DEFINITIONS OF OLD
GROWTH, PRISTINE, CLIMAX, ANCIENT FORESTS, DEGRADATION, DESERTIFICATION, FOREST
FRAGMENTATION, AND SIMILAR TERMS.
(DEFINITIONS OF FOREST STATE, STAGE, AND ORIGIN)
H. Gyde Lund
Forest Information Services
Email: gyde@comcast.net
Last updated: 4 March 2012
Abstract: Having a common
understanding of what constitutes a "forest" and its derivatives
(such as old growth, pristine, native, secondary forest, etc.) is fundamental
for a discussion of assessment methods, ecosystem status, and sustainability.
However, there is considerable variation nationally and globally in the
definition and use of these terms. This paper lists the range of definitions
and descriptors in use.
Keywords:
Old-growth, Pristine, Climax, Ancient forest
Cite as:
Lund, H. Gyde. 2012 revised. Definitions of old growth,
pristine, climax, ancient forests, degradation, desertification, forest
fragmentation, and similar terms. [Online publication],
Gainesville, VA: Forest Information Services. Misc.
pagination. http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/pristine.htm
1.
INTRODUCTION
In the past
twenty years there has been an increased interest in the management and fate of
our remaining forest lands. This has pitted industrial and environmental groups
to work against each other instead of supporting one another. Part of the
controversy is a lack of understanding or agreement on what is meant by various
terms that describe the condition of a forest. This paper lists some of the
general definitions currently in use derived from a literature search, the
Internet and individual contributions. My thanks to all those who took the time
to share their information and thoughts with me.
The
following is a list of definitions I initiated at the request of Dr. Anatoly Shvidenko (IIASA) for the International Scientific
Conference on The World's Natural Forests and Their Role in Global Processes.
15-20 August 1999. Khabarovsk, Russia. Sources include searches on the
internet, literature review, and individual responses to a broad emailing to
various forestry lists. First entries are generally from WWWebster
and serve to put the subsequent forest definitions in perspective. My thanks to all that contributed. For definitions of
"forests" see http://home.comcast.net/~gyde/DEFpaper.html.
Ancient
Forest:
1.
A
forest that is typically older than 200 years with large trees, dense canopies
and an abundance of diverse wildlife. http://www.nrdc.org/reference/glossary/a.asp
2.
Ancient
(& Ornamental) Woodlands - Unenclosed broad-leaved woodland. http://www.hants.gov.uk/newforest/bibliog.html
3.
Ancient
Forest, – “A territory within the forest zone”: which contains forest and nonforest ecosystems that have been minimally disturbed by
human economic activity; the area of which is at least 500 square kilometres; and the minimum width (i.e. diameter) of which
is 10 kilometres. This definition is outside of the
various intergovernmental definitions of forest (see Box). http://www.worldgrowth.org/assets/file/WG%20Forestry_Development_Final%20Report.pdf
4.
Ancient
Forests, - forests that have existed since at least a number of centuries, https://ees.kuleuven.be/forests2011/PositionPaperForests.pdf
5.
Ancient semi-natural woodland (ASNW) - those semi-natural
stands on ancient woodland sites. The precise definition varies according to
the local circumstances in each country within the United Kingdom and guidance
should be sought from the Forestry Commission or Forest Service as appropriate.
http://www.ukwas.org.uk/standard/certification_standard/glossary.html
6.
Ancient
wood (woodlands) - A classification for woodland which has been in continuous
existence from before AD 1600 in England, Wales and N. Ireland and from before
AD 1750 in Scotland. http://www.fsc-uk.demon.co.uk/Appendices.html,
Forestry Commission (1998).
7.
Ancient
Woodland - A site which has been woodland continuously since at least 1600AD http://www.tnw.org.uk/Note17.html
8.
Ancient
Woodland - A woodland that has existed continuously since 1700, and possibly
pre-history. http://www.dorsetcoppicegroup.co.uk/resources/Dorset_Coppice_Group_Glossary.pdf
9.
Ancient
woodland - Land which has been woodland since at least AD 1600. http://www.angelfire.com/on3/wildberks/Glossary.htm
10.
Ancient
Woodland - Woodland in Britain that originated before 1600 AD. Ancient woodland
can also be secondary
woodland http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/herts/reserves/glossary.html#Acid
11.
ancient woodland - Woodland that has
been in continuous existence since before AD 1600 in England, Wales and
Northern Ireland or since before AD 1750 in Scotland. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/ForestStats2006.nsf/byunique/glossary.html,
http://www.ukwas.org.uk/standard/certification_standard/glossary.html
and http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/herts/reserves/glossary.html
12.
Ancient
Woodland. -Land that has had continuous woodland cover since at least 1600AD
and may be: Ancient Semi-natural woodland - Ancient woodland sites that have retained
the native tree and shrub cover that has not been planted, although it may have
been managed by coppicing or felling and allowed to regenerate naturally.
Ancient Replanted Woodland - Ancient woodland sites where the original native
tree cover has been felled and replaced by planting, usually with conifers and
usually this century. http://www.english-nature.org.uk/pubs/gis/tech_aw.htm
13.
Ancient,
Old-Growth & Native Forests: essentially interchangeable terms. They refer
to forest areas that are relatively undisturbed by forest management, ranging
in size from a few acres to thousands of square miles. These areas may be near,
surrounded by, or adjacent to forest areas that have been heavily disturbed or
altered by human management They have the following characteristics: largely
naturally regenerated, less than 30% of the stand or forest area has been
logged or cleared within the past century, relatively undisturbed such that
human activities have not significantly altered native forest structure,
composition or function, dominated by pre-European tree species, relatively
unmanaged although they may suffer from a history of fire suppression or
grazing, and composed of individual trees or stands of trees of different ages,
with old- growth components constituting at least half of the stand or forest
unit and having at least four trees per acre over 150 years of age. http://www.coopamerica.org/woodwise/business/wpledgeglossary.htm
14.
Ancient/Old-Growth
Forests refer to forest areas that are relatively undisturbed by human
activity. Ancient forests vary significantly in age and structure from forest
type toforest type and one bio-geo-climate zone to
another. The following features generally characterize ancient forests: they
have not undergone any significant industrial activity, they are naturally
regenerated and dominated by a range of indigenous tree species, their tree
size, age and spacing vary widely, their accumulations of dead standing trees
(snags) and fallen trees are much more frequent than in younger forests, they
contain trees that are large for the species and site combination, their
overhead tree canopy has many openings, with multiple canopy layers that
encourages a forest floor lush with ferns, berry bushes, mosses etc http://www.oldgrowthfree.com/policy.html
15.
Ancient:
1 : having had an existence of many years 2 : of or relating to a remote
period, to a time early in history, or to those living in such a period or
time; especially : of or relating to the historical period beginning with the
earliest known civilizations and extending to the fall of the western Roman
Empire in A.D. 476. 3 : having the qualities of age or long existence: (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
16.
Forest areas that are relatively undisturbed by human
activity…Ancient Forests are made up of frontier forests, primary forest
fragments and old-growth forests. http://www.greenpeaceusa.org/forests/definitiontext.htm
17.
Forests
following the Ice Age. Bonnicksen (2000).
18.
Land
which has been woodland since at least AD 1600. http://www.woodland-trust.org.uk/glossary/indexfr.htm
The Woodland Trust Glossary
19.
Old
growth" forest areas that have never been timbered and therefore contain
dominant mature trees, such as redwoods in California and Douglas fir in the
Pacific Northwest. http://www.ecoweb.org/terms.htm#a
EcoTerms Dictionary.
20.
Old
growth, natural or primary forests. http://archive.greenpeace.org/politics/wto/Doha/reports/wto.pdf
21.
