DEFINITIONS OF AGROFORESTRY, FOREST HEALTH, SUSTAINABLE
FOREST MANAGEMENT, URBAN FORESTS, PASTURE, RANGELAND, CROPLAND, AGRICULTURAL
LAND, SHRUBLAND, AND WETLANDS and RELATED TERMS.TERMS.
Last updated: 31 December 2008
31 December 2008
Forward - This is a list of definitions
compiled during some of the course of my consulting work. For definitions of
forest, tree, etc. see http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.htm.
Definitions of old
growth, ancient and other descriptors of forests see http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/pristine.htm. Please send any additions or corrections to
any of the lists, please send them to me. Thanks, Gyde
Cite as:
1. AGROFORESTRY AND RELATED TERMS
Agroforestry.Agroforestry is the growing of
trees and crops in the same place and at the same time. "Crops" may
include both plants and/or animals in the broadest interpretation.
"Crops" may or may not include tree crops depending on which
definition one uses. Definitions of agroforestry vary- Some specify it is the
production of trees and crops, trees, crops and animals, and in the most broad
interpretation, trees, crops or animals. In the case of the latter, grazing
lands may be considered agroforestry, but the term silvopasture may be preferred.
Some specify that the trees are used for wood production, others do not. Key in
all the definitions is that the trees are deliberately grown along with the
plants, animals. In other words the trees at their for a purpose, and are not
merely remnants left over from land clearing or conversion.
Definitions
1.
Agroforest - (a) a
agroecosysten containing mostly agricultural or potentially productive species,
including a large percentage of trees, where the design intent is to duplicate
the natural dynamics(e.g., nutrient cycling and insect dynamics) of forest
ecosystems. Or (b) an agricultural system, mainly comprised of woody
perennials, based on high to moderate levels of plant density, species
diversity and spatial disarray. "Paul Wojtkowski" <pwojtkow@fh-eberswalde.de>
2.
Agroforestry - (i.e., social or communal forestry) is
a multiple land use system in which small-scale farmers raise tree crops with
agricultural and animal crops (Benneh 1987). http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v3/v3i2a2.htm
3.
A collective name for land use systems and practices
where woody perennials are deliberately integrated with crops and/or animals on
the same land management unit. The integration can be either in spatial mixture
or in temporal sequence. There are normally both ecological and economic
interactions between the woody and non-woody components in agroforestry
(International Council for Research in Agroforestry 1991) http://www.forestry.utoronto.ca/ac_staff/emeritus/My%20Webs/english.htm
4.
A collective name for land-use systems and practices
in which woody perennials are deliberately grown on the same land-management
units as agricultural crops and/or animals. This can be either in some forms of
spatial arrangement or in a time sequence. To qualify as agroforestry, a given
land use system or practice must permit significant economic and ecological
interactions between the woody and non-woody components.(Lundgren 1987:48). http://www.spcforests.org/Library/usestatus/usestatus.htm
5.
a land use system that involves the growing of crops and
woody perennials and keeping of livestock on the same land unit in space or
time. http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/gallery/mugo/hss.htm
6.
A land use in which trees or other woody perennials
are incorporated into fields used for crop or animal production. http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/environment/EEI.nsf/0/6969e0ba8570192385256706005fa4ad/$FILE/GOLD_EP16.pdf
7.
a practice where trees are grown alongside
conventional farm products http://drhill.tripod.com/forest.htm
8.
Land use practice of growing trees and shrubs on the
same land unit along with annual crops and animal husbandry practices. http://education.vsnl.com/deep/
9.
Land use system in which woody perennials are grown
for wood production with agricultural crops, with or without animal production.
http://www.forages.css.orst.edu/Topics/Pastures/Grazing/Terminology/grazterm_body.html#Vegetation
10. Land use
systems involving trees and shrubs with crops and/or animals/fish on the some
plot of land in different space and time/season. http://www.rengah.c2o.org/news/19970700.htm
11. Production
of tree crops in a manner similar to agriculture. http://ecology.org/biod/library/glos_index.html
12. Production
of trees along with regular crops. http://ecology.org/biod/library/glos_index.html
13. The
combining of forestry and agricultural practises. Instead of just growing
forests only or food crops only, you can plant your food crops amongst your
forests. The benefits are many, the net effect being increased wealth and
resource production. http://www.ozi.com/qdc/forest/agro.html
14.
using trees on farms. http://www.cgiar.org/icraf/ag_facts/ag_facts.htm
15. A
collective name for land-management systems that optimize the economic and
ecological benefits created when trees and/or shrubs are integrated with crops
and/or livestock. http://www.agroforester.com/overstory/overstory7.html
16. A
collective name for land-use systems and practices in which trees and shrubs
are deliberately integrated with non-woody crops and/or animals on the same land
area for ecological and economic purposes. Agroforesterie http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/cfs/proj/sci-tech/arena/gloss_e.html#03
and http://www.fnfp.gc.ca/rep99/gloss-e.htm
17.
A collective name for land-use systems and practices
in which woody perennials are deliberately grown on the same land-management
units as agricultural crops and/or animals. This can be either in some forms of
spatial arrangement or in a time sequence. To qualify as agroforestry, a given
land use system or practice must permit significant economic and ecological
interactions between the woody and non-woody components.(Lundgren 1987:48). http://www.spcforests.org/Library/usestatus/usestatus.htm
18. A
collective name for land-use systems and technologies where woody perennials
(trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately used on the same
land-management units as agricultural crops and/or animals, in some form of
spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. http://www.une.edu.au/agronomy/pastures/teaching/units/agroforestry/agforhandbook.html#_Toc415129090
19. A dynamic,
ecologically based natural resources management system that, through the
integration of trees in farmland and rangeland, diversifies and sustains production
for increased social, economic and environmental benefits for land users at all
levels . http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/
and http://www.cgiar.org/icraf/ag_facts/ag_facts.htm
20.
a farming system that integrates annual crops and/or
livestock with long-term tree crops. http://www.attra.org/attra-pub/agroforestry.html
21.
a land-use system that involves socially and
ecologically acceptable integration of trees with agricultural crops and/or
animals, simultaneously or sequentially, so as to get increased total
productivity of plant and animal in a sustainable manner from a unit of
farmland, especially under conditions of low levels of technological inputs and
marginal lands. [http://www.daviesand.com/Papers/Tree_Crops/Indian_Agroforestry/
22. a system
in which woody perennials are grown on the same land as agricultural crops or
livestock. http://www.worldbank.org/research/journals/wbro/obsaug95/agro.htm
23. A system
of agriculture that combines traditional agriculture and forestry technologies
to create a more integrated, diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and
sustainable land use system. http://www.mo.nrcs.usda.gov/glossary.html
24. combines
agriculture and forestry technologies to create more integrated, diverse,
productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems. http://www.unl.edu/nac
25. In
agroforestry systems there are both ecological and economical interactions
between the different components. This definition has achieved wide acceptance
(Prinsley 1991a), and implies that (Nair 1993): normally involves two or more
species of plants (or plants and animals), at least one of which is a woody
perennial; always has two or more outputs; the cycle of an agroforestry system
is always more than one year; and even the simplest agroforestry system is more
complex, ecologically (structurally and functionally) and economically, than a
monocropping system. http://www.une.edu.au/agronomy/pastures/teaching/units/agroforestry/agforhandbook.html#_Toc415129090
26. intensive
land management that optimizes the benefits (physical, biological, ecological,
economic, social) arising from biophysical interactions created when trees
and/or shrubs are deliberately combined with crops and/or livestock http://web.missouri.edu/~umca/af.htm
27. Land management for the simultaneous production of crops and trees. http://glossary.gardenweb.com/glossary/agroforestry
28. land management for the simultaneous production of food, crops, and
trees; http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=agroforestry
29. Land use
system in which woody perennials are grown for wood production with
agricultural crops, with or without animal production. http://www.forages.css.orst.edu/Topics/Pastures/Grazing/Terminology/grazterm_body.html
30. Land use
system in which woody perennials are grown for wood production in association with
agricultural crops, with or without animal production, or other commercial
enterprises. http://www.forages.css.orst.edu/Contents/Glossary/A.html
and http://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/forages/rotational/glossary.html
31. Land-use
system in which woody perennials are maintained or planted, in some form of
spatial arrangement or temporal sequence, on the same land as agricultural
crops and/or livestock http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm
and http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/forests/en/en4_6.htm
32. practices
are intentional combinations of trees with crops and/or livestock that
involve intensive management of the interactions between the
components as an integrated agroecosystem. These key characteristics are
the essence of agroforestry and are what distinguish it from other farming or
forestry practices. To be called agroforestry, a land-use practice must satisfy
all of these criteria: Intentional: Combinations of trees, crops and/or
animals are intentionally designed and managed as a whole unit, rather than as
individual elements that may occur in close proximity but are controlled
separately. Intensive: Agroforestry practices are intensively managed to
maintain their productive and protective functions; these practices often
involve annual operations such as cultivation and fertilization. Interactive:
Agroforestry management seeks to actively manipulate the biological and
physical interactions between the tree, crop and animal components. The goal is
to enhance the production of more than one harvestable component at a time,
while also providing conservation benefits such as non-point source water
pollution control or wildlife habitat. Integrated: The tree, crop and/or
animal components are structurally and functionally combined into a single,
integrated management unit. Integration may be horizontal or vertical, and
above or below ground. Such integration utilizes more of the productive capacity
of the land and helps balance economic production with resource conservation. (http://web.missouri.edu/~afta/)
33. the collective word for all land-use systems and practices in which trees
and shrubs are deliberately grown on the same land management unit as crops
and/or animals. This can be either in some form of spatial arrangement or in a
time sequence. To qualify as agroforestry, a given land-use system or practice
must permit significant economic and ecological interactions between the woody
and non-woody components. Within this broad definition, a wide variety of both
traditional, as well as relatively new systems and practices, fall under the
umbrella concept of agroforestry. http://biotech.icmb.utexas.edu/search/dict-search.phtml?title=agroforestry
and http://www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?agroforestry
34. The
combined production of both crops and trees to maximize water efficiency http://www.forestinfo.org/gl-body.htm
35. the
combining of forestry and agricultural practices http://www.ozi.com/qdc/forest/agro.html
36. the
growing of both trees and agricultural / horticultural crops on the same piece
of land. They are designed to provide tree and other crop products and at the
same time protect, conserve, diversify and sustain vital economic,
environmental, human and natural resources. Agroforestry differs from
traditional forestry and agriculture by its focus on the interactions amoung
components rather than just on the individual components themselves. http://members.aol.com/AgroResTr/agover.html
37. The
growing of trees for wood production in combination with other agricultural
pursuits. http://www.schools.wafa.org.au/terms.htm
38.
