.
Comments- Mantell (1827) first mentioned these teeth as gavial-like, but Owen (1841) was the first to name them as a new species of crocodilian. Specifically, Owen erected Suchosaurus as a subgenus of Crocodylus. Long considered a pholidosaurid neosuchian, Olshevsky (DML, 2000) reported that Milner et al. have identified this as a spinosaurid (and possible synonym of Baryonyx) at SVP meetings. This was published by Milner (2003) and Buffetaut (2007). Buffetaut reports the holotype has marked labial and lingual fluting, wrinkled enamel and apparently worn off serrations.
References- Mantell, 1827. Illustrations of the geology of Sussex. London: Lupton Rolfe. 92p.
Owen, 1841. Odontography. London: Hippolyte Bailliere. 655p.
Owen, 1842. Report on British fossil reptiles. Part II. Reports of the meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. 11, 61-204.
Ward, 1861. Goniopholis and Suchosaurus remains in Wealden strata. The Geologist. IV, 263.
Owen, R. 1878. Monograph on the fossil Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations. Supplement VIII, (Goniopholis, Petrosuchus, and Suchosaurus). Palaeontolographical Society Monographs, London. 32: 1-15.
http://dml.cmnh.org/2000Sep/msg00045.html
Milner, 2003. Fish-eating theropods: a short review of the systematics, biology and palaeobiogeography of spinosaurs. In Huerta Hurtado and Torcida Fernandez-Baldor (eds). Actas de las II Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontologýa de Dinosaurios y su Entorno (2001). 129-138.
Buffetaut, 2007. The spinosaurid dinosaur Baryonyx (Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Early Cretaceous of Portugal. Geological Magazine. 144, 1021-1025.
S? girardi Sauvage, 1897/98
Early Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Papo Seco Formation, Portugal
Holotype- (Museu Geologico 29) three dentary fragments, tooth (lost)
Diagnosis- Indeterminate within Baryonychinae.
Comments- The formation has also been identified as the Gres Marneux a Grands Sauriens (Choffat, 1904), and does not belong to the Almargem Beds, contra Choffat and Sauvage.
Sauvage (1897/98) described the holotype but never diagnosed the species relative to Suchosaurus cultridens (it is not a nomen nudum however, as diagnoses are not required by the ICZN prior to 1931- Article 12.1). Indeed, Buffetaut noted they are virtually identical in dental morphology. Yet as neither possesses apomorphies relative to other baryonychines, they should not be synonymized.
The teeth are recurved, only slightly compressed labiolingually, have densely wrinkled enamel, distinct labial and lingual fluting, and 6-7 serrations per mm.
References- Sauvage, 1897-1898. Vertebres fossiles du Portugal. Contribution a letude des poissons et des reptiles du Jurassique et du Cretacique. Lisbonne: Direction des Travaux geologiques du Portugal. 46p.
Choffat, 1904. Le Cretacique dans l’Arrabida et dans la contree d’Ericeira. Comunicacoes de Commissao do Servico Geologico de Portugal. 6, 1-44.
Buffetaut, 2007. The spinosaurid dinosaur Baryonyx (Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Early Cretaceous of Portugal. Geological Magazine. 144, 1021-1025.

Baryonychinae indet. (Ruiz-Omenaca, Canudo, Cruzado-Caballero, Infante and Moreno-Azanza, 2005)
Late Hauterivian-Early Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Blesa Formation, Spain
Material- (MPZ 97/468) tooth fragment (FABL 6 mm) (Ruiz-Omenaca et al., 1997)
(MPZ 2001/207) tooth (FABL 15 mm) (Canudo and Ruiz-Omenaca, 2003)
(MPZ 2001/208) tooth (FABL 8.1 mm) (Canudo and Ruiz-Omenaca, 2003)
(MPZ 2005/303-315) thirteen teeth and tooth fragments (FABL 2.5-8.7 mm) (Ruiz-Omenaca et al., 2005)
(TPFM coll.) several teeth (Ruiz-Omenaca et al., 2005)
Comments- MPZ 97/468 was originally described as Theropoda indet. B by Ruiz-Omenaca et al. (1997), and later assigned to Baryonychidae indet. (Ruiz-Omenaca et al., 1998). Canudo and Ruiz-Omenaca (2003) illustrated MPZ 2001/207 and 2001/208 as Baryonychinae indet.. These three specimens and MPZ 2005/303-315 were described in detail by Ruiz-Omenaca et al. (2005).
The teeth are generally similar to Baryonyx, but differ in being more labiolingually compressed, having labial fluting and a greater variation in serration density (6-13 per mm vs. 7 per mm).
References- Ruiz-Omeñaca, Canudo and Cuenca-Bescós, 1997. Primera evidencia de un área de alimentación de dinosaurios herbívoros en el Cretácico Inferior de España (Teruel). Monografías de la Academia de Ciencias de Zaragoza. 10, 1-48.
Ruiz-Omeñaca, Canudo and Cuenca-Bescós, 1998. Primera cita de dinosaurios barionícidos (Saurischia: Theropoda) en el Barremiense Superior (Cretácico Inferior) de Vallipón (Castellote, Teruel). Mas de las Matas. 17, 201-223.
Canudo and Ruiz-Omeñaca, 2003. Los restos directos de dinosaurios teropódos (excluyendo Aves) en España [Direct remains of theropod dinosaurs (excluding Aves) in Spain]. Ciencias de la Tierra. 26, 347-373.
Ruiz-Omenaca, Canudo, Cruzado-Caballero, Infante and Moreno-Azanza, 2005. Baryonychine teeth (Theropoda: Spinosauridae) from the Lower Cretaceous of La Cantalera (Jose, NE Spain). Kaupia. 14, 59-63.