That
which "grows on land which has been wooded continuously since at least
1600"; Peterken (1987). (WWF Report "The
Status of Old-Growth and Semi-Natural Forests in Western Europe", May
1994). From: Alexander.Korotkov@unece.org. Date: Thu, 15 Oct 1998 17:09:40
+0200
Anthropogenic
forest
1.
Anthropogenic
of, relating to, or resulting from the influence of human beings on nature
<anthropogenic pollutants (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2.
Anthropogenic
forests are natural tree dominated ecosystems have been impacted by humans with
a frequency or intensity to change established seral
patterns and natural biodiversity status. If left alone Anthropogenic Forests
posses the capacity to mature into natural forest systems. Ranil
Senanayake <100232.3435@CompuServe.COM
3. (Nicaragua) - Draft - Bosque Intervenido: Bosque
Natural que ha sido sometido a intervención humana en los últimos veinticinco
años. www.nicarao.org.ni/ja (see Borrador de la ley,
CAPITULO II DEFINICIONES) Harrie
<harnic@ibw.com.ni>
Antique
Forest:
1.
Antique:
1 : existing since or belonging to earlier times (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2.
Both
primary and secondary woodland that originated prior to a particular date,
which in Britain is often set at around 1600, as secondary woodland was rarely
created by planting before then (Allaby 1994). Helene
M Cleveland CCMAIL <hmclevel@aec.apgea.army.mil
3.
The
oldest of the old: forests that have been around long enough to accumulate,
among other things, a rich assemblage of old-growth epiphytes. Such forests
seem invariably to be more than 300 to 350 years old, and many, in many cases,
have been in existence much longer than the most ancient trees within them. The
last point is important. A 150-year-old tree in a 500-year-old forest may well
support more old-growth indicators than a 250-year-old tree in a forest dating
from a fire of equivalent vintage. (Goward
1994).
Artificial
Forest:
Artificial
- 1: humanly contrived often on a natural model :
MAN-MADE <an artificial limb <artificial diamonds (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
Climax
Forest:
1.
Climax:
3 : a relatively stable ecological stage or community especially of plants that
is achieved through successful adjustment to an environment; especially : the
final stage in ecological succession (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2.
A
community that represents the culminating stage of a natural forest succession
for its locality, i.e., its environment. (SAF 1977) and http://www.fw.vt.edu/zedaker/3364/ecolterms.html
3.
A
forest community that represents the final stage of natural forest succession
for its environment. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/GLOSSARY/C.htm
4.
A
forest that represents the final stage of natural forest succession for its
locality, i.e. for its environment. Often identified as those forests that can
reproduce indefinitely (i.e. in their own shade). http://www.pfpn.gc.ca/rep98/gloss_e.html
and http://www.inac.gc.ca/building/forests/forest_j.html
5.
A
community that represents the culminating stage of a natural forest succession
for its locality, i.e for its environment. http://www.eresourcesystems.com/Help/Glossary/glossary.html
6.
A
relatively stable forest community which is balanced within the existing
environmental conditions. http://www.gn.apc.org/LivingEarth/RainforestDB/glossary.a-e.html#climax_forest
7.
A
secondary forest (cloud or rain), that is allowed to reclaim its flora and
fauna mostly on its own, working with pollinators (wind, rain, birds, mammals,
plants, etc. And after some 100 years becomes a climax forest, in reality it
can not be called a primary forest again, since it has undergo changes in its
habitat from the original status, new species are introduce(exotic) and old
species prevail(endemic). http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/5974/
8.
Historic
Climax Plant Community -- The plant community that was best adapted to the
unique combination of factors associated with the ecological site. It was in a
natural dynamic equilibrium with the historic biotic. abiotic,
climatic factors on its ecological site in North America at the time of
European immigration and settlement. http://nsscnt.nssc.nrcs.usda.gov/nfm/apxframe.htm
9.
Plant
community dominated by trees representing the culminating stage of natural
succession for that specific locality and environment (17). http://rredc.nrel.gov/biomass/forest/tim_glossary/t_glossary.html#C
10.
The
final stage of plant succession in which species composition remains relatively
stable. The climax forest for most of Mississippi would be the oak-hickory
forest type. Pine is an intermediate species prior to the climax forest. http://ext.msstate.edu/pubs/pub1250.htm
Community Forest
1.
(Cameroon
1995) Article 3 of its Implementing Decree, promulgated in 1995, provides the
following definition of a community forest: “a forest forming part of the
nonpermanent forest estate, which is covered by a management agreement between
a village community and the Forestry Administration. http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/east_central_africa_cca_study.pdf
2.
(Cameroon)
-Community forest – that part of non-permanent forest estate (not more than
5000 ha) that is the object of an agreement between government and a community
in which communities undertake sustainable forest management for a period of 25
years renewable. (MINEF 19989e http://doc.utwente.nl/60165/1/thesis_Minang.pdf
3.
(Cameroon)
community forest is defined as “a forest of the non-permanent forest estate,
subject to a management agreement between a village community and the
Administration in charge of forests. http://www.pfmp-farmsos.org/Docs/pfm%20conference_proceeding.pdf
4.
(Liberia)
A Communal Forest is defined as “An area set aside by statute of regulation for
the sustainable use of Forest Products by local communities or tribes on a
non-commercial basis” (s.1.3). http://www.sdiliberia.org/sites/default/files/documents/So%20Who%20Owns%20the%20Forest_full%20report.pdf
5.
(UN
FAO 1978) defined Community Forest (CF) as, "any situation which
intimately involves local people in forestry activities" https://zidapps.boku.ac.at/abstracts/download.php?dataset_id=6137&property_id=107&role_id=NONE
Conversion
Forest
1. (Cambodia 2009) -‘Conversion forestland’ is defined as “idle land,
comprised mainly of secondary vegetation, not yet designated for use by any
sector that shall be classified as permanent forest reserves until the Royal
Government decide[s] to use and develop the land for another purpose”. http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=2648&no=1&disp=inline
2. (Indonesia 2009) Conservation forest is defined as a forest area with
specified characteristics and having as a main function the conservation of
biological diversity (flora and fauna) and the ecosystems. http://www.apforgen.org/National%20status%20reports.pdf
3. (Indonesia 2009)- Conversion
forests are defined as those with a standing volume of less than 20 m³ per
hectare which are proposed to be cleared for agriculture, plantation,
transmigration or industrial forest plantations. http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=2648&no=1&disp=inline
4. Conversion forest -Conversion forest is defined as ‘forest which will be
converted to other land uses by planned actions within a foreseeable future’ (Poore et al., 1989). http://www.cde.unibe.ch/University/pdf/Feu_CP_Vol6(3)_Foener_et_al_edited_00A.pdf
Core
Forest –
1. (Forest land) relatively far from the forest–nonforest
boundary http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1un144n10086417/fulltext.pdf
2. A forest pixel that was surrounded by a completely forested window, http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art13/
3. A large patch of woods that have a buffer of woods around it. http://www.wkok.com/1070_WKOK/NEWS_ARCHIVES/121410.htm
4. Any forest located further than a specified distance from a forest
boundary. http://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/docs/pattern/regional_studies/AGILE_poster.pdf (EC 2008)
5. Areas with continuous forest cover during the past 198–316 years, with
the variation due to the age of the oldest maps available. http://192.38.112.111/pdf-reprints/Brunet_2011_FEM.pdf
6. Core forest is defined as the area of the remnant minus an edge of a
certain width. http://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/docs/publications/2009/EUR23841EN_Estreguil_and_Mouton_2009.pdf
7. Core forest is one that is densely populated with trees over a large area
to support a diversely populated forest environment http://hickwilly.blogspot.com/2010/02/lumberjack-bill-show-problem-of-maple.html
8. Core Forest, Large - Core forest patches that are greater than 500 acres.
http://clear.uconn.edu/projects/landscape/forestfrag/measuring/core_explained.htm