the integration of agriculture and forestry practices
into land use systems that can conserve and develop natural resources with
increasing economic diversity at both the farm and community level. NRCS.
39. The
integration of tree growing with crop and livestock production. Agroforestry
offers a way of tackling the combined problems of wood storages, poor
agricultural production and environmental degradation. http://www.rona.unep.org/action/ap1.htm
40. The
integration of trees with other agricultural enterprises on a farm. Trees are
typically planted as timberbelts, shelterbelts, alleys or woodlots. http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/web/root/domino/infseries/infsheet.nsf/3b1939c497704dc14a25652e0039a43b/962f757481adad504a25679c000c7c44?OpenDocument
and http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:www.agric.wa.gov.au/programs/srd/farmforestry/TREENOTE6.HTM+butt+sweep+plantations&hl=en
41. The
intentional growing of trees and shrubs in combination with crops or
forage.
42. the
intentional growing of trees on the same site as agricultural crops and/or
livestock in order to increase the total yield of products, generate short-term
income, and improve environmental benefits (for example, erosion control). http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/Extension/ssfor11.htm
43. the practice of growing an integrated combination of forest and agricultural
crops on the same land. http://www.harcourt.com/dictionary/def/2/9/4/2/294200.html
44. The
practice of including trees in crop- or animal-production agroecosystems. http://www.agroecology.org/glossary/glossary_a_d.htm
45. The
production of commercial timber or a mix of crops and forest products. http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/projects/cases/amazon.html
46. the
production of trees and of non-tree crops or animals on the same piece of land
(Martin and Sherman 1992).
47. the use of
land for a combination of agriculture and forestry http://www.gn.apc.org/LivingEarth/RainforestDB/glossary.a-e.html
48. Agroforestry
also includes tree and shrub plantings on the farm or ranch that improve
habitat value or access by humans and wildlife, or that provide woody plant
products in addition to agricultural crops or forage. Agroforestry is
distinguished from traditional forestry by having the additional aspect of a
closely associated agricultural or forage crop. http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/BCS/forest/tnote1.html
49. agroforestry
system. A land-use system in which woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms,
bamboos) are deliberately used on the same land management unit as agricultural
crops (woody or not), animals or both, either in some form of spatial
arrangement or temporal sequence. In agroforestry systems there are both
ecological and economic interactions between the different components. http://www.une.edu.au/agronomy/pastures/teaching/units/agroforestry/agforhandbook.html#_Toc415129090
50. Agroforestry
systems - The collective word for all land-use systems and practices in which
trees and shrubs are deliberately grown on the same land management unit as
crops and/or animals. http://www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?agroforestry
51.
Agrotechnology: An agricultural system that
addresses, through some distinct combination of design variables, a specific
land-use need or concern and/or overcomes a land-use problem. "Paul
Wojtkowski" <pwojtkow@fh-eberswalde.de>
52.
Agrodeforestation- The
removal of trees or the failure to protect or replant trees in existing
agroecosystems.
http://www.spcforests.org/Library/usestatus/usestatus.htm
Types of Agroforestry
1.
Agrosilviculture (crops-trees farming) agricultural
crop is the major component and trees are secondary. For example, in a padi
(rice) field, some trees are left at the field or at the riverside boundary.
Also home gardening, combined animal, chicken and fish with crop and trees. http://www.rengah.c2o.org/news/19970700.htm
2.
3.
Alley Cropping http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/BCS/forest/tnote1.html
. Alley cropping is a system in which trees and shrubs (fast growing, legume
species) are planted in hedgerows on farm land, with food crop cultivated
between the hedgerows. http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/gallery/mugo/hss.htm
4.
Alley Cropping: Growing annual crops between rows of
trees. http://www.echonet.org/Technotes/AgroforestryPrinciples.html#definitions
5.
Alley farming A form of agroforestry where trees are
arranged in belts with conventional agriculture in the 'alley' between the
trees. http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/web/root/domino/infseries/infsheet.nsf/3b1939c497704dc14a25652e0039a43b/962f757481adad504a25679c000c7c44?OpenDocument
6.
Aquasilviculture (fish-tree farming) trees grow in
and around wetlands and ponds in which fish or shrimp can be grown. http://www.rengah.c2o.org/news/19970700.htm
7.
Beautification: Planting trees for ornamental
purposes. http://www.echonet.org/Technotes/AgroforestryPrinciples.html#definitions
8.
Boundary Plantings: Trees planted along boundaries or
property lines to mark them well. http://www.echonet.org/Technotes/AgroforestryPrinciples.html#definitions
9.
Contour Buffer Strips http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/BCS/forest/tnote1.html
Table 1. Row-Types
10. Dispersed
Trees: Trees planted alone or in small numbers on pastures or otherwise
treeless areas. http://www.echonet.org/Technotes/AgroforestryPrinciples.html#definitions
11. enriched
fallow - A form of agroforestry in which useful, mainly woody species are sown
or planted before cultivation ceases, or at the time it does, so that during
the fallow period, or when the land is next cleared for cultivation, products
are available for household use or market that would not otherwise have been
there (for example, fruits, bamboos, rattans, medicinals). http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/html/glossary-e.html
12. Farm
Forestry - Commercially focused forest operations on farmland. Typically in the
form of woodlots and timberbelts. See also Agroforestry. http://www.mtg.unimelb.edu.au/tools/glossary.htm
13. Farm
forestry - Commercial tree production on farmland. http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/web/root/domino/infseries/infsheet.nsf/3b1939c497704dc14a25652e0039a43b/962f757481adad504a25679c000c7c44?OpenDocument
14. Filter
Strip http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/BCS/forest/tnote1.html
Row-Types
1.
Forest farming -
cultivating high-value products within forested areas. http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/gallery/mugo/hss.htm
2. Forest farming - http://www.unl.edu/nac/pubs/afnotes/ff-1/
3.
Forest
gardening - imitating complex forest ecosystems to produce many
products. http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/gallery/mugo/hss.htm
4.
Improved Fallows: Areas left to grow up in selected
trees as part of a trees-crop rotation system. http://www.echonet.org/Technotes/AgroforestryPrinciples.html#definitions
5.
Individual Trees: Trees occurring alone, whether
spontaneously or planted. http://www.echonet.org/Technotes/AgroforestryPrinciples.html#definitions
6.
Living fences (Snow, other) http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/BCS/forest/tnote1.html
Table 1. Row-Types
7.
Living Fences: Fences in which the poles are living
trees, or in which all of the fence consists of closely-spaced trees. http://www.echonet.org/Technotes/AgroforestryPrinciples.html#definitions
8.
Multistory Cropping http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/BCS/forest/tnote1.html
Table 2. Block-Types
9.
Nectar Crop: Trees valuable as a source of nectar for
honey bees. http://www.echonet.org/Technotes/AgroforestryPrinciples.html#definitions
10. Pastoralsilvoculture
(Pasture grass-tree farming) trees are scattered in a grass land. For example,
some fruit trees or coconut are grown in a sheep/goat pasture area. http://www.rengah.c2o.org/news/19970700.htm
11. Riparian -
http://www.unl.edu/nac/pubs/aug94/rip-crop.html
and http://www.unl.edu/nac/pubs/afnotes/rip-1
12.