unnamed baryonychine (Fuentes Vidarte, Meijide Calvo, Izquierdo, Molinero, Montero, Pérez, Urien, Meijide Fuentes and Meijide Fuentes, 1999)
Late Hauterivian-Early Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Pinilla de los Moros Formation, Spain
Material- cranial and postcranial elements
References- Fuentes Vidarte, Meijide Calvo, Izquierdo, Molinero, Montero, Pérez, Urien, Meijide Fuentes and Meijide Fuentes, 1999. Restos de Baryonyx (Dinosauria, Theropoda) en el weald de Salas de los Infantes (Burgos, España). I Jornadas Internacionales sobre Paleontología de dinosaurios y su entorno. 25-26.
Fuentes Vidarte, Meijide Calvo, Izquierdo, Montero, Pérex, Torcida, Urién, Meijide Fuentes and Meijide Fuentes, 2001. Restos fósiles de Baryonyx (Dinosauria, Theropoda) en el Cretácico inferior de Salas de los Infantes (Burgos, España). En: Actas de las I Jornadas internacionales sobre Paleontología de Dinosaurios y su entorno. 349-359.

Baryonychinae indet. (Ruiz-Omeñaca, Canudo and Cuenca-Bescós, 1998)
Early Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Camarillas Formation, Spain
Material- teeth
Comments- These are mentioned, but not described, by Ruiz-Omenaca et al. (1998).
Reference- Ruiz-Omeñaca, Canudo and Cuenca-Bescós, 1998. Primera cita de dinosaurios barionícidos (Saurischia: Theropoda) en el Barremiense Superior (Cretácico Inferior) de Vallipón (Castellote, Teruel). Mas de las Matas. 17, 201-223.

Baryonychinae indet. (Infante, Canudo and Ruiz-Omeñaca, 2005)
Early Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Mirambel Formation, Spain
Material- (LAD0-2) tooth fragment (FABL 6.7 mm)
Comments- This tooth preserves both labial and lingual fluting and 4.9 serrations per mm.
Reference- Infante, Canudo and Ruiz-Omeñaca, 2005. Primera evidencia de dinosaurios terópodos en la Formación Mirambel (Barremiense inferior, Cretácico Inferior) en Castellote, Teruel [First evidence of theropod dinosaurs in the Mirambel Formation (lower Barremian, Lower Cretaceous) in Castellote, Teruel]. Geogaceta. 38, 31-34.

Baryonychinae indet. (Viera and Torres, 1995)
Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Encisco Formation, Spain
(GA-2065) (6.75 m) maxillary fragment (Viera and Torres, 1995)
Reference- Viera and Torres, 1995. Presencia de Baryonyx walkeri (Saurischia, Theropoda) en el Weald de La Rioja (Espana). Nota previa. Munibe (Ciencias Naturales). 47, 57-61.

unnamed possible baryonychine (Ruiz-Omeñaca, Canudo and Cuenca-Bescós, 1998)
Late Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Artoles Formation, Spain
Material- (MPZ 98/59) tooth (19 mm, FABL 8 mm)
(MPZ 98/60) tooth (16 mm, FABL 6.4 mm)
(MPZ 98/61) tooth (~17 mm, FABL ~6.3 mm)
Comments- These differ from Baryonyx in having both lingual and labial fluting, and in lacking mesial serrations. This opens the possibility of them being from a basal spinosaurine.
Reference- Ruiz-Omeñaca, Canudo and Cuenca-Bescós, 1998. Primera cita de dinosaurios barionícidos (Saurischia: Theropoda) en el Barremiense Superior (Cretácico Inferior) de Vallipón (Castellote, Teruel). Mas de las Matas. 17, 201-223.