9. Core Forest, Medium - Core forest patches that are between 250-500 acres.
http://clear.uconn.edu/projects/landscape/forestfrag/measuring/core_explained.htm
10. Core Forest, Small - Core forest patches that are less than 250 acres. http://clear.uconn.edu/projects/landscape/forestfrag/measuring/core_explained.htm
11. Core or interior forest habitat, away from edge (over 300 feet from road
or edge). http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/wlhabitat/forest/forest_quality.aspx
12. Forest more than about 00 feet from a nonforest
edge http://www.scribd.com/doc/23186045/Pennsylvania-Forest-Inventory-and-Data
13. Forest patches greater than 300 feet in distance to an altered edge. http://www.highlands.state.nj.us/njhighlands/master/releases/forest_integrity_analysis.pdf
14. Forest pixels that are relatively far from the forest-nonforest
boundary. Essentially these are forested areas surrounded by more forested
areas. http://clear.uconn.edu/projects/landscape/forestfrag/measuring/core_explained.htm
15. Forest that is more than 100 meters from an edge or another type of land
cover http://willistonvt.govoffice3.com/vertical/Sites/%7BF506B13C-605B-4878-8062-87E5927E49F0%7D/uploads/%7B4C496729-348F-4E34-8728-C01CBB5419CC%7D.PDF
and http://www.circeis.org/documents/ROD/Circ-Williston%20ROD%20Appendix%20A.pdf
16. Forestland that is 300 feet or more from non-forested areas. http://clear.uconn.edu/publications/forestfrag_summary.pdf.
17. The area of the remnant minus an edge of a certain width http://forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu/docs/publications/2009/EUR23841EN_Estreguil_and_Mouton_2009.pdf
18. The inner forest areas, in the present case assumed to be 10 km beyond
the edge of forest. This is usually the undisturbed forest area. http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/t0830e/T0830E04.htm
19. The inner part of a forested region that is situated beyond a certain
distance to forest boundary. http://www.forim.sk/index_soubory/Merganic_Merganicova_2007_IferResersWEB.pdf
20. The interior area of a forest patch beyond the reach of edge effects. http://arec.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/faculty/plantinga/wildlife/LewisPlantingaWu2009AJAE.pdf, http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2009_lewis002.pdf and. http://www.bioecon.ucl.ac.uk/9th_2007/Wu.pdf
21. The portion of the forest that is 100 meters from the edge (Temple,
1986). http://www.in.gov/indot/div/projects/us31/study/Documents/FEIS/US31_FEIS_Chapter04_09.pdf
22. The uninterrupted area of forest beginning at least 330 feet from any
developed area (road, house, driveway, lawn, field). http://www.hartford-vt.org/downloads/773
Degradation
–
1.
(Animal resources) - Overstocking, malnutrition, animal
diseases, loss of certain species, etc. http://anmf.web1000.com/BIBLIOGRAPHY%20ON%20AFRICA%20MOUNTAINS.html
2. (Bolivia) DEGRADACIÓN: Proceso que consiste la transformación de un
sistema, orden, estructura o sustancia compleja, a un nivel inferior. así
tenemos la degradación biológica, de los bosques. Source:
Luis Castello faopaf@caoba.entelnet.bo Adjunto sírvase
encontrar la versión no oficial y premilinar del
Glosario Forestal elaborado por el Proyecto de Apoyo a la Coordinación e
Implementación del Plan de Acción Forestal para Bolivia
3. (Bolivia) The
forests experience a quick degradation, that consists
the impoverishment of the forest areas or alteration of the forests original
condition. This is a direct consequence of the wooden commercial use, which is
usually direct impact on lose genetic diversity, and economic value of the
forest with a the strongest genet erosion. , Source:
Diego Pacheco, 1998. “Estilos de
desarrollo, deforestación y degradación de los bosques en tierras bajas de
Bolivia” plural@caoba.entelnet.bo
La Paz - Bolivia
4.
(Canada
- BC) The diminution of biological productivity or diversity. [Source: Glossary
of Forestry Terms, Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests, http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/glossary/glossary.htm
via Igor A. Yakovlev]
5.
(Environmental)
- A process of changing any element of the environment to the point that
the ecosystem is thrown out of equilibrium. http://www.geocities.com/atlas/env/
6.
(Environmental)
- Exhaustion or destruction of a potentially renewable resource such as air,
water, forest, or wildlife by consuming it at a rate faster than it is naturally
renewed. If such use continues, the resource can become nonrenewable or
nonexistent on a human time scale. Also see sustainable yield. http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/conted/onlinecourses/enviroglos/e.html
7.
(Forest) - A secondary forest that has lost, through
human activities, the structure, function, species composition or productivity
normally associated with a natural forest type expected on that site. Hence, a
degraded forest delivers a reduced supply of goods and services from the given
site and maintains only limited biological diversity. Biological diversity of
degraded forests includes many non-tree components, which may dominate in the under
canopy vegetation. (Proposed definition). Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on
Forest Biological Diversity under CBD (UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA 2001) http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/forest/definitions.asp
8.
(Forest) - All biological, chemical and physical
processes that result in loss of the productive potential of natural resources
in areas that remain classified as forest (World Bank, 1991) http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1995/ps2/ps2008.shtml
9.
(Forest) - Biological, chemical or physical processes
which result in the loss of the productive potential of natural resources in
areas covered by forests and/or used by agriculture. Degradation may be
permanent, although some forest areas may recover naturally or with human
assistance. http://glossary.eea.eu.int/EEAGlossary/F/forest_degradation
10.
(Forest) - Changes within the forest ecosystem
which negatively affect the stand or site and, in particular, lower the
production capacity of the stand (FAO, 1993). http://216.239.39.104/search?q=cache:qOqeUxO6AdkJ:www.uz.ac.zw/ies/afsa/report9a.doc+%22Forest+degradation+is%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
11.
(Forest) - Changes within the forest which negatively
affect the structure or function of the stand and site, and thereby lower the
capacity to supply products and/or services (FAO)". . http://www.biodiv.org/doc/meetings/cop/cop-06/information/cop-06-inf-26-en.pdf
12.
(Forest) - Logging or any form of removal of 90
percent of the trees leaving only 10 percent of the tree crown cover …would be
considered degradation if it results in damage to the land. http://www.spcforests.org/Library/usestatus/usestatus.htm
13.
(Forest) - May be generally defined as a reduction in
tree density and/or increased disturbance to the forest that results in the
loss of forest products and forest-derived ecological services. http://216.239.37.100/search?q=cache:A5q0D_lXFJgC:www.wri.org/wri/pdf/indoforest_glossary.pdf+crown+cover+FAO+definition&hl=en&ie=UTF-8
14.
(Forest) - The deterioration of plant species
composition and biological functions without necessarily involving a change in
land use. http://anmf.web1000.com/BIBLIOGRAPHY%20ON%20AFRICA%20MOUNTAINS.html
15.
(Forest) - The deterioration of the health, quality
and productive capacity of a forest. http://www.peopleandplanet.net/section.php?section=1&topic=8&PHPSESSID=1a9faae006a4efebfebe57431f0ca5ac
16.
(Forest) - The ecologically deleterious depletion by
human activity of standing woody biomass and organic matter in forests, often associated with over-utilization of the
forest for fuel or timber. http://www.usask.ca/agriculture/caedac/dbases/glossary.htm
17.
(IPCC) Degraded forests or grasslands - Forests or
grasslands that are have been overused or poorly
managed and are likely to have reduced biomass densities. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/guidelin/ch5ref1.pdf
18.
(UN-FCCC-IPCC) Forest Degradation -A direct
human-induced long-term loss (persisting for X years or more) of at least Y% of
forest carbon stocks [and forest values] since time T and not qualifying as
deforestation or an elected activity under Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_files/Task2/Degradation.pdf
19.
(Land) - A decrease in the production potential of
the land. http://www.earth.nasa.gov/nra/current/nra99oes06/apendixg.html
20.