13. Shade systems: Agroecosystems where control over the amount of light
penetrating an overstory and reaching a primary species in the understory is
used to achieve system objectives. "Paul Wojtkowski"
<pwojtkow@fh-eberswalde.de>
14. Silvoagriculture
(Trees-crops farming) trees are the major component of land use and an
agricultural is integrated with them. For example, in a coconut farm, some
peanut and vegetables are planted in between the trees that are not fully
shaded. Collection of food, honey, nut, seed, flower, rasin, rotan, medicinal
herb, etc... from the jungle or communal forest are also considered as silvoagriculture.
http://www.rengah.c2o.org/news/19970700.htm
15. Silvoarable(Wood/field
crop, intercropping or alley cropping) - mixing trees and arable or horticultural
crops. http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/gallery/mugo/hss.htm
16. silvopastoral
- The integration of trees with pasture. http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/html/glossary-s.html
17. Silvopastoral
(Trees-pasture grass farming) a combination of trees and grasses for livestock
raising. For example, cattle is raised in a forest area grazing grasses in between
the tree. http://www.rengah.c2o.org/news/19970700.htm
18. silvopastoral
system - Any agroforestry system that include trees or shrubs and pastures and
animals. See also forest grazing http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/html/glossary-s.html
19. Silvopasture (Wood-pasture)
- mixing trees and pasture/forage. http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/gallery/mugo/hss.htm
20. silvopisciculture
- Growing trees as part of a fish-farming enterprise. http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/html/glossary-s.html
21. strip
cropping 1. Growing two or more crops simultaneously in different bands wide
enough to permit independent cultivation but narrow enough for the crops to
interact agronomically. See also zonal agroforestry system 2. Growing crops in
a systematic arrangement of strips or bands to serve as vegetative barriers to
wind and water erosion. See also windstrip, barrier hedge. 3. The practice of
growing crops in narrow bands along the contour in an attempt to reduce runoff,
thereby preventing erosion or conserving moisture. http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/html/glossary-s.html
22. sylvopastoral
system - An agroforestry land-use system for the concurrent production of trees
and animals that graze or browse or both. http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/html/glossary-s.html
23. Taungya -
a system of forest plantations in which peasants are allowed to cultivate crops
for the first few years between the seedlings of a forest plantations. http://www.oup-usa.org/isbn/0851988016.html.
In some cases, the agricultural crop is established before the tree crop, and
in other cases, the agricultural crop and tree crop are established at the same
time. In either case, the tree canopy will eventually close and competition
will be such that the agricultural crop will no longer be viable http://www.forestry.utoronto.ca/urban/tropical/1999/IAF99Taungya.html
24. Taungya:
agricultural or forestry systems, often involving tree crops or forest trees as
the primary species, where successional dynamics and excess essential resources
available in the initial establishment phase are utilized to attain additional
productive output. "Paul Wojtkowski" pwojtkow@fh-eberswalde.de
25. Vegetative
Strips: Long, narrow areas of any type of vegetation, usually planted along
contours for erosion control; may include trees. http://www.echonet.org/Technotes/AgroforestryPrinciples.html#definitions
26. Windbreaks
- http://www.unl.edu/nac/pubs/ec/ec1772/
27. Windbreaks
(Field, livestock, farmstead) http://www.nhq.nrcs.usda.gov/BCS/forest/tnote1.html
Table 1. Row-Types
28. Wood Fiber
29. Woodlot A
small area of planted softwood or hardwood forest managed for the production of
forest products. http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/web/root/domino/infseries/infsheet.nsf/3b1939c497704dc14a25652e0039a43b/962f757481adad504a25679c000c7c44?OpenDocument
30. Woodlot:
An area planted to trees for fuel, or timber. http://www.echonet.org/Technotes/AgroforestryPrinciples.html#definitions
31. zonal
agroforestry - A spatial planting arrangement in which the different species
each system remain contiguous to some extent, that is, as strips, plots or even
alternate rows; alley cropping is an example. Zonal planting can reduce the
tree–crop interface compared with mixed planting. See also strip cropping
http://www.bugwood.caes.uga.edu/glossary/html/glossary-z.html
2.
Forest Health - In its broadest interpretation, forest
health is the simply the condition of the forest. The health may be
deemed good or poor depending on the viewer's criteria. A plantation of exotic
tree species may be judge to be in good health from an industrial or
utilitarian perspective if it is vigorously growing and free from insect and
disease problems. From a biological or ecological stand point the same stand
may be judged to be in poor health. Similarly, an old growth stand may be
ecologically healthy because of the diversity present, but from an economic
perspective, may be judged to be in poor health because of a decline in tree
growth and the presence of insects and disease.
1.
desired forest health - A desired state of forest
health is a condition where biotic and abiotic influences do not threaten
resource management objectives now or in the future http://www.forestcouncil.org/fv/fv17/fv17.html
2.
3.
forest health - A condition of ecosystem
sustainability and attainment of management objectives for a given forest area.
Usually considered to include green trees, snags, resilient stands growing at a
moderate rate, and endemic levels of insects and disease. Natural processes
still function or are duplicated through management intervention. - http://www.graylab.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?forest+health
4.
forest health - a condition of forest ecosystems that
sustains their complexity while providing for human needs." This
definition encompasses the complex interactions of biological processes and
human judgments that enter into discussions of the concept called forest
health. http://www.idahoforests.org/health2.htm
5.
Forest health - a condition wherein a forest has the
capacity across the landscape to vigorously renew itself, to recover from a
wide range of disturbances, and to retain its ecological resiliency while
meeting current and future needs of people for desired levels of values, uses,
products, and services. http://www.nps.gov/shen/ps/nr/fh/ja10796.htm
6.
Forest health - a condition wherein a forest has the
capacity across the landscape for renewal, for recovery from a wide range of
disturbances, and for retention of its ecological resiliency, while meeting current
and future needs of people for desired levels of values, uses, products, and
services. http://www.rmrs.nau.edu/publications/rm_gtr_295/glossary.html
7.
8.
9.
10. Forest
health - a term used for a collection of concerns over the alleged
deterioration in forest conditions, including both current problems (e.g.,
insect and disease infestations, wildfires, and related tree mortality) and
risks of future problems (e.g., too many small-diameter trees (overstocking),
excessive biomass, and an unnatural mix of tree species in mixed stands). http://www.cnie.org/nle/AgGlossary/letter-f.html
11. Forest
Health - Condition in which forest ecosystems sustain their
complexity, diversity, resiliency, and productivity. http://www.state.vt.us/anr/fpr/forestry/ucf/glossary.htm
Vermont Forest Resource Plan
12.
13. health -
the condition of the body and the degree to which it is free from illness, or
the state of being well http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?KEY=health*1%2B0&x=65&y=4
14. health - 1
a : the condition of being sound in body, mind, or spirit; especially : freedom
from physical disease or pain b : the general condition of the body <in poor
health> <enjoys good health> 2 a : flourishing condition : WELL-BEING
<defending the health of the beloved oceans -- Peter Wilkinson> b :
general condition or state <poor economic health> http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary
15. healthy
forest - A healthy, vigorous forest can be defined in biological and/or
utilitarian land management terms. In the utilitarian view it can be considered
a resource that provides for basic human needs and satisfaction of human wants.
It provides products for human consumption ranging from lumber and fibre to
medicines and foods including herbs, fruits, nuts, and the meat and hides of
forest animals. It also provides nonconsumables relating to human enjoyment and
quality of life ranging from its effect on climate, air quality, water supply,
soil preservation, wildlife habitat, protection of biodiversity and ecological
integrity to the provision of places for human habitation and enjoyment,
relaxing escape, traditional values and spiritual awareness. In the biological
sense it is a land base or terrestrial space that provides opportunity for
trees to grow and reproduce in a system beset with intra and interspecific
competition for finite resources. http://www.cciw.ca/forest-health/reports/sustainability-bioindicators/frip138/section1.html
16. healthy
forests - distinguished by four qualitative attributes: 1. the physical
environment, biotic resources, and trophic networks to support productive
forests during at least some seral stages, 2. resistance to catastrophic change
and/or the ability to recover from catastrophic change at the landscape level,
3. a functional equilibrium between supply and demand of essential resources
(water, nutrients, light, growing space) for major portions of the vegetation,
and 4. a diversity of seral stages and stand structures that provide habitat
for many native species and all essential ecosystem processes. Kolb et al.
(1994) http://www.rmrs.nau.edu/publications/rm_gtr_295/chapter1.html
(ALSO Discusses pros an cons of various concepts).
17. Invasive
plants - species that are not native to a region or country that have the
ability to compete with and replace native species in natural habitats. http://infoweb.magi.com/~ehaber/impact.html
18. Invasive
species - those plants, animals, and microbes not native to a region which,
when introduced either accidentally or intentionally, out-compete native
species for available resources, produce prolifically, and dominate regions and
ecosystems. http://www.invasivespecies.gov/
19. Resource
conditions/products/well-being - represent derived interpretations
or generalizations, based on the key state variables of ecological and social
systems. For instance, resource conditions include the value of the landscape
to a particular wildlife species, or the landscape’s overall level of
fragmentation. These assessments translate the enormous information contained
in the map of the ecological and social system into a much simpler metric -
acres of suitable habitat, fractal index - for a single value. http://provost.ucsd.edu/muir/Muir-30/public_html/muir/frap.cdf.ca.gov/assessment/resource_cond.html
3. SUSTAINABLE
1.
(
2.