Baryonychinae indet. (Torcida Fernández, Izquierdo Montero, Huerta Hurtado, Montero Huerta and Pérez Martínez, 2003)
Late Barremian-Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
Castrillo de la Reina, Spain
Material- (PS-JTS 20) tooth (FABL 7 mm)
(PS C-1 11) tooth (FABL 10 mm)
Comments- These teeth are similar to Baryonyx except for having both labial and lingual fluting. PS-JTS 20 has 6 serrations per mm mesially (though lacking them basally), and 6-8 per mm distally. PS C-1 11 has 6 per mm mesially and 5-6 per mm distally.
Reference- Torcida Fernández, Izquierdo Montero, Huerta Hurtado, Montero Huerta and Pérez Martínez, 2003. Dientes de dinosaurios (Theropoda, Sauropoda), en el Cretácico Inferior de Burgos (España). in Pérez-Lorente (ed.). Dinosaurios y otros Reptiles Mesozoicos en España (IER, Ciencias de la Tierra, 26). 335-346.

Baryonychinae indet. (Canudo, Gasulla, Ortega and Ruiz-Omeñaca, 2004)
Early Aptian, Early Cretaceous
Arcillas de Morella Formation, Spain
Material- (CMP-2, CMP-3, CMP-9) sixteen teeth (FABL 7-20 mm)
Comments- These differ from Baryonyx in having both lingual and labial fluting. They have 8 serrations per mm on both mesial and distal carinae.
Reference- Canudo, Gasulla, Ortega and Ruiz-Omeñaca, 2004. Presencia de Baryonychinae (Theropoda) en el Aptiense inferior (Cretácico inferior) de Laurasia: Cantera Mas de la Parreta, Formación Arcillas de Morella (Morella, Castellón). III Jornadas Internacionales sobre Palaeontología de Dinosaurios y su Entorno. Salas de los Infantes (Burgos), 16 al 18 de septiembre de 2004, 11-12.