(Land) - A permanent loss of ecosystem function,
caused by disturbance from which the system cannot recover unaided.
21.
(Land) - Decline in the potential of the land
resources to meet human economic, social and environmental functions needs. http://anmf.web1000.com/BIBLIOGRAPHY%20ON%20AFRICA%20MOUNTAINS.html
22.
(Land) - Land (soil, water and natural vegetation)
degradation refers to undesirable changes in plant composition and soil and
land surface characteristics. http://www.affa.gov.au/corporate_docs/publications/pdf/oper_env/armcanz/armcanz-may28.pdf
23.
(Land) – Productive land that is rendered unproductive
by human activity such as urban use http://www.ocdsb.edu.on.ca/WOODSweb/geomatics/English/glossary.html
24.
(Land) - The decline in condition or quality of the
land as a consequence of misuse or overuse, involving changes to soil, flora,
fauna, water quality and quantity, visual quality and production levels by
humans http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/soe/95/28.htm
25.
(Land) - The decline in the quality of the natural
resources of the land resulting from human activities.
http://www.soil.pir.sa.gov.au/html/mar_rep_a5.htm
26.
(Land) - The loss of the productive capacity of the
land to sustain life. http://anmf.web1000.com/BIBLIOGRAPHY%20ON%20AFRICA%20MOUNTAINS.html
27.
(Land) -The "reduction or loss, in arid,
semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, of the biological or economic productivity
and complexity of rainfed cropland, irrigated
cropland, or range, pasture, forest and woodlands resulting from land uses or
from a process or combination of processes, including processes arising from human
activities and habitation patterns, such as: (i) soil erosion caused by wind
and/or water; (ii) deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological or
economic properties of soil; and (iii) long-term loss of natural
vegetation" (Convention to Combat Desertification) and http://www.forestry.ac.cn/din/book1/xu.htm
28.
(Morocco
and Yemen) Degradation (Arabic : Takhreeb, French : Degradation, Spanish : Degradacion) - Here, there is not only a
deforestation, but an agreession on the forest as
ecosystem, leading to a negative change in all its biotoipe(fauna,
flora, soil, micro/meso climate). The productivity of
the whole ecosystem is lower. Degradation could lead to erosion, drought,
desertification and other calamities. Mohammed Ellatifi,
m.ellatifi@ellatifi.8m.com
29.
(Plant
resources) - Reduced biodiversity, reduced biomass and nutritive value,
reduced plant cover and growth, plant diseases. http://anmf.web1000.com/BIBLIOGRAPHY%20ON%20AFRICA%20MOUNTAINS.html
30.
(Rangeland) has occurred only where there has been an
effectively irreversible decline in the rate of output of livestock products
from the range under a specified system of management. http://conference.ifas.ufl.edu/ifsa/posters/Mulale.doc
31.
(Semi-natural
forest) - A subset of semi-natural forests with some of the principle
characteristics and key components of native ecosystems; a return to a
semi-natural forest is unlikely to occur in a reasonable amount of time (i.e.,
decades) without human intervention. http://www.fscus.org/html/about_fsc/who_we_are/glossary_of_terms.html#d
32.
(Slovenia)
Forest in which the growth rate, or the fertility of forest land, is reduced,
or other possibilities for it to perform its function as a forest are reduced
by negative outside influences. [From: Slovenian LAW ON FORESTS - Milan SINKO
milan.sinko@UNI-LJ.SI via "Maksym Polyakov" <mpoliak@pcomp.usau.kiev.ua Date: Fri, 12
Jun 1998 16:11:17 +0300 (MSD)]
33.
(Soil)
– The loss of the capacity of the soil to produce vegetation as a result of
soil erosion, nutrient depletion, salinization and alkalinity, soil pollution
by pesticides, nutrients, acid rain, compaction and crust formation. http://anmf.web1000.com/BIBLIOGRAPHY%20ON%20AFRICA%20MOUNTAINS.html
34.
(UN-FAO
2000) Forest degradation is a reduction of the canopy cover or stocking within
the forest. Explanatory note: For the purpose of having a harmonized set of
forest and forest change definitions, that also is measurable with conventional
techniques, forest degradation is assumed to be indicated by the reduction of
canopy cover and/or stocking of the forest through logging, fire, windfelling or other events, provided that the canopy cover
stays above 10% (cf. definition of forest). In a more general sense, forest
degradation is the long-term reduction of the overall potential supply of
benefits from the forest, which includes wood, biodiversity and any other
product or service. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO 2000b)
35.
(UN-FAO)
Changes within the forest class, for example, from closed to open forest, which
negatively affect the stand or site and, in particular, lower the production
capacity. These lands are considered apart from deforestation. (FAO
1997).
36.
(Vegetation)
- A reduction in the available biomass, and decline in the vegetative ground
cover, as a result of deforestation and overgrazing. http://www.fao.org/landandwater/swlwpnr/reports/v_a/atx512.htm
37.
(Vegetation)
- The deterioration of the healthy conditions of the vegetation, expressed
through changes in its composition, structure and function (Kakembo
2001;TCM 1998). http://www.itc.nl/library/Papers/msc_2002/nrm/barreiros_horta.pdf
38.
(Water
resources) - Depletion of groundwater resources, decline in water quality,
sedimentation of reservoirs, increased runoff and flash floods, flooding. http://anmf.web1000.com/BIBLIOGRAPHY%20ON%20AFRICA%20MOUNTAINS.html
39.
Any
decline in the quality of natural resources commonly caused by human activities
http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/soe/95/28.htm
40.
A
reduction in form, capacity, potential, or value, such as the breakdown of
organic matter by decomposition, the erosion of continents, the lowering of
energy available to do work, or the lowering of potential of resource
sustainability. http://www.nativehabitat.org/definitions.html
41.
Biological,
chemical or physical processes which result in the loss of the productive
potential of natural resources in areas covered by forests and/or used by
agriculture. Degradation may be permanent, although some forest areas may
recover naturally or with human assistance http://europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm
and http://www.wrm.org.uy/actors/WB/1991policy3.html
42.
Change
of forest class (from closed to open forest) which negatively affects the stand
or site and lowers production capacity. Degradation is not reflected in the
estimates of deforestation http://europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm
43.
Changes
within the forest class which negatively affect the stand or site and, in
particular, lower the production capacity. Thus degradation is not reflected in
the estimates of deforestation. [Source: from
http://faov02.fao.org:70/0gopher_root%3a[fao.fra]def_uk.txt (concepts,
definitions and methodology of the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990) via
Bernhard Schlamadinger]
44.
Degradation
- Reduction in value or quality. http://www.icbemp.gov/pdfs/deis/eastside/volume1/glossary.pdf
45.
Degradation - Refers to changes within the biological,
physical, and chemical processes of the forest that negatively affect the area
or site and lower its productive capacity or potential (for example, soil
erosion and loss of valuable or potentially valuable genetic types). http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1985&page=663
46.
Degradation
(Forest or grassland) FAO, UNEP - Refer to changes in the quality of forest cover which are an inevitable
consequence of most forms of cultural forest modification, and only lead to
deforestation in the most extreme cases. http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/projects/openfor/main.html
47. Degradation (Forest)
(USFS) - A loss of a desired level of maintenance over time of biological diversity,
biotic integrity and ecological processes. http://www.alric.org/research/unasylva/pdf/202_05.pdf
48.
Degradation
of natural resources – The result of the cumulative activities of farmers,
households, and industries, all trying to improve their socio-economic well
being. http://oaspub.epa.gov/trs/trs_proc_qry.alphabet?p_term_nm=D
49.
Degradation
of the environment- The process by which the environment is progressively
contaminated, overexploited and destroyed.(Source: RRDA) http://oaspub.epa.gov/trs/trs_proc_qry.alphabet?p_term_nm=D
50.
