Class 6: Bandura’s Social Learning Theory (Have read Chap 9)
 
Course Annoucements
Keep checking website for possible quiz questions
Updated lectures for Thursday will be on website and I will try to bring them in class Thursday. Will try to post Saturday’s note on website and bring to class on Saturday BUT subject change.
If valid written verifiable medical excuse for medical emergency or serious illness you may make up a second quiz and or essay if you would like

Review Questions & Discussion
Step 1: Complete quiz, write answers on green sheet and your quiz sheet
Step 2: Submit quiz to Grade Me folder
Step 3: When everyone is done... work with a neighbor and discuss answers.
Which question is most problematic (i.e., you are unable to understand why your answer is wrong)
I will call on you
Step 4: Don’t forget to right an appeal if needed!
ID
Question
Your answer
Why and reference to book
Put in Grade Me folder before Dinner
Dinner
Watson & Skinner: Traditional Learning Theory
B.F. Skinner
Stimulus-Response can be chained together
Pavlov’s dogs
Operant Conditioning
Watson’s Little Albert Experiment Video
Note: This experiment may be a fraud
A reinforcer: Any consequent of a behavior that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated
Discriminative Stimulus --> Response ---> Reinforcement and repeat
Example: Flashcard ---> Correct Answer ---> Gold Star and repeat
Durbrow Example
Show them a FIVE-MINUTE clip from Skinner: A Fresh Appraisal.
Be on the look out for skinner box for babies!
Skinner in the classroom
Skinner and children with learning disabilities
Note: Operant Conditioning and Behavior Analysis and Autism!
Internal workings of the brain does not matter
No stages!
Bandura: Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura
Two important changes to learning theory
You need to know that the animal is expecting; cognition does matter
For humans, most learning is by imitation
Two phases in Learning (note! These are not stages)
Acquisition phase
Child encodes observed information either by mental pictures or verbal encoding
A study about encoding
Three groups of children observe a task
Note: We know now that this is too simplistic
Performance phase
Vicarious reinforcement: we don’t have experience the reinforcement directly; we can observe another being reinforced
Imitation Learning: Very efficient; “0” trial learning
Can you think of an example
Note: Other primates learn by imitation too
Case Examples
Aggression
Bobo doll Part 1
Bobo doll Part 2
Gender Roles
Your Example?
Note: Highly critical of stages
Example: Conservation can be taught
Bandura: Self-Efficacy Theory
The belief that one can influence the environment
Self-efficacy influences not only your performance but your ability to try a task
Example: Skiing
Your Example?
Reciprocal determinism
Skills are not only determined by the environment but also people’s select their environment
People select their environment
Self-furfilling prophecies
Stereotype threat
Women and men take mathematics task
“Task evaluates gender differences” Performance = worse
What increases and decreases self-efficacy?
Previous success and failures
Vicarious reinforcement
We imitate people we admire
What people are told
A child is told he is poor at math
Physiological cues
Butterflies in your tummy, sweaty hands
Similar theories of motivation
Example: Seligman’s learned helplessness
People give up
Harter: What areas of self-efficacy, called self-concepts, to school-age children, adolescents, and adults have?
School-age children’s and adolescent’s self-concepts: sports, appearance, popularity, academics
Adult’s self-concept?
Evaluation
Strengths
Extremely influencial in research and clinical work
Example: phobias, motivation in older adults, autism
Criticism
But there DOES seem to be major reorganizations in thinking (stages)
Children are not just miniture adults
Preview of Attachment
How do children become attached to caregivers and what happens if they don’t?
Darwin: Humans are animals and have evolved adaptations
Lorenz & Tinbergen: Animals have instincts that are released by various stimuli
Bowlby:
Infants separated over a long enough time from mothers become detached
infants exposed to strangers become fearful
Ainsworth: Infants temporally separated from mothers display three distinctive patterns of behavior
Distinctive attachment pattern depends on nature of care
Infant-mother attachment seems to have long-term consequences
WEBSITE FOR THESE AND OTHER NOTES
http://home.earthlink.net/~edurbrow/
Click on notebook tabs to go to various class materials! Let me know if problem.
Applied Essay
What implications does Bandura’s Bobo doll studies have on understanding effects of television viewing on child aggression? Describe his study and analyze its implications. Provide at least one strong criticism AGAINST the relevancy of this study in understanding television and aggression.
Also, if you need more time to write quiz appeal or confer as quietly as possible with your colleagues, do so after finishing essay.