Cristatusaurus Taquet and Russell, 1998
= Suchomimus Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, Wilson and Wilson, 1998
C. lapparenti Taquet and Russell, 1998
= Suchomimus tenerensis Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, Wilson and Wilson, 1998
= Baryonyx tenerensis (Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, Wilson and Wilson, 1998) Sues, Frey, Martill and Scott, 2002
Aptian, Early Cretaceous
Tegama Bed of the Elrhaz Formation, Niger
Holotype- (MNHN GDF 366) (subadult) premaxillae, partial maxilla, partial dentary
Paratypes- (MNHN GDF 357, 358, 361) dorsal vertebrae (135 mm)
(MNHN GDF 359) posterior (11th?) dorsal neural arch (centrum ~100 mm)
(MNHN GDF 365) (adult) premaxilla
Referred- (MNHN GAD 513) cervical vertebrae 2-10, dorsal vertebrae 1-5, ribs, gastralia, girdle and limb elements, manual and pedal elements, furcula (Lipkin et al., 2007)
(MNHN GDF 500; holotype of Suchomimus tenerensis) (11.0 m, 2.9-4.8 tons) third cervical rib, fifth cervical rib, eighth cervical rib, first dorsal vertebra, second dorsal vertebra, third dorsal vertebra, fifth dorsal vertebra, sixth dorsal vertebra, seventh dorsal vertebra, eighth dorsal vertebra, ninth dorsal vertebra, tenth dorsal neural spine, eleventh dorsal centrum, thirteenth dorsal vertebra, fourteenth dorsal vertebra, fifteenth dorsal vertebra, sixteenth dorsal vertebra, ten dorsal ribs, gastralia, sacral neural spines 3-5, caudal transverse processes 2-5, caudal neural spines 1-5, six mid caudal centra, distal caudal vertebra, three chevrons, scapula, coracoid, humerus (560 mm), radius (255 mm), ulna, manual ungual I (264 mm), manual ungual II (165 perp. to art,), metacarpal III (130 mm), manual ungual III (120 perp. to art.), ilium, pubis, ischium, femur (1.075 m), tibia (945 mm), pedal phalanx (Sereno et al., 1998)
(MNHN GDF 501) premaxillae, maxillae (Sereno et al., 1998)
(MNHN GDF 502) quadrate (Sereno et al., 1998)
(MNHN GDF 503) partial dentary (Sereno et al., 1998)
(MNHN GDF 504) partial dentary (Sereno et al., 1998)
(MNHN GDF 505) partial dentary (Sereno et al., 1998)
(MNHN GDF 506) axis (Sereno et al., 1998)
(MNHN GDF 507) posterior cervical vertebra (Sereno et al., 1998)
(MNHN GDF 508) posterior dorsal vertebra (Sereno et al., 1998)
(MNHN GDF 510) caudal vertebra (Sereno et al., 1998)
(MNHN GDF 511) caudal vertebra (Sereno et al., 1998)
Diagnosis- (after Taquet and Russell, 1988) sagittal crest on premaxilla.
(modified after Sereno et al., 1998) elongate subnarial process that nearly excludes maxilla from external naris; broadened posterior dorsal, sacral and proximal caudal vertebrae; robust humeral tuberosities; hypertrophied ulnar olecranon process that is offset from the humeral articulation; hook-shaped radial entepicondyle.
Comments- Contra Sereno et al. (1998) and Charig and Milner (1997), Cristatusaurus is not a nomen dubium. Taquet and Russell (1998) are correct in noting the "brevirostrine" condition distinguishes Cristatusaurus from Baryonyx, except that they define this as having a sagittal crest (pg. 351) as opposed to the more obvious interpretation of having a short snout. A Suchomimus paratype (MNHN GDF 501) has a sagittal crest too. This may be due to ontogeny, but the same can be said of the characters Sereno et al. proposed to distinguish Suchomimus from Baryonyx. In addition, Cristatusaurus and Suchomimus resemble each other more than Baryonyx in having a less rounded anterodorsal margin to their premaxillae, and having a comparatively larger second alveolus (though it is smaller in Suchomimus than Cristatusaurus). Since both are from the same formation, share an apparently apomorphy, and have no obvious differences besides alveolar proportions, they are synonymized here.