Degradation
usually implies a loss of productivity. Operations such as thinning and salvage
logging, while reducing the canopy cover, may not reduce the productivity of
the land. In fact it may increase it. Thus over story reduction alone may not
be regarded as degraded forest.
51.
Degradation - General lowering of the earth’s surface by erosion
or moving of materials from one place to another. http://www.icbemp.gov/pdfs/deis/eastside/volume1/glossary.pdf
52. Degraded forest
- A state which delivers a reduced supply of goods and services from the given
site and maintains only limited biological diversity (CBD). http://www.biodiv.org/doc/meetings/cop/cop-06/information/cop-06-inf-26-en.pdf
53. Degraded forest
- ITTO (in preparation) applies the state concept to degradation referring to
all those forests or forest lands that have been altered beyond the normal
effects of natural processes through human activities or natural disasters,
such as fire, landslides, etc. http://www.biodiv.org/doc/meetings/cop/cop-06/information/cop-06-inf-26-en.pdf
54.
Degraded:
characterized by degeneration of structure or function. (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
55.
Diminished
Forest Land (74) - area and percent of forest land with diminished biological
components indicative of changes in fundamental ecological processes (e.g.
soil, nutrient cycling, seed dispersion, pollination) http://www.hq.nasa.gov/iwgsdi/SDI_Org_USDA.html
56.
Processes
or activities that weaken an ecosystem, adversely affecting biological
diversity. http://www.nature.nps.gov/nrbib/HTML%20files/32.htm#3152
57.
Temporary
or permanent reduction in the density, structure, species composition or
productivity of vegetation cover (Grainger 1996)
58.
The
act or process of degrading (lowering to an inferior level) [Source: WWWebster Dictionary].
59.
The
degradation or impoverishment of forests, measured in terms of loss of
biodiversity (which includes genetic, species and ecosystem diversity) and
economic, cultural and ecological utility and stability, resulting from the
selective removal of trees or other forest plant and animal species or the
degradation of forest environments, through processes such as destructive
logging, burning, or invasion of disturbed habitats by weedy or less useful
exotic species. http://www.spcforests.org/Library/usestatus/usestatus.htm
60.
The
ecologically deleterious depletion by human activity of standing woody biomass
and organic matter in forests, often associated with
over-utilization of the forest for fuel or timber. http://www.climateservices.com/glossary.htm
and http://www.teleport.com/~taa/glossary.htm
61.
The
process of degeneration. http://www.gn.apc.org/LivingEarth/RainforestDB/glossary.a-e.html#climax_forest
62.
To
wear down, reduce to lower quality, by erosion or reduce the complexity of a
chemical compound. http://www.epa.gov/grtlakes/seahome/housewaste/src/glossary1.htm#degradation
63.
Degradation
usually implies a loss of productivity. Operations such as thinning and salvage
logging, while reducing the canopy cover, may not reduce the productivity of
the land. In fact it may increase it. Thus over story reduction alone may not
be regarded as degraded forest.
64.
(USA-FED- CIA) Soil degradation - damage to the
land's productive capacity because of poor agricultural practices such as the
excessive use of pesticides or fertilizers, soil compaction from heavy
equipment, or erosion of topsoil, eventually resulting in reduced ability to
produce agricultural products. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/docs/notesanddefs.html#2032
Desertification
1.
(IPCC)
Desertification - Land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas
resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human
activities. Further, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
(UNCCD) defines land degradation as a reduction or loss, in arid, semi-arid,
and dry sub-humid areas, of the biological or economic productivity and
complexity of rain-fed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest,
and woodlands resulting from land uses or from a process or combination of
processes, including processes arising from human activities and habitation
patterns, such as: (i) soil erosion caused by wind
and/or water; (ii) deterioration of the physical, chemical and biological or
economic properties of soil; and (iii) long-term loss of natural vegetation.
(Source: Second Order Draft Glossary IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report http://www.junkscience.com/draft_AR4/GLOSSARY_SOD_TSU_FINAL.pdf
)
2.
(UN-CCD)
Land degradation occurring in arid, semi-arid, dry subhumid
areas where the ratio of the annual precipitation to the evapotranspiration
falls within the range of 0.005 to 0.65. http://www.unccd.int/cop/reports/asia/national/2002/malaysia-eng.pdf.
3.
(UN-EP)
Land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas resulting mainly
from adverse human impact. (UNEP 1992) http://www.evsc.virginia.edu/~desert/desert/desert.html,
http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~arid/desert/desert.html
and www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-186/002-186.html
4.
(UN-EP)
The diminution or destruction of the biological potential of land, and can lead
ultimately to desert-like conditions. It is an aspect of the widespread
deterioration of ecosystems, and has diminished or destroyed the biological
potential, i.e. plant and animal production, for multiple use purposes at a
time when increased productivity is needed to support growing populations in
quest of development. (UNEP, 1978) http://www.evsc.virginia.edu/~desert/desert/desert.html
5.
(UN-EP)
The diminution or destruction of the biological potential of the land, (which)
can lead ultimately to desert-like conditions. UN Secretariat 1977
6.
A
fertile region that has been made barren by the activities of human societies http://campus.murraystate.edu/academic/faculty/frank.elwell/Prob3/glossary/gloss1.htm#DECARCERATION
7.
A
process by which fragile, semiarid ecosystems lose productivity because of loss
of plant cover, soil erosion, salinization, or waterlogging. Usually associated
with human misuse.http
8.
://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/glossary/glossaryd.mhtml
9.
A
process of land becoming more desertlike as a result of human-induced devegetation
and related soil deterioration, sometimes aggravated by drought. http://www.wiley.com/college/geog/cutter018104/resources/Chapter06/gloss06.htm
10.
A
process of land degradation initiated by human activity, particularly in the
zones along the margins of deserts http://www.ge-at.iastate.edu/courses/Geol_100/glossary.v2.html
11.
A
process whereby the productivity of drought-prone land decreases because of
factors including deforestation, over-cultivation, drought, over-grazing (poor
rangeland management), poor irrigation (waterlogging and salinization), soil
erosion, chemical action and other practices (86G1). http://www.alltel.net/~bsundquist1/og6.html#BM6C
12.
Conversion
of rangeland, rain-fed cropland to desert-like land, with a drop in
agricultural productivity of 10% or more. It is usually caused by a combination
of overgrazing, soil erosion, prolonged drought, and climate change.http://ecology.org/biod/library/glos_index.html
and http://www.gsu.edu/~mstnrhx/ecogloss.htm
13.
Dry
land becoming desert, either through a change in climate or through the actions
of humans. Intensive farming and clearing trees and other vegetation can make
desertification worse.http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/glossary.htm
14.
Land
degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various
factors, including climatic variations and human activities.www.asia-tpn1.net/glossary.html and http://www.nyo.unep.org/action/ap1.htm
15.
Land
degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting mainly from
adverse human impact (and climatic variations), and is therefore a sub-set of land
degradation in countries that have additional climate zones. http://www.adb.org/projects/PRC_GEF_Partnership/LD_definition.pdf
16.
Land
degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various
factors, including climatic variation and human activities. ?
17.
Land
degradation occurring in the arid, semiarid and dry subhumid areas of the
world. These susceptible drylands cover 40 percent of the earth's surface and
puts at risk more than 1 billion people who are dependent on these lands for
survival.http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/worldsoils/landdeg/degredation.html
18.
Progressive
destruction or degradation of existing vegetative cover to form desert. This
can occur due to overgrazing, deforestation, drought, and the burning of
extensive areas.http://www.hwwa.de/Projekte/Forsch_Schwerpunkte/FS/Klimapolitik/PDFDokumente/Michaelowa,%20Koch%20(2001).pdf
19.
The
(usually) slow and progressive degradation of land towards a desert state. http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/aboutus/annualreport/sect5.pdf
20.