(Canada-BC) Sustainable development: preservation and
protection of diverse ecosystems-the soil, plants, animals, insects and fungi
while maintaining the forest's productivity. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/GLOSSARY/S.htm
3.
(Canada-BC) Sustainable forest management -
management regimes applied to forest land which maintain the productive and
renewal capacities as well as the genetic, species and ecological diversity of
forest ecosystems. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/GLOSSARY/S.htm
4.
(USA-STATE-Nevada) SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT—Describes those efforts to guide economic growth, especially
in less-developed countries, in an environmentally sound manner, with an
emphasis on natural resource conservation. http://www.state.nv.us/cnr/ndwp/dict-1/WORD_S.htm
5.
(USA-STATE-Nevada) SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT—A method
of exploiting a resource that can be carried on indefinitely. For example, the
removal of water from an aquifer in excess of recharge is, in the long term,
not a sustainable management method. http://www.state.nv.us/cnr/ndwp/dict-1/WORD_S.htm
6.
(USA-STATE-Wisconsin) Sustainable Forestry- Managing
our forests to meet the needs of people today without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs. This is accomplished by growing,
caring for, and harvesting trees for products while at the same time conserving
soil, air, water, water quality, and wildlife and fish habitat. http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/master_planning/Brule/Documents/PrefAlt.pdf
7.
(USA-STATE-Wisconsin) Sustainable Forestry- The
practice of managing dynamic forest ecosystems to provide ecological, economic,
social and cultural benefits for present and future generations. Source:
8.
Maintain - 1 : to keep in an existing state (as of
repair, efficiency, or validity) : preserve from failure
9.
Sustain - 1 : to give support or relief to 2 : to
supply with sustenance : NOURISH 3 : KEEP UP, http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary
10. Sustainability:
A state or process that can be maintained indefinitely. The principles of
sustainability integrate three closely interlined elements—the
environment, the economy and the social system—into a system that can be
maintained in a healthy state indefinitely. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/GLOSSARY/S.htm
11. Sustainable
- 2 a : of, relating to, or being a method of harvesting or using a resource so
that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged <sustainable
techniques> <sustainable agriculture> http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary
12. Sustainable
development - Development that meets the needs and aspirations of the current
generation without compromising the ability to meet those of future
generations. http://www.wri.org/wri/biodiv/gbs-glos.html
13. Sustainable
development - Industrial development that does not detract from the potential
of the natural environment to provide benefits to future generations. http://www.infomine.com/help/dictionary/s.html
14. Sustainable
development - 'meeting the requirements of present generations without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'.
Brundtland report in 1987 (WCED 1987) http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/ierm/research/sucre/cons4.htm
15. Sustainable
development Human intervention that meets the needs and aspirations of the
current generation without compromising the ability to meet those of future
generations. http://glossary.gardenweb.com/glossary/sustainable_development
16. Sustainable
Development is a process in which development does not deplete the earth's
resources or disturb fragile ecosystems http://www.netcore.ca/~gibsonjs/dict1g2.htm
17. Sustainable
development. According to the WCED, this is "development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs." Sustainable development implies economic growth
together with the protection of environmental quality, each reinforcing the
other. The essence of this form of development is a stable relationship between
human activities and the natural world, which does not diminish the prospects
for future generations to enjoy a quality of life at least as good as our own.
Many observers believe that participatory democracy, undominated by vested
interests, is a prerequisite for achieving sustainable development (Source:
Mintzer, 1992). http://www.globalchange.org/glossall/glosss-u.htm
18. sustainable
forest management - management that maintains and enhances the long-term health
of forest ecosystems for the benefit of all living things, while providing
environmental, economic, social and cultural opportunities for present and
future generations. http://www.abforestprod.org/ARglossary.html
19. Sustainable
forest management - Management to maintain and enhance the long-term health of
forest ecosystems, while providing ecological, economic, social and cultural opportunities
(CSA 1995) http://www.forestry.ubc.ca/concert/evans.html#III
20. Sustainable
forest management - means "good management" and utilisation of
forests and forested areas in such a way and at such intensity that their
biological diversity, productivity and regenerative capacity, their vitality,
and their capacity to fulfil, now and for the future, their pertinent
ecological, economic and social functions at the local, national and global
levels, be maintained, without thereby doing harm to other ecosystems.
Ministerial Conference of Helsinki (1993) http://iufro.boku.ac.at/iufro/publications/occ-p9/occp9-1.htm
21. Sustainable
forest management - Security benefits for human needs while maintaining the
structure, function and integrity of ecosystems on a bio-regional basis,
incorporating in perpetuity complete forest successions in each bio-region http://www.igc.org/habitat/treaties/at-27.htm
and http://nativenet.uthscsa.edu/archive/nl/9208/0081.html
22. Sustainable
forest management - Stewardship and use of forests and forest lands in such a
way, and at a rate, that maintains their productivity, regeneration capacity,
vitality and their potential to fulfill now and in the future, relevant
ecological, economic, and social functions, at local, national, and global
levels, and that does not cause damage to other ecosystems (MCPFE 1993). http://www.forestry.ubc.ca/concert/evans.html#III
and http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:www.pefc.org/lisbon.htm+sustainable+forest+management+definition&hl=en
Resolution H1
23. Sustainable
forest management - The process of managing permanent forest land to achieve
one or more clearly specified objectives of management with regard to the
production of a continuous flow of desired forest products and services without
undue reduction of its inherent values and future productivity and without
undue undesirable effects on the physical and social environment. Developed by
Poore. (ITTO 1992). http://www.forestry.ubc.ca/concert/evans.html#III
and http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/ierm/research/sucre/cons4.htm
24. Sustainable
forest management comprises all those direct and indirect measures of
protection, tending and utilization which ensure the permanent conservation of
forests. Sustainable management maintains the natural plasticity and diversity
of lifeforms which enable forests to evolve and provide human benefits from
their ecological, economic, social and cultural functions in perpetuity. Heuveldop (1994) http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/ierm/research/sucre/cons4.htm
4. URBAN FOREST TERMS
1.
All trees and other vegetation in and around dense
human settlements. http://hermes.richmond.edu/urbanforests/glossary.html
2.
Created where people congregate and build
communities. Since humans are the main inhabitants of the urban forest, they
largely determine the tree species in this forest. http://www.lpb.org/programs/forest/glossary.html
3.
For the purposes of micro-climate regulation,
aesthetic value and water absorption, certain area shall be designated as urban
forest. http://www2.bonet.co.id/dephut/41-99-1.htm
4.
Frests in, next to or nearby a specific urban area,
of which the decision-making processes on desirable functions are dominated by
local actors and their objectives, resulting from their perceptions, norms and
values. Urban forestry is believed to differ structurally from forestry at
large in terms of the geographical location, structure and ownership of the forested
area, as well as in terms of the density of (recreation) facilities, actors
involved in policy- making, major uses, policy instruments and the occurrence
of social conflicts and dynamics of policy processes. http://www.efi.fi/publications/Working_Papers/12.html
5.
The approach was to use an urban forest concept with
the concept of the 20-20 rule. The 20-20 rule referred to development sites
preserving 20% of total lot planting area and 20 trees per acre being required
as a measurement of urban forest. http://www.cityofdenton.com/council/minutes/021798.html
6.
The term we use for ALL the trees and woods within
the
7.
The sum total of all vegetation growing in urban
areas - www1.br.cc.va.us/.../module/ overview/A101a.htm
8.
The trees, forests, and associated organisms that
grow near buildings and in gardens, green spaces, parks and golf courses
located in village, town, suburban, and urban areas http://www.forestry.utoronto.ca/ac_staff/emeritus/My%20Webs/english.htm
9.
The trees, woodlands, woody shrubs, ground vegetation
and associated green space within the urban environment http://www.susdev.gov.mb.ca/wildlife/misc/glossary.html
10. The vast
supply of recyclable paper produced in our cities, particularly office paper,
represents a considerable untapped resource and has been coined the
“urban forest”. http://www.foe.co.uk/camps/indpoll/paper.htm
11. Urban
Forest - The current EMO defines urban forest as performing several functions. Two
of these functions require that an urban forest be located in the front of site
along the roadway. Thus, if a site has urban forest in the rear or along the
sides, the urban forest does not qualify to meet the 10 percent requirement.
However, the EMO grants a credit (in the form of an increase in the percentage
of the actual area preserved) if the urban forest is preserved along the front
of a site. This is an obvious conflict in the EMO. Staff is proposing to
correct this problem by clarifying that an urban forest may perform any one of
the functions itemized in the definition, but not necessarily all of the
functions. Thus, if a site has urban forest in the rear or the sides, it can
qualify to meet the 10 percent requirement. The definition of urban forest also
states that an urban forest is measured by using the tree drip line. The drip
line of a tree represents the vertical projection (on the ground) of the outer
perimeter of the crown of a tree. The problem with utilizing the drip line of a
tree to measure urban forest is that measuring the drip line of a tree is not a
standard technique that is typically used in the field by site designers. This
measurement is also difficult to obtain for deciduous trees which lose their
leaves in the fall. To correct this problem, staff is recommending that the
term drip line be replace with the term "critical protection zone."