Several authors have suggested synonymizing Cristatusaurus/Suchomimus with Baryonyx (Charig and Milner, 1997; Milner pers. comm. 1999 to Naish et al., 2001; Sues et al., 2002; Milner in prep.). While Charig and Milner's (1997) decision to sink the Cristatusaurus material into Baryonyx sp. indet. made sense prior to the naming of Cristatusaurus or Suchomimus, one cannot now sink a named species like lapparenti into "sp. indet.", nor can one sink Cristatusaurus into Baryonyx without placing Suchomimus there too (as nothing suggests lapparenti is closer to walkeri than to tenerensis; quite the opposite, as seen above). Thus Buffetaut and Ouaja (2002) were wrong to formally sink Cristatusaurus into Baryonyx sp. but leave Suchomimus as provisionally valid. Similarly, even though Sues et al. state "There exists at present no evidence to indicate the presence of more than one taxon of spinosaurid in the faunal assemblage from GAD 5", they incorrectly refer to this taxon as Baryonyx tenerensis instead of B. lapparenti (which would have priority if lapparenti and tenerensis are one taxon). The combination Baryonyx lapparenti has yet to appear in the literature, however. Ultimately, this is a subjective decision since there is no objective definition of 'genus'. The characters listed by Sereno et al. (1998) to differentiate Suchomimus from Baryonyx do seem minor, and are perhaps due to ontogeny or individual variation. Originally, Sereno et al. (1998) also included the height of the neural spines in the diagnosis, but Hutt and Newberry (2004) demonstrated Baryonyx has tall neural spines as well. The scapulae seem quite different though, with that of Baryonyx being unexpanded distally with more of a flare at the glenoid. The humerus of Baryonyx looks less robust and the distal ulna seems to flare less, but these could be due to differing perspectives. The pubic peduncle is less flared distally, while the ischial peduncle is more prominent and the medial blade of the brevis fossa is exposed for a greater distance posteriorly. Also, Baryonyx's ilium is more shallow and has a less hooded supracetabular crest. Yet these scapular and ilial differences could also be due to the schematic nature of Sereno et al.'s skeletal reconstruction. Until the Suchomimus material is described and illustrated in detail, further resolution will not be possible. A more practical reason for keeping Baryonyx and Cristatusaurus separate is that synonymizing them would mean all known baryonychines could be referrable to Baryonyx, even though they range from the Hauterivian to the Aptian and are known from England, Spain, Portugal and Niger. This includes Suchosaurus, which would have priority over both Cristatusaurus and Baryonyx, but is based on a very fragmentary type specimen. Having all baryonychines be species of Suchosaurus would be unpopular in the paleontological community and would no doubt result in petition to the ICZN to conserve Baryonyx walkeri, so it's much simpler just to keep lapparenti and walkeri in their own genera.
References- Taquet, 1984. Une curieuse specialisation de crane de certains Dinosaures carnivorous de Cretace: Le musea long et etroit des Spinosaurides. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris. 299, 2(5), 217-222.
Charig and Milner, 1997. Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London (Geology). 53, 11-70.
Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, Wilson and Wilson, 1998. A Long-Snouted Predatory Dinosaur from Africa and the Evolution of the Spinosaurids. Science. 282(5392), 1298-1302.
Taquet and Russell, 1998. New data on spinosaurid dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of the Sahara. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planetes. 327, 347-353.
Naish, Hutt and Martill, 2001. Saurischian dinosaurs 2 : Theropods. In Martill and Naish, Eds, Dinosaurs of the Isle of Wight. The Palaeontological Association, London. 242-309.
Buffetaut and Ouaja, 2002. A new specimen of Spinosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Tunisia, with remarks on the evolutionary history of the Spinosauridae. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France. 173(5), 415-421.
Sues, Frey, Martill and Scott, 2002. Irritator challengeri, a spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22(3), 535-547.
Hutt and Newbery, 2004. A new look at Baryonyx walkeri (Charig and Milner, 1986) based upon a recent fossil find from the Wealden. SVPCA 2004.
Lipkin, Sereno and Horner, 2007. The furcula in Suchomimus tenerensis and Tyrannosaurus rex (Dinosauria: Theropoda: Tetanurae). Journal of Paleontology. 81(6), 1523-1527.