The
conversion of ecosystems into barren land http://www.hq.nasa.gov/iwgsdi/ISS_SDI_Climate.html
21.
The
creation of desert-like conditions in semi-arid areas, either by changes in the
climatic pattern, or by human mismanagement. http://greenplanet.eolss.net/EolssLogn/searchdt.asp?cmd=getdoc&maxSize=200000&DocId=87&Index=D%3a\Program%20Files\dtSearch%20Developer\UserData\C19&HitCount=2&hits=4cc+4cd+&hc=4&req=forest%2Bdegradation
22.
The
degradation of terrestrial ecosystems as a result of deforestation,
overgrazing, poor soil, and irrigation management. http://www.orst.edu/Dept/owrri/directory/glossary.htm#~D~
23.
The
diminution or destruction of the biological potential of land, and can lead
ultimately to desert-like conditions (definition of UNCOD) (85D1) (Dregne's
definition is given on p.19 of 85D1) http://www.alltel.net/~bsundquist1/og6.html#BM6Chttp://www.gps.caltech.edu/~arid/desert/desert.html
24.
The
extension of the desert into another ecological system such as into tropical
grasslands. http://www.kgv.edu.hk/eden/glossary.php
25.
The
land degradation in arid and semi-arid areas, caused by climatic changes and
human impact. United Nations Environment and Development Conference, Rio de
Janeiro in 1992 (Görcelio?lu, 1992). In this definition it was emphasised that,
desertification was not the only the problem of arid zones but also semi-arid
zones. http://www.toprak.org.tr/isd/isd_53.htm
26.
The
man-made or natural formation of desert from usable land. http://www.casde.unl.edu/vn/glossary/earth_d.htm#desertification
and http://asd-www.larc.nasa.gov/asd_over/glossary/d.html
and http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov:81/Library/glossary.php3?mode=alpha&seg=d
27.
The
process by which an area or region becomes more and through loss of soil and
vegetative cover. The process is often accelerated by excessive continuous
overstocking and drought. http://www.roseworthy.adelaide.edu.au/~icooper/glossary/d.htm
28.
The
process by which lands not formerly deserts become deserts, because of changes
in temperature and rainfallhttp://www.solutions-site.org/reference/glossary.htm
29.
The
process by which once productive land is turned into a desert by processes such
as overstocking or removal of protective vegetation.http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/soe/95/28.htm
30.
The
process caused by continuous overuse of the land resulting in interrupted
ecological systems and causing desert like conditions in areas that do not have
desert climates. http://www.cnr.uidaho.edu/range456/hot-topics/range-terms.htm
31.
The
process of a non-desert ecosystem taking on the characteristics of a desert
(arid, seemingly barren) as a result of land mismanagement or climate change.http://www.pbs.org/earthonedge/glossary.html
32.
The
process of becoming arid land or desert (as from land mismanagement or climate
change).http://sol.crest.org/renewables/SJ/glossary/D.html
33.
The
process of becoming desert either from inappropriate land management or climate
change; http://www.africanculturalcenter.org/10_0glossary.html#E
34.
The
process of desert spread. http://www.learn.co.uk/default.asp?WCI=Unit&WCU=7568
35.
The
process of impoverishment and deterioration of terrestrial ecosystems under the
impact of man that can be measured by reduced productivity of desirable plants,
undesirable alterations in biomass and diversity of micro- and macro-fauna and
flora, accelerated soil erosion, and increased hazards for human occupancy
(78D1) http://www.alltel.net/~bsundquist1/og6.html#BM6C
36.
The
process of land degradation which leads to a drastic reduction of land
productivity. Land is rendered unsuitable for any productive activity. It is
prevalent in arid and semi-arid areas. Its causes are both natural (dry
climate, low rainfall, water shortage) as well as anthropogenic (overgrazing,
deforestation, fires, intensive cultivation).http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Briassoulis/glossaryterms.htm
37.
The
process of removal of the soil from a region so that precipitation quickly
evaporates or runs into underground aquifers, giving the region the appearance
and characteristics of a desert, even though precipitation levels would suggest
a non-desert; the creation of a "well-rained-upon desert".~ Comments:~
This term became common with the 9/77 Conference on Desertification in Nairobi,
Kenya. http://www.alltel.net/~bsundquist1/og6.html#BM6C
38.
The
process through which a desert takes over a formerly non-desert area. When a
region begins to undergo desertification, the new conditions typically include
a significantly lowered water table, a reduced supply of surface water,
increased salinity in natural waters and soils, progressive destruction of
native vegetation, and an accelerated rate of erosion.http://www.iversonsoftware.com/geology/d/desertification.htm
39.
The
process through which once usable land is turned into desert because of
overgrazing, harmful agricultural practices, or deforestation http://cwabacon.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/social_ab/chapter4/custom1/deluxe-content.html#desertification
40.
The
progressive destruction or degradation of existing vegetative cover to form
desert. http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/glossary.htm#d
andhttp://www.ciel.org/Publications/climatechangeglossary.pdf
41.
The
progressive destruction or degradation of existing vegetative cover to form
desert. This can occur due to overgrazing, deforestation, drought and the
burning of extensive areas. Once formed, desert can only support a sparse range
of vegetation. Climatic effects associated with this phenomenon include
increased albedo, reduced atmospheric humidity and greater atmospheric dust
loading, which can cause wind erosion and/or atmospheric pollution.http://www.ccasia.teri.res.in/gloss/glossary.htm
44.
The
spread or encroachment of a desert environment into arid or semiarid regions,
caused by climatic changes, human influence, or both. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=30548&tocid=0
45.
The
transformation of nondesert ecosystems to desert-like conditions with less
vegetation, less organic matter in the soil, more rapid drying of the soil, and
more wind and water erosion. Desertification typically is caused by overgrazing
and improper crop culture. http://www.nativehabitat.org/definitions.html
46.
The
transformation of once-productive arid and semi-arid areas into deserts through
prolonged drought or continued mismanagement of land and water resources.http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/cfs-scf/science/prodserv/glossary_e.html#23
and http://www.fnfp.gc.ca/rep99/gloss-e.htm
47.
When
an area begins to develop desert-like conditions due to lack of water, deforestation,
overgrazing and over cropping. http://www.dnr.state.sc.us/climate/sercc/education/glossary/#d
Diminished
Forest Land
Area
and percent of forest land with diminished biological components indicative of
changes in fundamental ecological processes (e.g. soil, nutrient cycling, seed
dispersion, pollination) http://www.hq.nasa.gov/iwgsdi/SDI_Org_USDA.html
Disturbed
Forest
Any
forest type that has in its interior significant areas of disturbance by
people, including clearing, felling for wood extraction, anthropogenic fires,
road construction, etc. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html
Dominant
Forest
(Core
forest) surrounded by at least 60% forest http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art13/
Edge
Forest
1.
Edge
forest includes interior boundaries with relatively large perforations as well
as the exterior boundaries of core forest regions. http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1un144n10086417/fulltext.pdf
2.
Edge
width -The edge width indicates the distance within which other land covers (i.e.
developed land) can degrade the forest. Based on available national research,
we (Connecticut) used an edge width of 300 feet. http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/forestry/ct_forest_roundtable_report.pdf
3.
Forested
area found within the first 100 m (~300 ft) into the forest from any
disturbance (i.e., agricultural row crop or pasture, suburban or urban
development, and roads) https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog587/l1_p9.html
4.
The
first 100 m of forest into the forest from a disturbed land cover such as
agriculture, suburban/urban areas, and roads. http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/wlhabitat/forest/forest_quality.aspx
5.
The
outer portion of forest. http://www.in.gov/indot/div/projects/us31/study/Documents/FEIS/US31_FEIS_Chapter04_09.pdf
Exotic
Forest
Exotic:
1 : introduced from another country : not native to the place where found (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
Very
few organisms developed in place - they migrated from another area. Trees
ranges expanded due to wind, water and animals (including humans).