The critical protection zone is a standard that is currently defined in the EMO
and has been traditionally used and is accepted by site designers to comply
with the EMO’s tree removal section. The critical protection zone is a
circle surrounding a tree described by a radius of one foot for each inch of
the diameter of the trunk of a tree. A public hearing has been scheduled to be
held on May 3, 1999, before the Tallahassee-Leon County Planning Commission on
Ordinance No. 99-O-0020. The Planning Commission will review the ordinance for
consistency with the Tallahassee-Leon County Comprehensive Plan. http://fcn.state.fl.us/citytlh/agenda/1999/990512/29.htm
12. Urban or
community forestry is the planning for, and management of, a community's forest
resources to enhance the quality of life. The process integrates the
environmental, economic, political, historical, and social values of the
community to develop a comprehensive management plan for the urban forest. A
community in this definition is an area of human settlement in a rural or
metropolitan region. The urban or community forest includes the vegetation,
open space, and related natural resources of the area. http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/~forestry/guide/pref.html
13. We simply
mean all trees and shrubs growing in populated areas. http://www.dnr.state.md.us/forests/education/shed.html
1.
(>10% ground cover) Grass and herbaceous areas.
Category may include herbaceous wetlands if images are collected during dry
season or periods of drought. Land cover types commonly referenced as savanna
and open savanna are included in this category. Areas of grassland and
scrub/shrub that have experienced burning (burn scars) are classified in this
category. Golf courses will be included in this class unless they are
completely surrounded by the "Man-Made, Other" class. http://gis.esri.com/library/userconf/proc02/pap0811/p0811.htm
2.
(
3. (
4. (
5.
(Belgium-Wallonie) Ground covered by herbaceous
vegetation that is usually dominated by grasses. http://mrw.wallonie.be/cgi/dgrne/sibw/eunis.glo.pl?WORD=grassland
6.
(Canada-British
7. (ICSU) Grasslands have less than 10%
tree cover. (Savannas have 10-50% cover by woody plants, and in the
unexploited state, a well-developed grass layer) http://www.icsu-scope.org/downloadpubs/scope56/Chapter04.html.
8.
(
9.
(
10. (
11. (UN-EP)
Land covered with herbaceous plants with less than 10% tree and shrub cover http://www.eapap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/training/module1.html
12. (UN-EP/EAP.AP)
Land covered with herbaceous plants with less than 10% tree and shrub
cover http://www.rrcap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/training/module1.html
and http://www.rrcap.unep.org/lc/cd/html/16thacrs.html
13. (UN-FCCC-IPCC-GPG)
This category includes rangelands and pasture land that is not considered as
cropland. It also includes systems with vegetation that fall below the
threshold used in the forest land category and are not expected to exceed,
without human intervention, the threshold used in the forest land category. The
category also includes all grassland from wild lands to recreational areas as
well as agricultural and silvi-pastural systems, subdivided into managed and
unmanaged consistent with national definitions. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_files/Chp2/Chp2_Land_Areas.pdf
14. (USA-FED-EPA) - Lands in
which the dominant vegetation is grasses and other nonwoody vegetation, or
where shrubs (with or without scattered trees) are the norm (also called
rangelands); includes bare-rock deserts, alpine meadows, arctic tundra,
pastures, and haylands (an overlap with the farmland system). Less-managed
pastures and haylands fit well within the grassland/shrubland system; more
heavily managed ones fit well as part of the farmlands system. http://www.epa.gov/indicate/roe/html/roeAppDf.htm#f
15. (USA-FED-NASA)
Region in which the climate is dry for long periods of the summer, and freezes
in the winter. Grasslands are characterized by grasses and other erect herbs,
usually without trees or shrubs. Grasslands occur in the dry temperate
interiors of continents. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov:81/Library/glossary.php3?xref=grassland
16. (USA-FED-USDA-ERS)
GRASSLAND PASTURE and RANGE—Grassland pasture and range consists of all
open land used primarily for pasture and grazing. It includes shrub and brush land
types of pasture and grazing land such as sagebrush and scattered mesquite; all
tame and native grasses; legumes; and other forage used for pasture or grazing.
Because of the diversity in vegetative composition, grassland pasture and range
are not always clearly distinguishable from other types of pasture and range.
At one extreme, permanent grassland may merge with cropland pasture; at the
other, grassland may intermingle or form transitional areas with forested
grazing land. No single agency, other than ERS, accounts for all public and
private land used for pasture and range. The estimates in this report are
composites of data from the Census of Agriculture, Bureau of Land Management,
U.S. Forest Service, Natural Resource Conservation Service and several other
Federal agencies. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/majorlanduses/glossary.htm#grassland
17. (USA-FED-USDA-FS) - National grassland. Land, mainly grass and shrub cover, administered by the Forest Service as part of the National Forest System for promotion of grassland agriculture, watersheds, grazing wildlife, and recreation. http://www.usda.gov/news/pubs/fbook97/13d.pdf
18. (USA-FED-USDC-NOAA)
- Lands covered by natural and managed herbaceous cover. http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/lca/oldscheme.html
and http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/lca/proto2.html
19. (USA-FED-USDC-NOAA) (2007?) Grassland/Herbaceous – Areas dominated by grammanoid or herbaceous vegetation, generally greater than 80 percent of total vegetation. These areas are not subject to intensive management such as tilling, but can be utilized for grazing. http://www.csc.noaa.gov/crs/lca/tech_cls.html#9
20. (USA-FED-USDI-USGS)
- Land on which the vegetation is dominated by grasses. (cf.) Pastureland
(1.2.2.), Rangeland (1.2.4.). Comment: ‘Grassland’ is defined as an
ecological land type and is not considered to be synonymous with rangeland or
pastureland although it is often used this way in the literature. Neither
rangeland nor pastureland has to be dominated by grasses although they can be.
Meadow, prairie, savanna, and steppe are different kinds of grasslands. http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/brd/DefLandTerms.htm
21. (USA-FED-USDI-USGS)
– Lands covered by natural and managed herbaceous vegetation comprising
greater than 15% cover.
22. (USA-STATE-California)
“Grassland” means land on which the vegetation is dominated by grasses,
grass like plants and/or forbs. http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wcb/RangelandProgramRev3.htm
23. (USA-STATE-Minnesota) Includes areas covered by grasslands and
herbaceous plants. May contain up to one third shrubs and/or tree cover. Areas
may be small to extensive and range from regular to irregular in shape. These
areas are often found between agricultural land and more heavily wooded areas,
along right-of-ways and drains. Some areas may be used as pastures and be mowed
or grazed, and may range in appearance from very smooth to quite mottled.
Included are fields which show evidence of past tillage but now appear to be
abandoned and grown to native vegetation or planted to a cover crop. http://deli.dnr.state.mn.us/metadata/tables/lusatra3_tab.html
24. (
25. (USA-STATE-Texas)
- Herbs (grasses, forbs, and grasslike plants) dominant; woody vegetation
lacking or nearly so (generally 10 percent or less woody canopy coverage).
http://www.texasep.org/html/wld/wld_4hab.html
26. (USA-STATE-Texas)
Grassland differs from Rangeland in Anderson et al. (1976) by excluding
shrub-brushlands. Unmanaged Grasslands aredominated by naturally
occurring grasses and forbs which are not fertilized, cut, tilled or planted
regularly. Managed Grasslands are maintained by human activity such as
fertilization and irrigation, are distinguished by enhanced
biomassproductivity, and can be recognized through vegetative indices based on
spectral characteristics. Examples of such areasinclude lawns, golf courses,
forest or shrub areas converted to grassland, or areas of permanent grassland
with alteredspecies composition. This category includes managed pastures and
pastures with vegetation that grows vigorously asfallow. Managed Grasslands are
used for grazing or for growing and harvesting hay and straw for animal feed. http://www.hgac.cog.tx.us/resources/wq/crp/lcmethod_rev3.pdf
27. (USA-STATE-Texas)
Plant communities whose potential natural and dominant vegetation is grasses or
grasslike plants. www.southernregion.fs.fed.us/texas/NEPA/Reforestation/FEIS_appendix_e_glossary.doc
28. (WAF 2004) - Land covered with
grasses and other herbaceous species. Woody plants may be present, but if so,
they do not cover more than 10% of the ground. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Publications/files/book/BK0073-04.PDF
29. (WCMC) The
definition of grassland used here includes pasture and meadow. http://www.panda.org/downloads/forests/wcmcflrmapping.pdf
30. A biome
dominated by grasses. Most grasslands have semiarid climates. http://www.wiley.com/college/geog/cutter018104/resources/glossary.htm
31. A dry
terrestrial habitat predominated by grasses, legumes, and flowers. Grasslands
have few--if any--trees. In a grassland, the rainfall is not enough to enable
tree growth but is sufficient to prevent the formation of a desert. http://animals.about.com/library/glossary/bldef-grassland.htm
32. A grassy,
windy, partly-dry biome, a sea of grass. Almost one-fourth of the Earth's land
area is grassland. In many areas, grasslands separate forests from deserts.