unnamed Baryonychinae (Candeiro, Abranches, Abrantes, Avilla, Martins, Moreira, Torres, Bergqvist, 2004)
Turonian-Santonian, Late Cretaceous
Adamantina Formation of the Bauru Group, Brazil
Material- (UFRJ-DG 354-Rd) tooth
(UFRJ-DG 372-Rd) tooth
Comments- These were assigned to Spinosauridae by Candeiro et al. (2004), but reassigned to Theropoda indet. by Candeiro et al. (2006) because other theropods also have serrationless teeth. However, their round cross section, lack of recurvature and present but tiny serrations (contra Candeiro et al., 2006) indicates they are baryonychine spinosaurids.
References- Candeiro, Abranches, Abrantes, Avilla, Martins, Moreira, Torres, Bergqvist, 2004. Dinosaur remains from western Sao Paulo State, Brazil (Bauru Basin, Adamantina Formation, Late Cretaceous). Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 18, 1-10.
Candeiro, Martinelli, Avilla and Rich, 2006. Tetrapods from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian-Maastrichtian) Bauru Group of Brazil: a reappraisal. Cretaceous Research.

Spinosaurinae Stromer, 1915 vide Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, Wilson and Wilson, 1998
Definition- (Spinosaurus aegyptiacus <- Baryonyx walkeri) (Holtz et al., 2004; modified from Sereno et al., 1998)
Diagnosis- (after Sues et al., 2002) tooth crowns with distinct but non-serrated carinae; fluted enamel on both the labial and lingual surfaces.

Irritator Martill, Cruikshank, Frey, Small and Clarke, 1996
= “Angaturama” anonymous, 1995
= Angaturama Kellner and Campos, 1996
I. challengeri Martill, Cruikshank, Frey, Small and Clarke, 1996
= Angaturama limai Kellner and Campos, 1996
Albian, Early Cretaceous
Romualdo Member of Santana Formation, Brazil
Holotype- (SMNS 58022) incomplete skull (~840 mm) lacking anterior premaxilla, teeth, lower jaw lacking anterior dentary
Referred- (GP/2T-5, holotype of Angaturama limai) premaxillae, anterior maxilla, anterior nasal
Diagnosis- (after Sues et al., 2002) nasals with prominent median bony crest that terminates posteriorly in knob-like, somewhat dorsoventrally flattened projection; dorsal surface of parietals facing posterodorsally and vertical axis of braincase inclined anteroventrally; posterior surface of basisphenoid with deep, dorsoventrally oval median recess; surangular with broad lateral shelf.
Comments- Angaturama was originally printed on a Brazilian postage stamp in 1995.
References- Martill, D.M., Cruickshank, A.R.I., Frey, E., Small, P.G. and Clarke, M.1996. A new crested maniraptoran dinosaur from the Santana Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Brazil. Journal of the Geological Society of London 153: 5-8.
Kellner and Campos, 1996. "First Early Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Brazil with comments on Spinosauridae," Neues Jahrbuch fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie Abhandlungen 199(2): 151-166.
Sues, Frey, Martill and Scott, 2002. Irritator challengeri, a spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. JVP 22(3) 535-547.

unnamed spinosaurine (Medeiros, 2006)
Early Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Alcantara Formation of the Itapecuru Group, Brazil
Material- (UFMA 1.20.070; morphotype 1) tooth (80 mm)
(UFMA 1.20.443; morphotype 2) tooth (~101 mm)
(UFMA 1.20.444 SL; 25 morphotype 1, 95 morphotype 2 and 153 intermediates) 273 complete to fragmentary teeth (13-98 mm)
Comments- These teeth are all unserrated and thus referred to Spinosaurinae. However, they vary morphologically with two extremes and numerous intermediates. Morphotype 1 is nearly straight with labial and lingual fluting, rounded in section and lacks enamel wrinkles at its base. Morphotype 2 is straight to gently curved, lacks fluting, is round to labiolingually compressed in section and sometimes has basal enamel wrinkles. While Medeiros considered morphotype 2 to be a different, otherwise unknown theropod taxon, I find it more likely that the numerous intermediates and similar size ranges indicate positional variation within the jaw.
References- Medeiros and Vilas Boas, 1999. Ocorrência de uma paleocomunidade continental do Cenomaniano (Cretáceo Superior) do
Nordeste do Brasil. In: Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados. Resúmenes, La Plata, UNLP. 15, 18.
Medeiros and Schultz, 2001. Uma paleocomunidade de vertebrados do Cretáceo médio, bacia de São Luís. in Rossetti, Góes Truckenbrodt (eds.). O Cretáceo na
bacia de São Luís - Grajaú, Museu Emílio Goeldi. 209-221.
Medeiros and Schultz, 2002. A fauna dinossauriana da Laje do Coringa, Cretáceo médio do Nordeste do Brasil. Arquivos do Museu Nacional. 60(3), 155-162.
Medeiros, 2005. Spinosaurid teeth variation in mid-Cretaceous Alcântara Formation, Maranhão state, Brazil. Resumos do XIX Congresso Brasileiro de Paleontologia e VI Congresso Latino-Americano de Paleontologia.
Medeiros, 2006. Large theropod teeth from the Eocenomanian of northeastern Brazil and the occurrence of Spinosauridae. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 9(3), 333-338.