1.
"Forest
Fragmentation" is what happens when large contiguous patches of forests
are fragmented, or split up, into several smaller patches. These
remaining patches are separated by what is defined here as the
"matrix" which is just anything other than mature forest and may
inlcude clear cuts, development or young plantation forests. http://www.environmentalsciences.homestead.com/aboutfragmentation.html
2.
(Habitat)
– The break-up of a large land area
(such as a forest) into smaller patches isolated by areas converted to a
different land type. The opposite of connectivity (12). http://www.fs.fed.us/hellscanyon/about_us/planning/cmp/00_feis/10_glossary.pdf
3.
(CBD/SBSTTA
2001) - Any process that result in the conversion of formerly continuous forest
into patches of forest separated by non-forested lands. http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/lulucf/application/pdf/060830_killmann.pdf
4.
A
break up of a continuous landscape containing large patches into smaller,
usually more numerous and less-connected patches.
http://ndis.nrel.colostate.edu/davet/pubs%5Cfragtools.htm
5.
A
detaching or separation of expansive tracts into spatially segmented corridors
or fragments. http://www.studentcentral.co.uk/coursework/University_Essays/Geography/
6.
A
forest condition where human disturbance is distributed in such a fashion as to
separate habitats into unnaturally small or extremely dispersed pieces. http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/temagami/SECTION5.html
7.
A
formerly continuous forest that has been broken up into smaller pieces. http://www.epa.gov/ceisweb1/ceishome/atlas/maiaatlas/forest_fragmentation.html
8.
A
term that refers to forest landscapes that are broken and not continuous. http://www.wildlandsprojectrevealed.org/htm/glossary.htm#concepts
9.
Any
process that results in the conversion of formerly continuous forest into
patches of forest separated by non-forested lands. http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/forest/definitions.asp
10.
Breaking
up a specific habitat into smaller unconnected areas. A habitat area that is
too small may not provide enough space to maintain a breeding population of the
species. http://www.anr.state.vt.us/champ/atlas/html/glossary.htm#h
11.
Breaking
up large areas of continuous natural habitat into smaller patches of natural
habitat isolated from each other by human-altered habitat. http://www.northern.edu/natsource/BIRDS/Conser1.htm
12.
Breaking
up of contiguous areas into progressively smaller patches of increasing degrees
of isolation from each other. http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/cnnf/natres/plan/glossary.html#[%20F%20]
13.
Creating
smaller areas of habitat from a large continuous habitat tract, such as
removing a block of trees from a forested area. The road built through the
prairie resulted in fragmentation
of the habitat. http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/chf/pub/virtualbird/glossary.html
14.
Cutting
swaths and patches out of the forest. http://www.epa.gov/maia/html/lessons.html
15.
Division
of a large forested area into smaller patches separated by areas converted to a
different land use. http://www.state.vt.us/anr/fpr/forestry/ucf/glossary.htm
16.
Division
of a large land area (e.g., forest) into smaller patches isolated by areas converted
to a different land type. http://www.cpp.usmc.mil/base/environmental/inrmp/0_glossary.PDF
17.
Forest
landscapes that are broken and not continuous. http://www.wildlandsprojectrevealed.org/htm/glossary.htm
18.
Fragmentation
of forest types http://www.hq.nasa.gov/iwgsdi/ISS_SDI_Biodiversity.html
19.
Islands
of forest habitat that persist on the land when the intervening forest has been
removed. http://depts.clemson.edu/extfor/publications/fortp19/definitions.htm
20.
Occurs
when a large area of a particular habitat is broken up into smaller patches
(fragments) by human activities. http://www.mered.org.uk/saraweb/refs/glossary.htm
21.
Occurs
when large continuous forest patches
are converted into one or more smaller patches surrounded by naturally
disturbed or developed areas. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/Planning/RPGLOSS/F.htm
22.
Patchwork
conversion and development of forest sites (usually the most accessible or most
productive ones) that leave the remaining forest in stands of varying sizes and
degrees of isolation http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/avian/avian.htm#f
23.
Process
of changing a large forested area into an area of forest patches http://www.dsisd.k12.mi.us/mff/Environment/EcologyForests.htm
24.
Process
of reducing size and connectivity of stands that comprise a forest, eventually
isolating forest stands; the creation of habitat islands through harvest, land
development or through natural causes such as fire. http://www.r5.fs.fed.us/sixrivers/publications/feis/appedix/g.pdf
25.
Subdivision
of a forest (or other habitat) into isolated patches, reducing the size and
connectivity of stands that compose a forest or landscape. http://fscus.org/html/about_fsc/who_we_are/glossary_of_terms.html#f
26.
The
breaking up of a habitat, ecosystem or land-use type into smaller, often
isolated, parcels, thereby reducing the number of species that the habitat,
ecosystem or land-use type can support. http://www.theebi.org/pdfs/glossary.pdf
27.
The
breaking up of an organism's habitat into discontinuous chunks,
particularly for organisms that have difficulty moving from one of those chunks
to another. Fragmentation can be caused by removal of vegetation over large
areas for human development, or even by small roads breaking up the habitat of
(for example) amphibians that are resistant to crossing roads or are frequently
killed when crossing roads. Power lines can fragment sage grouse habitat by
providing convenient perches for predators such as hawks and ravens. http://www.state.nv.us/nvnhp/ecology/glossary.htm
28.
The
breaking up of extensive landscape features into disjunct, isolated, or
semi-isolated patches as a result of land-use changes http://bch-cbd.naturalsciences.be/belgium/glossary/glos_f.htm
29.
The
breaking up of habitat into discrete islands through modification or conversion
of habitat by management activities. http://www.streamnet.org/pub-ed/ff/Glossary/glossaryhabitat.html
30.
The
breaking up of large forested tracts into smaller and smaller pieces. http://clear.uconn.edu/publications/forestfrag_summary.pdf
31.
The
breaking up of large habitats into smaller, isolated chunks. http://www.internet.ve/wildlife/glosario.htm
and http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/glossary.html
32.
The
breaking up of something into small, separated pieces. http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/forest/htmls/con_frag.html
33.
The
breaking up of the forest into isolated patches through agriculture and urban
development. http://www.unbf.ca/forestry/centers/cwru/soe/gloss.htm
34.
The
break-up of a large land area (such as a forest) into smaller patches isolated
by areas converted to a different land type. The opposite of connectivity. http://roadless.fs.fed.us/documents/feis/glossary.shtml
35.
The
break-up of continuous habitat by roads, development, or other physical or
biological barriers. http://www.nps.gov/olym/edgloss.htm
36.
The
break-up of extensive habitats into small, isolated patches that are too limited
to maintain their species stocks into the indefinite future. http://www.ameteam.ca/glossary.html
37.
The
carving into parcels or “fragments” of a natural landscape due to such things
as cutlines, roads, and other types of clearings. This disturbance is thought
to be a major threat to biodiversity because of the creation of barriers to
species movement as well as edge effects. http://www.alpac.ca/Forest_Management/image/dfmp%20glossary.pdf
38.
The
change in the forest landscape, from extensive and continuous forests of
old-growth to mosaic of younger stand conditions. http://www.streamnet.org/pub-ed/ff/Glossary/glossaryforest.html
39.
The
disintegration, collapse, or breakdown of the norms. http://www.chias.org/www/edu/cse/owpglo.html
40.
The
disruption of extensive habitats into isolated and small patches. Fragmentation
has two negative components of biota: loss of total habitat area, and smaller,
more isolated remaining habitat patches. https://osiris.cso.uiuc.edu/denix/Public/ES-Programs/Conservation/Biodiversity/glossary.html
and https://www.denix.osd.mil/denix/Public/ES-Programs/Conservation/Biodiversity/glossary.html
41.