Deep-rooted grasses dominate the flora in a grassland; there are very few trees
and shrubs in a grassland, less than one tree per acre. There are many
different words for grassland environments around the world, including
savannas, pampas, campos, plains, steppes, prairies and veldts. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/rainforest/glossary/indexg.shtml
33. A
terrestrial ecosystem dominated by grasses and forbs, and found in areas of
moderate precipitation http://www.nativehabitat.org/definitions.html
34. An
administrative unit of the U.S. Forest Service (more frequently "National
Grassland"). www.southernregion.fs.fed.us/texas/NEPA/Reforestation/FEIS_appendix_e_glossary.doc
35. An area composed of uncultured plants which have little or no woody
tissue . http://www.terraindata.com/Pages/definitions.html
36. An area
covered with grass and grass-like vegetation. See also: steppe, prairie,
pampas, meadow, veld, campos, savanna. http://glossary.gardenweb.com/glossary/grassland.html
37. Any plant
community in which grasses and/or legumes make up the dominant vegetation. http://www.crops.org/cropgloss/index.php
38. Areas of
abundant grasses and shrubs with very few trees, like prairies or meadows.
Grasslands can be found in many places. Large temperate grasslands occur
naturally in central North America (prairies), southern South America (pampas),
central Asia (steppes), southern Africa (savannas), and
39. Biome
found in regions where moderate annual average precipitation (25 to 76
centimeters, or 10 to 30 inches) is enough to support the growth of grass and
small plants, but not enough to support large stands of trees. http://www.gsu.edu/~mstnrhx/ecogloss.htm.
40. Comunidad de gramķneas que se establece naturalmente por
efecto del clima, tipo de suelo y biota en general./Community of naturally
occurring grasses, established as a result of climate, soil type and biota in
general (CONABIO, 2000). http://www.cec.org/files/pdf/BIODIVERSITY/Chihuahua_Meeting_Final_report-Reporte_final.PDF
41. Comunidades vegetales en que el papel preponderante
corresponde a las gramineas. Son comunes en las regiones semiįridas y en zonas
planas./Vegetation community in which the main role corresponds to the
grasses found therein. Commonly found in subhumid to semi arid climate in areas
with relatively little topographic relief (Rzedowski 33 ,
1988:215-216; CEC 34, 1997:26). http://www.cec.org/files/pdf/BIODIVERSITY/Chihuahua_Meeting_Final_report-Reporte_final.PDF
42. Ecosystem
whose dominant species is grass.
Found in regions where average precipitation is not great enough to support the
growth of shrublands or forest. http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/conted/onlinecourses/enviroglos/g.html#anchor251599.
43. Grassland/savanna. – Precipitation (P) 450-883, Potential Evapotranspiration (PET)
1350-1583). Max Temp. 25.5 – 29.5. Min temp. 13.5-17.0. Definitions base
on annual data as characterized from climate surface cluster analysis. http://cnrit.tamu.edu/lews/papers/newtools-images/table1.jpg
44. Grasslands - may contain scattered trees and shrubs, but dominated by
grasses and forbs (broadleaf herbaceous plants). Savanna: low-latitude grasslands characterized by tall grasses. Prairie: mid-latitude grasslands
characterized by tall grasses. Steppe:
midlatitude grasslands characterized by short grasses and bunchgrass.
Associated with semiarid and subhumid
climates http://web.uccs.edu/geogenvs/ges100-online/Chapt11.doc
45. http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/documents/standards/vegetation/vegclass.pdf
46. In their
natural state, Grasslands are those landscapes that were largely dominated by
xeric types of flora and fauna, light to dark brown chernozemic soils, and dry
warm summers (generally occurring in relatively flat to gently rolling areas). Today, grasslands would more commonly be called farmlands
and ranch lands, and be characterized by farming and ranching practices./En
su estado natural, los pastizales son aquellos paisajes que fueron dominados
por tipos xericos de fauna y flora, con suelos chernozem color café claro y
veranos cįlidos y secos (generalmente presentes en areas desde relativamente
planas hasta lomerķos someros). Actualmente, los pastizales serķan llamados
areas de cultivo y se caracterizarķan por actividades agrķcolas y ganaderas (Ed
Wiken, Wildlife Habitat Canada). http://www.cec.org/files/pdf/BIODIVERSITY/Chihuahua_Meeting_Final_report-Reporte_final.PDF
47. It is
simply a plant community, in which the structural dominants are grasses. http://home.vicnet.net.au/~iffa/GPCconf/McDougall.pdf
48. Land
covered with grasses and other herbaceous species. Woody plants may be present,
but if so, they do not cover more than 10% of the ground. There are many
different types of grassland designated by ecozone, topography, climate, soil
conditions, and so on. Derived grassland is maintained in that condition by
regular burning; edaphic grassland arises on particular soil types, for
example, those found in or around permanent or seasonal swamps. See also
rangeland, veld http://www.bugwood.org/glossary/html/glossary-g.html
49. Land
covered with long grass and low-growing herbs http://www.africanculturalcenter.org/10_0glossary.html#E
50. Land
dominated by grasses and occasionally by other herbs, sometimes with widely
scattered or grouped trees and shrubs, the canopy cover of which does not
exceed 2%. Usually subject to periodic burning. Sub-classes are defined
according to a mix of height, genera of dominant grasses, degree of swampiness,
and dominance by annuals. http://www.usangu.org/reports/landres.pdf
51. Land on
which grasses are the dominant plant cover. Syn., grassveld. http://www.tamu.edu/classes/rang/rknight/rlem102/lecture3/rangeland-definitions.pdf
52. Land on which
the vegetation is dominated by grasses. Compare pastureland; rangeland. http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/brd/DefLandTerms.htm.
53. Land
predominately covered with grasses, forbs, or shrubs. The vegetated cover must
comprise at least 10% of the area. http://www.epa.gov/nerlesd1/land-sci/pdf/trend.pdf
54. Lands on
which the vegetation is dominated by grasses, grasslike plants, or forbs. Nonforest
land is classed as grassland if herbaceous vegetation constitutes at least 80
percent of the canopy cover, excluding tress. Lands that are not now grasslands
but were originally or could become grasslands through natural succession may
be classified as potential natural grasslands. http://www.mountainvisions.com/Aurora/glossary.html#R
55. Lands with herbaceous types of cover, typically graminoids. Tree and
shrub cover is less than 10% (IGBP). crs-www.bu.edu/~jcfh/confsites1.doc
56. Leaf/branch cover above 80cm off
ground less than 2%. But total cover above ground level, greater than 25%. http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/adams3.html
57. Managed rangelands
and pastureland that is not considered as cropland, where the primary land use
is grazing. May also include grass-dominated systems managed for conservation
or recreational purposes. http://www.v-c-s.org/docs/AFOLU%20Guidance%20Document.pdf
58. Relatively low relief landscapes with upland vegetation dominated by perennial grasses as a result of natural drought, grazing and/or fire regimes. Commonly found in regions with subhumid to semi arid climate within temperate and sub-tropical zones./ Paisajes con relieve relativamete bajo y con vegetación dominada por pastos perennes, como resultado de sequķas anturale, pastoreo, y/o regķmenes de fuego Son communes dentro de las zonas templadas y subtropicales en regiones con clima subhumedo a semiįrido (Darcy Henderson,University of Alberta, pers. comm.). http://www.cec.org/files/pdf/BIODIVERSITY/Chihuahua_Meeting_Final_report-Reporte_final.PDF
59. Terrestrial ecosystems dominated by
herbaceous and shrub vegetation and maintained by fire, grazing, drought and/or
freezing temperatures. This definition includes vegetation covers with an
abundance of non-woody plants and thus lumps together some savannas, woodlands,
shrublands, and tundra, as well as more conventional grasslands. http://pdf.wri.org/page_grasslands.pdf
1.
(
2.
(
3.
(UN-FAO) Grazing land: land used for animal
production. Includes - Extensive grazing land: grazing on natural or
semi-natural grasslands, grasslands with trees/shrubs (savannah vegetation) or
open woodlands (for livestock and wildlife). Intensive grazing land: grass
production on improved or planted pastures, including cutting for fodder (for
livestock production). http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y4357E/y4357e20.htm
4.
(USA-FED-AF) (1994) -Land with vegetative
cover that consists of grasses, forbs, and shrubs valuable as forage. http://www.afrpa.hq.af.mil/handbook/basis/guidance/afi/af327064.htm#Att1
5.
(USA-FED-ERS) (2007) Grazing lands are vegetative land area that can
be used for the feeding of domestic animals on growing grass, legumes, and
other herbaceous plants. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/AgAndEnvironment/grazinglands.htm
6.
(USA-FED-USDA-NRCS) Collective term used by NRCS for
rangeland, pastureland, grazed forest land, native and naturalized pasture,
hayland, and grazed cropland. Although grazing is generally a predominate use,
the term is used independent of any use. Natural Resources Conservation
Service, Grazing Lands Technology Institute (1997, Glossary-26) http://www.tarleton.edu/~range/
and http://www.tarleton.edu/~range/Introduction/grazing-land.htm
7.
(USA-FED-USDA-NRCS) Land used primarily for
production of forage plants maintained or manipulated primarily through grazing
management. Includes all lands having plants harvestable by grazing without
reference to land tenure, other land uses, management, or treatment practices.
Natural Resources Conservation Service, Grazing Lands Technology Institute
(1997, Glossary-26) http://www.tarleton.edu/~range/Introduction/grazing-land.htm
and http://www.tarleton.edu/~range/
8.