Siamosaurus Buffetaut and Ingavat, 1986
S. suteethorni Buffetaut and Ingavat, 1986
Berriasian-Barremian, Early Cretaceous
Sao Khua Formation, Thailand
Holotype- (DMR TF 2043a) tooth (62.5 mm)
Paratypes- (DMR TF 2043b) tooth (24.3 mm)
(DMR TF 2043c) tooth
(DMR TF 2043d) tooth
(DMR TF 2043e) tooth
(DMR TF 2043f) tooth
(DMR TF 2043g) tooth
(DMR TF 2043h) tooth
(DMR TF 2043i) tooth
Referred- tooth (Kobayashi et al., 1964)
teeth (Buffetaut and Suteethorn 1998)
Comments- Buffetaut et al. (2008) noted Kobayashi et al. (1964) had described a Siamosaurus tooth as that of an ichthyosaur.
References- Kobayashi, Takai and Hayami, 1964. On some Mesozoic fossils from the Khorat Series of East Thailand and a note on the Khorat Series. Japanese
Journal of Geology and Geography. 34, 181-192.
Buffetaut and Ingavat. 1986. Unusual theropod dinosaur teeth from the Upper Jurassic of Phu Wiang, northeastern Thailand. Revue de Paléobiologie. 5, 217-220.
Buffetaut and Suteethorn, 1998. Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from Thailand and their bearing on the early evolution and biogeographical history of some groups of Cretaceous dinosaurs Proceedings volume for the The "Lower to "Middle" Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems" symposium, Fruita, CO, Dinamation Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems Spencer G. Lucas, James I. Kirkland and John W. Estep, Eds. New Mexico Museum of Natural History Bulletin 14.
Buffetaut, Suteethorn, Tong and Amiot, 2008. An Early Cretaceous spinosaurid theropod from southern China. Geological Magazine. 145(5), 745-748.
S. sp. (Buffetaut and Suteethorn 1998)
Aptian-Albian, Early Cretaceous
Khok Kruat Formation, Thailand
Material- tooth, cervical vertebrae, dorsal vertebrae, ribs, metapodial (Buffetaut et al., 2004)
teeth (Buffetaut and Suteethorn, 1998)
Description- The cervical vertebrae resemble those of Baryonyx walkeri in many respects (elongation of centrum, articular faces of centrum not offset, large epipophyses, prominent ligament scars). The dorsal vertebrae are similar to those of Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, with neural spines which are much taller than in Baryonyx (although not as tall as in S. aegyptiacus). A tooth found with the bones belongs to Siamosaurus, but whether it is from the same individual or is evidence of scavenging remains uncertain.
References- Buffetaut and Suteethorn, 1998. Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from Thailand and their bearing on the early evolution and biogeographical history of some groups of Cretaceous dinosaurs Proceedings volume for the The "Lower to "Middle" Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems" symposium, Fruita, CO, Dinamation Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems Spencer G. Lucas, James I. Kirkland and John W. Estep, Eds. New Mexico Museum of Natural History Bulletin 14.
Buffetaut, Suteethorn and Tong, 2004. Asian spinosaur confirmed. SVPCA 2004.
Buffetaut, Suteethorn, Le Loeuff, Khansubha, Tong and Wongko, 2005. The dinosaur fauna from the Khok Kruat Formation (Early Cretaceous) of Thailand. In Wannakao, Youngme, Srisuk and Lertsirivorakul (eds). Proceedings of the International Conference on Geology, Geotechnology and Mineral Resources of Indochina. 575–81. Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen University.
Milner, Buffetaut and Suteethorn, 2007. A tall-spined spinosaurid theropod from Thailand and the biogeography of spinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27(3), 118A.
S? fusuiensis (Hou, Yeh and Zhao, 1975) new comb.
= Sinopliosaurus fusuiensis Hou, Yeh and Zhao, 1975
Hauterivian-Aptian, Early Cretaceous
Napai Formation, Guangxi, China
Holotype- (IVPP V4793) five teeth (one lost) (69 mm)
Referred- ? teeth (Dong, 1992)
Diagnosis- provisionally indeterminate relative to Siamosaurus suteethorni.
Comments- These teeth were originally described by Hou et al. (1975) as a new species of the pliosaur genus Sinopliosaurus. The type of that genus, S. weiyuanensis, preserves only teleosaurid teeth in addition to crocodilian vertebrae and a pliosaurid ischium and femur (the type specimen) (Young, 1948). Buffetaut et al. (2008) later redescribed the S. fusuiensis teeth and discovered they were spinosaurid. In particular, they resemble spinosaurines in a lack of serrations, but baryonychines in the presence of ribbing. They are identical with those of Siamosaurus suteethorni and both differ from Baryonyx in having stronger ribbing. They suggested the teeth belong to a taxon "closely related to, if not identical with Siamosaurus suteethorni", which I have formalized here by placing fusuiensis in Siamosaurus.
Dong (1992) mentioned spinosaurine teeth from the Napai Formation, but whether these refer to the S? fusuiensis material is uncertain.
References- Young, 1948. Fossil crocodiles in China, with notes on dinosaurian remains associated with the Kansu crocodiles. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China. 28, 235-288.
Hou, Yeh and Zhao, 1975. Fossil reptiles from Fusui, Kwangshi. Vertebrata Palasiatica. 13, 23-33.
Dong, 1992. Dinosaurian Fauna's of China. 188 pp. Ocean press/ Springer-Verlag, Beijing/Berlin.
Buffetaut, Suteethorn, Tong and Amiot, 2008. An Early Cretaceous spinosaurid theropod from southern China. Geological Magazine. 145(5), 745-748.
S? sp. (Hasegawa, Buffetaut, Manabe and Takakuwa, 2003)
Early Cretaceous
Sebeyashi Formation, Japan
Material- tooth
Comments- This is almost identical to Siamosaurus according to Hasegawa et al. (2003) and Buffetaut et al. (2008).
References- Hasegawa, Buffetaut, Manabe and Takakuwa, 2003. A possible spinosaurid tooth from the Sebayashi Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Gunma, Japan. Bulletin of Gunma Museum of Natural History. 7, 1-5.
Buffetaut, Suteethorn, Tong and Amiot, 2008. An Early Cretaceous spinosaurid theropod from southern China. Geological Magazine. 145(5), 745-748.