(USA-FED-USDI-USGS) - Any vegetated land that is
grazed or that has the potential to be grazed by animals. This term, like
‘Forage’, is the all-inclusive term that covers all kinds and types
of land that can be grazed. It is a use-based classification. All four of the
basic land units may be grazinglands, but not all cropland, forestland, and
rangeland is grazingland. http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/brd/DefLandTerms.htm.
9.
(USA-STATE-California) (1) A collective term for
rangeland, pastureland, grazing forest land, native and naturalized pasture,
hayland, and grazed cropland. Although grazing is generally a predominate use,
the term is used independent of any use. (2) Land is used primarily for
production of forage plants maintained or manipulated primarily through grazing
management. Includes all land having plants harvestable by grazing without
reference to land tenure, other land uses or management practices. http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wcb/RangelandProgramRev3.htm
10.
(USA-STATE-California) - Land on which the existing
vegetation is suited to the grazing of livestock. http://www.consrv.ca.gov/dlrp/FMMP/pubs/FMMP_GUIDE.pdf
11.
(USA-STATE-Illinois) "Grazingland" means
land used for grasslands and forest lands where the indigenous vegetation is
actively managed for grazing, browsing, or occasional hay production. http://dnr.state.il.us/legal/62-1701.htm
12.
(USA-STATE-Illinois) Includes both grasslands and
forest lands where the indigenous vegetation is actively managed for grazing,
browsing or occasional hay production. Land used for facilities in support of
ranching operations that are adjacent to or an integral part of these
operations also is included. http://dnr.state.il.us/mines/lrd/guides/citrec7.htm
13.
(USA-STATE-Wyoming) includes rangelands and forest lands
where the indigenous native vegetation is actively managed for grazing,
browsing, and occasional hay production, and occasional use by wildlife. http://www.osmre.gov/stateregs/wyregschap1.txt
14.
A collective term that includes all lands having
plants harvestable by grazing without reference to land tenure, and other land
uses, management, or treatment practices. (Jacoby, 1989) http://www.tarleton.edu/~range/Introduction/grazing-land.htm,
http://www.forages.css.orst.edu/Topics/Pastures/Grazing/Terminology/grazterm_body.html#I,
and http://www.tarleton.edu/~range/Introduction/grazing-land.htm
15.
All land areas devoted to the production of forage from
native or introduced plants and harvested directly by grazing animals.
Vallentine (1990, p. 7) http://www.tarleton.edu/~range/ and http://www.tarleton.edu/~range/Introduction/grazing-land.htm
16.
Any vegetated land that is grazed of that has the
potential to be grazed by animals. http://www.forages.css.orst.edu/Contents/Glossary/G.html
17.
Land which supplies herbage for grazing animals. http://www.anzlic.org.au/icsm/topo/tddsect4.htm
18.
Open woodland and desert shrubland that is
predominantly used for grazing, browsing, or occasional hay production. http://www.wvgazette.com/static/series/mining/reports/EIS/VIII.Glossary.pdf
1.
(
2.
(UN-FAO) Permanent Pasture 1000ha:land used
permanently (five years or more) for herbaceous forage crops, either cultivated
or growing wild (wild prairie or grazing land). The dividing line between this
category and the category "Forests and woodland"; is rather
indefinite, especially in the case of shrubs, savannah, etc., which may have
been reported under either of these two categories. http://www.fao.org/waicent/faostat/agricult/landuse-e.htm (UN-FAO)
3.
(USA-FED-Census Bureau) (2006) Pastureland. A Land
cover/use category of land managed primarily for the production of introduced
forage plants for livestock grazing. Pastureland cover may consist of a single
species in a pure stand, a grass mixture, or a grass-legume mixture. Management
usually consists of cultural treatments: fertilization, weed control, reseeding
or renovation, and control of grazing. For the NRI, includes land that has a
vegetative cover of grasses, legumes, and/or forbs, regardless of whether or
not it is being grazed by livestock. http://www.allcountries.org/uscensus/383_land_cover_use_by_state.html
4.
(USA-FED-USDA-NASS) This category includes all types of
pastureland. It includes cropland used only for pasture or grazing, woodland
pastured, and other pastureland and rangeland. http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census97/atlas97/glos_int.pdf
and http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census92/atlas92/textfile/glossary.asc
5.
(USA-FED-USDA-NRCS) A land cover/use category of land
managed primarily for the production of introduced forage plants for livestock
grazing. Pastureland cover may consist of a single species in a pure stand, a
grass mixture, or a grass-legume mixture. Management usually consists of
cultural treatments: fertilization, weed control, reseeding or renovation, and
control of grazing. For the NRI, includes land that has a vegetative cover of
grasses, legumes, and/or forbs, regardless of whether or not it is being grazed
by livestock. http://www.wv.nrcs.usda.gov/nri/glossary.html
6.
(USA-FED-USDI-USGS) - Land devoted to the
production of indigenous or introduced forage for harvest primarily by
grazing. Pastureland generally must be managed to arrest successional processes
and is enclosed to facilitate management. Pastureland can include grassland
(1.1.3.). (cf.) Pasture, (3.1.4.). http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/brd/DefLandTerms.htm
7.
(USA-STATE-California-San Luis Obispo) "Pasture
(irrigated)" means grazing of livestock on irrigated grasses. http://www.sloclerkrecorder.org/CountyCode/_DATA/TITLE22/Chapter_22_11_DEFINITIONS/22_11_030_Land_use_ordinance_d.html
8.
(USA-STATE-Illinois) "Pastureland" means
land used primarily for the long-term production of adapted, domesticated
forage plants to be grazed by the livestock or occasionally cut and cured for
livestock feed. Allowable support facilities include access roads, farm
buildings, erosion control structures such as grassed waterways, downdrains,
terraces and sediment ponds, water impoundments used for stock watering, and
other incidental facilities related to pasture management. http://dnr.state.il.us/legal/62-1701.htm
9.
(USA-STATE-Wyoming) Pastureland is land used
primarily for the long-term production of adapted, domesticated forage plants
to be grazed by livestock or occasionally cut and cured for livestock feed. http://www.osmre.gov/stateregs/wyregschap1.txt
10. A
grassland which is used to provide food for domestic animals http://www.newberry.org/k12maps/glossary/index.html
11. A grazing
area enclosed and separated from other areas by fence. http://www.tamu.edu/classes/rang/rknight/rlem102/lecture3/rangeland-definitions.pdf
12. A meadow
which cattle is grazing. http://www.educagri.fr/hedges/eng/glossary/detail.cfm?code=453
13. A type of
grazing management unit enclosed and separated from other areas by fencing or
other barriers and devoted to the production of forage for harvest primarily by
grazing. http://www.forages.css.orst.edu/Contents/Glossary/P.html
14. Forage
plants used as food by grazing animals http://www.tamu.edu/classes/rang/rknight/rlem102/lecture3/rangeland-definitions.pdf
15. In
16. Land used
primarily for the production of domesticated forage plants for livestock (in
contrast to rangeland, where vegetation is naturally-occurring and is dominated
by grasses and perhaps shrubs). http://danpatch.ecn.purdue.edu/~epados/ag101/src/glosstext.htm
1. (Anthropic)
Land unsuitable for rainfed cropping http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/working_papers/wp121.pdf
2. (
3. (
4. (
5. (
6. (
7. (
8. (
9. (
10. (
11. (
12. (
13. (
14. (Australia-New
15. (Australia-New
16. (Australia-New
17. (Australia/New Zealand) The
internationally recognised term for land where livestock are grazed extensively
on native vegetation, and where the
rainfall is too low or erratic for agricultural cropping or for improved pastures. http://www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/29226/armcanz-may28.pdf
18. (Australia-Queensland)
Extensive pastoral lands that generally include native grasslands, shrublands
and woodlands. http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/factsheets/pdf/land/LM80w.pdf
19. (Australia-Queensland)
Refer to areas of land used extensively by grazing animals. Native grasses,
shrubs and woody vegetation generally covers the area. The rangeland is also
characterised by low annual rainfall. http://www.longpaddock.qld.gov.au/ClimateChanges/slides/glossary.html
20. (Australia-South
21. (Australia–South
22. (
23. (
24. (
25. (
26. (
27. (
28. (
29. (Canada-Alberta)
Grasslands and forests that ranchers and farmers use for grazing livestock like
cattle, sheep and bison. These rangelands aren't suitable for growing grain
crops because the land may be too rocky or too steep. Or the climate may be too
cool or too dry. http://129.128.55.165/rr/SoilPosters/range.cfm
30. (Canada-Alberta)
Native plant communities where the principal form of management is manipulated
grazing. http://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/sustain/veg1.html
31. (Canada-British
32. (Canada-British
33. (Canada-British
34. (Canada-British
35. (CCA) 99-03
DEFINITION OF RANGELAND (Originally Passed in Land Use Committee) WHEREAS,
the use of the term rangeland is variously confused with terms identifying
other vegetative types including forest or wildlands in such situations as
legislatively-directed natural resource assessment, land use planning,
vegetative management, programs and research funding for natural resources, now
THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that the California Cattlemen's Association (CCA)
recognizes the following definition of rangeland, which was adopted by the
Board of Forestry on April 7, 1980: "Rangeland is land on which the
existing vegetation, whether growing naturally or through management, is
suitable for grazing or browsing. Rangeland includes any natural grasslands,
savannas, shrub lands, deserts, woodlands and wetlands which support a
vegetative cover of native grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, shrubs or other
naturalized species". http://www.calcattlemen.org/pdf/Policy/2003/03Land_Use&Tax_Cmte.pdf
36. (Ecosystem)
Open land defined by predominance of graminaceous species http://www.odi.org.uk/publications/working_papers/wp121.pdf
37. (
38. (ICBEMP)
Land on which the native vegetation
is predominantly grasses, grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs; not forest. http://www.icbemp.gov/pdfs/deis/eastside/volume1/glossary.pdf
1997
39. (IFAD) A kind of land on which the native
vegetation, climax or natural potential consists predominately of grasses,
grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs. Rangeland includes lands re-vegetated
naturally or artificially to provide a plant cover that is managed like native
vegetation. Rangelands may consist of natural grasslands, savannahs, shrub
lands, most deserts, tundra, alpine communities, coastal marshes, and wet
meadows. International Fund for Agricultural Development http://www.ifad.org/lrkm/glossary/glossary.htm#
40. (IFAD) Land supporting indigenous vegetation
that is grazed or that has the potential to be grazed, and is managed as a
natural ecosystem. Range includes grazable forestland and rangeland.