Spinosaurus Stromer, 1915
S. aegyptiacus Stromer, 1915
= Spinosaurus marocannus Russell, 1996
Early Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Baharija Formation, Egypt
Holotype- (IPHG 1912 VIII 19, destroyed) (~14 m, ~6.7 tons, subadult) (skull ~1.45 m) maxillary fragment, incomplete dentary (mandible ~1.34 m), splenial, angular, nineteen teeth (62, 126 mm), axial neural arch, middle cervical vertebra (185 mm), four dorsal vertebrae (195, 170, ~190, ~210 mm), three dorsal neural arches, anterior dorsal rib, two middle dorsal ribs, posterior dorsal rib, gastralium, six gastralia fragments, incomplete first sacral vertebra (155 mm), second sacral centrum, partial third sacral centrum, proximal caudal vertebra (90 mm)
Albian, Early Cretaceous
Gara Samani, Algeria
(MNHN SAM 124) (~14 m, ~6.7 tons, adult) (skull ~1.42 m) partial premaxillae, partial maxillae, dentary fragment (Taquet and Russell, 1998)
(MNHN SAM 125) premaxillary fragment (Taquet and Russell, 1998)
(MNHN SAM 126) cervical centrum (Taquet and Russell, 1998)
(MNHN SAM 127) cervical centrum (Taquet and Russell, 1998)
(MNHN SAM 128) dorsal neural arch (Taquet and Russell, 1998)
Turonian-Santonian, Late Cretaceous
Turkana Grits, Kenya
? material (Weishampel, 1990)
Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Kem Kem Formation, Morocco
Referred- (CMN 41768) mid cervical vertebra (183 mm) (Russell, 1996)
(CMN 50790) mid cervical vertebra, two cervical ribs (Russell, 1996)
(CMN 50791, holotype of Spinosaurus maroccanus) mid cervical vertebra (195 mm) (Russell, 1996)
(CMN 50813) anterior dorsal neural arch (Russell, 1996)
(CMN 50832) anterior dentary, tooth (Russell, 1996)
(CMN 50833) mid dentary (Russell, 1996)
(GAUG coll.) partial maxilla, teeth (120 mm) (Buffetaut, 1989, 1992)
(MSNM V4047) (~17 m, ~8 tons) (skull ~1.75 m) premaxillae, partial maxillae, partial nasals (Dal Sasso et al., 2005)
(UCPC-2) nasal fragment
jaw fragments, teeth (Sereno et al., 1996)
two teeth (60, 69 mm) (Kellner and Mader, 1997)
teeth (Sidleir, 1998)
Cenomanian, Late Cretaceous
Echkar Formation, Niger
teeth (Brusatte and Sereno, 2007)
Early Albian, Early Cretaceous
Chenini Formation, Tunisia
(Office National des Mines nBM231) anterior dentary (Buffetaut and Ouaja, 2002)
teeth (Schluter and Schwarzhans, 1978)
several teeth (Bouaziz et al., 1988)
Cretaceous
Africa
(Tucson Rock show) (~25 m?) partial jaw (skull ~2500 mm?) (Krzic pers. comm., 2003)
(private coll.) skull (Krzic pers. comm., 2003)
Comments- Weishampel (1990) lists cf. Spinosaurus sp. from the Turkana Grits of Kenya, but this is based on an unpublished manuscript by Harris and Russell and has not been confirmed in the literature.
Russell (1996) described dentrary fragments, cervical vertebrae and a dorsal neural arch from the Albian of Morocco as Spinosaurus morocannus. He distinguished this from S. aegyptiacus by the longer mid cervical vertebrae (centrum, not including anterior ball, ~1.5 times height of posterior articular surface). Sereno et al. (1998) rejected its validity because the only character given in the diagnosis to distinguish it from S. aegyptiacus was the longer cervical centra, and they thought this varied within the vertebral column. S. aegyptiacus preserves two cervicals, one of which is possibly the axis, and the other from the middle of the neck. The latter's centrum has a length to posterior height ratio of 1.05. The two relatively complete cervicals of S. marocannus have ratios of 1.39 and 1.60. Ratios in Baryonyx's holotype range from 1.25-1.81, which is the same amount of variation supposedly separating the Spinosaurus species. Neural spines are comparable in height between Spinosaurus species, and anteroposterior length of the spine varies with centrum elongation as seen in Baryonyx. The latter shows similar differences between cervicals 6 and 8 as seen between S. aegyptiacus and S. marocannus. Russell states besides the elongation noted above and of the neural peduncle (also seen in Baryonyx), the cervicals of the two Spinosaurus species are very similar. The dentaries are also "essentially indistinguishable". Thus, I must agree with Sereno et al. that S. marocannus is a junior synonym of S. aegyptiacus.
References- Stromer, 1915. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wüsten Ägyptens. II. Das original des Theropoden Spinosaurus. Abh. bayer. Akad. Wiss. XXVIII (3) 1-32, pls. I-II.
Schluter and Schwarzhans, 1978. Eine Bonebed-Lagerstatte aus dem Wealden Sud-Tunesiens (Umgebung Ksar Krerachfa). Berliner geowissenchaftliche Abhandlungen A. 8, 53-65.
Bouaziz, Buffetaut, Ghanmi, Jaeger, Martin, Mazin, and Tong, 1988. Nouvelle découvertes de vertébrés fossiles dans l'Albien du Sud tunisien. [New finds of fossil vertebrates in the Albian of southern Tunisia.] [in French, with English summ.]. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 4 p. 335-339.
Buffetaut, 1989. New remains of the enigmatic dinosaur Spinosaurus from the Cretaceous of Morocco and the affinities between Spinosaurus and Baryonyx. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1989 p. 79-87.
Weishampel, 1990. Dinosaurian distribution. in Weishampel, Dodson and Osmolska (eds.). The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley. 63-139.
Buffetaut, 1992. Remarks on the Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs Spinosaurus and Baryonyx. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte 1992 p. 88-96.
Russell, 1996. Isolated dinosaur bones from the Middle Cretaceous of the Tafilalt, Morocco. Bulletin du Muse'um national d'Histoire naturelle (4e se'r.) 18:349-402.
Kellner and Mader, 1997. Archosaur teeth from the Cretaceous of Morocco. Journal of Paleontology. 71(3), 525-527.
Sereno, Dutheil, Iarochene, Larsson, Lyon, Magwene, Sidor, Varricchio and Wilson, 1996. Predatory Dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous Faunal Differentiation. Science. 272(5264), 986-991.
Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, Wilson and Wilson, 1998. A Long-Snouted Predatory Dinosaur from Africa and the Evolution of the Spinosaurids. Science 282(5392): 1298–1302.
Sidleir, 1998. Theropod teeth from the Cretaceous of Morocco. JVP 18(3) 74A.
Taquet and Russell, 1998. New data on spinosaurid dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of the Sahara. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la terre et des planetes 327:347-353.
Buffetaut-E & M. Ouaja, 2002. A new specimen of Spinosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Tunisia, with remarks on the evolutionary history of the Spinosauridae. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France. 173(5), 415-421.
Brusatte and Sereno, 2007. A new species of Carcharodontosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Niger and a revision of the genus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27(4), 902-916.
Harris and Russell, MS. Preliminary notes on occurence of dinosaurs in the Turkana grits of northern Kenya.
S? sp. (Dalla Vecchia, 1995)
Tithonian-Hauterivian, Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous
Cabao Formation, Libya
Material- caudal vertebra
Reference- Dalla Vecchia, 1995. Second record of a site with dinosaur skeletal remains in Libya (northern Africa). Natura Nascosta. 11, 16-21.