International Fund for Agricultural Development http://www.ifad.org/lrkm/glossary/glossary.htm#
41. (IPCC
(1997 and 2001) Unimproved grasslands, shrublands, savannas, and tundra. http://www.pnl.gov/aisu/pubs/eemw/papers/ipccreports/workinggroup2/689.htm
and http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/regional/327.htm
42. (IPCC)
(1997) In Africa (i.e., grasslands, savannas, and woodlands, which contain both
grasses and woody plants) http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/regional/015.htm
43. (
44. (IUCN) Rangeland
In North America a large open area of grassland over which livestock can wander
and graze. http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/actionplans/grouse/glossary.pdf
45. (NALMS)
(2004) Range - Lands that support an
understory of periodic cover of herbaceous or shrubby plants suitable for
grazing. http://www.nalms.org/glossary/lkword_r.htm
2004
46. (NASDA)
Rangelands - Unimproved, non-irrigated pasture or grazing land not suitable for
growing crops. Ground covered by natural vegetation only. Vegetative Cover - Perennial grasses,
legumes, or shrubs with an expected life span of 5 years; trees are also used
as a cover. 2002. http://www.nasda-hq.org/NASDA_NASS/docs/EDUCATIO/REFERENC/TERMS___/TERMSDEF.PDF
47. (
48. (NWFPREO)
(2003) Range - Land on which the principle natural plant cover is composed of
native grasses, forbs,
and shrubs that are valuable as forage for
livestock and big game http://www.reo.gov/general/definitions_n-z.htm#R
49. (OECD)
Rangeland is land used by grazing animals where the management consists of
manipulating the vegetation primarily by adjusting grazing extent, or by
prescribed fire, and other methods generally without cultivating the soil. Most
rangelands would fall under the OECD definition of semi-natural agricultural
habitats. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development http://www1.oecd.org/agr/biodiversity/us_brady.pdf
50. (
51. (
52. (SRM)
(1964) All land producing native forage for animal consumption, and
lands that are revegetated naturally or artificially to provide a forage cover
that is managed like native vegetation. Generally considered as land that is
not cultivated (American Society of Range Management 1964)
53. (SRM)
(1974) Land on which the native vegetation (climax or natural) is predominantly
grasses, grass-like plants, (orbs or shrubs suitable for grazing or browsing
use. Includes lands revegetated naturally or artificially to provide a forage
cover that is managed like native vegetation. Rangelands include natural
grasslands, marshes and wet meadows (SRM 1974)
54. (SRM)
(1980) Kind of land which supports native vegetation that is useful as forage
for grazing of browsing animals or land seeded to permanent perennial pasture
and managed like native range. Rangelands have many resources and uses in
addition to grazing and include: grasslands, savannas, shrublands, tundra,
alpine, forested range, and some wetlands. All land not classified as cropland
or pastureland which supports vegetation useful as forage for grazing or
browsing animals. (SRM 1980)
55. (SRM)
(1998) Land on which the indigenous vegetation is predominantly grasses,
grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs and is managed as a natural ecosystem.
Rangelands include natural grasslands, savannas, shrublands, many deserts,
tundras, alpine communities, marshes and meadows. Rangelands are not limited to
those areas grazed by domestic livestock, but include lands suitable only for
wild herbivores. Glossary Update Task Group 1998. SRM.
56. (SRM-California)
(2004) Lands supporting grass, shrub,
and savanna vegetation types. Range is land grazed by livestock. CA SRM 2004. http://www.casrm.org/CERT2RQM.pdf
57. (
58. (
59. (
60. (
61. (
62. (
63. (UK-ODI)
Geographical regions dominated by grass and grass-like species with or without
scattered woody plants, occupying between 18–23% of world land area
excluding
64. (UN-CCD) “Shrubland”:
Shrubby vegetation more open (discontinued) than thicket, usually with
continuous sparse grass stratum; http://www.unccd.int/actionprogrammes/asia/national/2000/yemen-eng.pdf
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
65. (UN-EP)
(1992) Non-agricultural, largely unoccupied drylands that are unused or used
only occasionally by nomadic pastoralists. http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~arid/desert/desert.html
66. (UN-EP)
(2003) Unimproved
grasslands, shrublands, savannahs, and tundra. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=usdafsfacpub
67. (UN-EP-GRID) (2001) Unimproved grasslands, shrublands,
savannas, and tundra http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/regional/327.htm
and http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/689.htm
2001.
68. (UN-EP-GRID)
(2001) Rangelands here are taken to
include deserts (cold, hot, and tundra), grasslands (unimproved), scrub,
chaparral, and savannas (after, e.g., Allen-Diaz, 1996). (Gitay et al. 2001.) http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/pdf/wg2TARchap5.pdf
69. (UN-FAO)
An area where wild and domestic animals graze or browse on uncultivated
vegetation. http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X9137E/x9137e15.htm
and http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/003/X9137E/x9137e00.htm
70. (UN-FAO)
At least 50% of Latin America and the
71. (UN-FAO)
Permanent Pasture - Land used permanently (five years or more) for herbaceous
forage crops, either cultivated or growing wild (wild prairie or grazing land).
The dividing line between this category and the category "Forests and
woodland"; is rather indefinite, especially in the case of shrubs,
savannah, etc., which may have been reported under either of these two
categories. http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/agricult/landuse-e.htm
72. (UN-FAO)
Those areas of the World which by reason of physical limitations-low and
erratic precipitation, rough topography, poor drainage, or cold temperatures-
are unsuited for cultivation and which are a source of a forage for free
ranging native and domestic animals, as well as a source of wood products,
water and wildlife (Miller, 1997). http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/pasture/peshawarproceedings/importantaspects.pdf
73. (UN-FAO)
Uncultivated land, including forest land, which produces forage suitable for
livestock grazing. http://www.fao.org/aims/ag_intro.htm?termid=6448&myLangTerms=EN
74. (UN-FAO-1986) An area of shrub
and/or grass receiving less than about 750 mm of annual rainfall. Within this
definition rangeland may vary from mild sub-arid wooded savanna to desert http://www.fao.org/docrep/R7488E/r7488e02.htm
(FAO) (1986)
75. (UN-FAO-2005) Land under permanent
meadows and pastures (Rangeland?)
This includes land used permanently (for five years or more) to grow herbaceous
forage crops, through cultivation or naturally (wild prairie or grazing land).
Permanent meadows and pastures on which trees and shrubs are grown should be
recorded under this heading only if the growing of forage crops is the most
important use of the area. http://www.fao.org/es/ess/census/12ch5.asp.
76. (UN-FAO-2005) Permanent meadows and
pastures (Rangelands?) include land
used permanently (for five years or more) to grow herbaceous forage crops,
through cultivation or naturally (wild prairie or grazing land). http://www.fao.org/es/ess/census/PROGwca2010/chapter11_r7.pdf
77. (UNFCC)
Land, mostly grasslands, whose plants can provide food (i.e., forage) for
grazing or browsing animals. See feedlot. http://unfccc.int/resource/cd_roms/na1/ghg_inventories/english/8_glossary/Glossary.htm#R
78. (UN-IPCC)
Pastoral rangelands: (Warm Temperate Dry) unimproved grassland, often dominated
by native species, used to support grazing livestock (cattle and sheep) at
comparatively low intensity. Fertiliser additions and pest control are
virtually non-existent. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/guidelin/ch5wb2.pdf
79. (UN-IPCC)
Rangeland (unimproved): (Cold Temperate Dry) grassland, often dominated by
native species, used to support grazing livestock (chiefly cattle) at comparatively
low intensity. Usually receive only minimal inputs for fertility amendment or pest control. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/guidelin/ch5wb2.pdf
80. (
81. (