The
division of a continuous block of forest or other wildlife habitat into
disconnected units as a result of human or natural disturbances. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/cfs/proj/ppiab/ci/gloss_e.html
42.
The
insularization of habitat on a landscape. http://www.srs.fs.fed.us/sustain/report/terra1/terra1-10.htm
43.
The
phenomenon of large forested landscapes being broken into separate ownerships
and often developed. http://www.forestsystems.com/glossary/glossary.htm
44.
The
process of reducing size and connectivity of stands that compose a forest. http://www.streamnet.org/pub-ed/ff/Glossary/glossaryforest.html
45.
The
process of spatial segregation among entities that need to be together in order
to function optimally http://themes.eea.eu.int/Sectors_and_activities/transport/indicators/consequences/fragmentation/Fragmentation_TERM_2001.doc.pdf
46.
The
process of transforming large continuous forest patches into one or more
smaller patches surrounded by disturbed areas. This occurs naturally through
such agents as fire, landslides, windthrow and insect attack. In managed
forests timber harvesting and related activities have been the dominant
disturbance agents. http://www.borealforest.org/nwgloss4.htm
and http://typhoon.sdsu.edu/nasa_lcluc/forest.html
47.
The
process whereby a large patch of habitat is broken down into many smaller
patches of habitat, resulting in a loss in the amount and quality of habitat. http://chesapeake.towson.edu/landscape/forestfrag/glossary.asp
48.
The
segmentation of a large tract or continuous tracts of forest to smaller patches
often isolated from each other by nonforest habitat. Results from the
collective impact of residential and commercial development, highway, and
utility construction, and other piecemeal land use changes http://www.pfmt.org/glossary/f.htm
49.
The
spatial arrangement of successional stages across the landscape as the result
of disturbance; often used to refer specifically to the process of reducing the
size and connectivity of late successional or old-growth forests. http://www.lwvwa.org/forest_study/dynamic/glossary.htm
50.
The
splitting of forestlands into smaller, detached areas as a result of road
building, farming, suburban development, and other activities. http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/Extension/ssfor11.htm
51.
The
subdivision of large natural landscapes into smaller, more isolated fragments. http://www.dnr.state.md.us/forests/gloss.html
52.
The
result of broad scale clearing of native vegetation and the small parts of that
vegetation that remain often only as isolated patches. http://audit.ea.gov.au/ANRA/vegetation/docs/Native_vegetation/nat_veg_glossary.cfm
Frontier
Forest:
1.
Frontier:
a region that forms the margin of settled or developed territory b : the
farthermost limits of knowledge or achievement in a particular subject c : a
line of division between different or opposed things (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2.
(Chile
2002) Frontier forests in Chile are defined as mature forests or dense
timberline forests, of at least 5,000 hectares, that are made up of native
species, and are intact or have been only slightly altered. http://pdf.wri.org/gfw_chile_full.pdf
3.
Large,
ecologically intact, and relatively undisturbed forests that support the
natural range of species and forest functions (WRI definition). http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html
The
world's remaining large intact natural forest ecosystems. These forests are --
on the whole -- relatively undisturbed and big enough to maintain all of their
biodiversity, including viable populations of the wide-ranging species
associated with each forest type. As defined in this assessment, a frontier
forest must meet seven criteria (http://www.wri.org/ffi/lff-eng/):
- It
is primarily forested.
- It
is big enough to support viable populations of all indigenous species
associated with that forest type -- measured by the forest's ability to
support wide-ranging animal species (such as elephants, harpy eagles, or
brown bears).
- It
is large enough to keep these species' populations viable even in the face
of the natural disasters -- such as hurricanes, fires, and pest or disease
outbreaks -- that might occur there in a century.
- Its
structure and composition are determined mainly by natural events, though
limited human disturbance by traditional activities of the sort that have
shaped forests for thousands of years -- such as low-density shifting
cultivation -- is acceptable. As such, it remains relatively unmanaged by
humans, and natural
- disturbances
(such as fire) are permitted to shape much of the forest.
- In
forests where patches of trees of different ages would naturally occur,
the landscape exhibits this type of heterogeneity.
- It
is dominated by indigenous tree species.
- It
is home to most, if not all, of the other plant and animal species that
typically live in this type of forest.
High
Value Forests
1.
High
Conservation Value Forests (HCVF) -
the concept of High Conservation Value Forests was developed by the Forest
Stewardship Council in 1999, which treats the identification of HCVFs as one of
the key conditions of principles and criteria for sustainable forest management
(Principle 9 of FSC Principles and Criteria). The FSC’s definition
of HCVs encompasses exceptional or critical ecological attributes, ecosystem
services and social functions as follows: • HCV1 Forest areas containing globally, regionally or nationally significant
concentrations of biodiversity values (e.g. endemism, endangered species,
refugia).•
HCV2 Forest
areas containing globally, regionally or nationally significant large landscape
level forests, contained within,or containing the management unit, where viable
populations of most if not all naturally occurring species exist in natural
patterns of distribution and abundance.• HCV3 Forest areas that are in or contain rare, threatened or endangered
ecosystems.•
HCV4 Forest
areas that provide basic services of nature in critical situations (e.g.
watershed protection, erosion control). • HCV5 Forest areas fundamental to meeting basic needs of local communities
(e.g. subsistence, health). • HCV6 Forest areas critical to local communities’ traditional cultural
identity (areas of cultural, ecological, economic or religious significance
identified in cooperation with such local communities). http://www.hcvnetwork.org/resources/assessments/BPFM_report_E_book_part1.pdf
2.
High
Conservation Value
Forests, (2003)
Those areas of forest that need to be appropriately managed in order to
maintain or enhance the identified High Conservation Values. http://www.proforest.net/objects/publications/HCVF/hcvf-toolkit-part-1-final-updated.pdf
3.
High
Conservation Value forests were defined as “forests of outstanding and critical importance due to
their high environmental, socio-economic, biodiversity or landscape values”. http://www.hcvnetwork.org/resources/assessments/BRFM%20report_English_low%20resolution.pdf
4.
High
Nature Value Forests (HNV Forests), defined in the Guidance Document to Member States (IEEP et al.,
2007), are all natural forests and those semi-natural forests in Europe where
the management (historical or present) supports a high diversity of native
species and habitats, and/or those forests which support the presence of
species of European, and/or national, and/ or regional conservation concern.
For HNV forests member states need to classify them into three main categories:
naturally dynamic, semi-natural and plantations. http://www.hcvnetwork.org/resources/assessments/BRFM%20report_English_low%20resolution.pdf
Human
-induced forest:
Human:
a bipedal primate mammal (Homo sapiens) (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
Induce:
to call forth or bring about by influence or stimulation. (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
If
humans are products of nature like all other beings, are then human actions
natural actions?
Indigenous
forest (See also Native)
1.
Indigenous
- having originated in and being produced, growing, living, or occurring
naturally in a particular region or environment (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2.
A
forest predominantly composed of naturally occurring woody plants native to New
Zealand. Note: This definition is from the Glossary, page 15 of Indigenous
Forest Policy (New Zealand Institute of Forestry, July 1998). It has been accepted
as a result of a consultative process amongst members of the New Zealand
Institute of Forestry.
Indigenous
(Native) Forest - A forest that occurs naturally, containing a diversity of
native and endemic tree species which seed, grow, mature and die within the
natural cycle. Indigenous (Native) forests. http://www.forestenterprises.co.nz/cfi/investmentstructure.htm
See
note at end of exotic.
Interior
Forest
(Core
forest) surrounded by a window containing at least 90% forest, and http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art13/
Late-Successional Forest:
Forest
seral stages which include mature and old-growth age classes. The structure and
composition of late-successional and old-growth forest ecosystems have been
detailed in numerous publications. Kathy_Jope@nps.gov (Kathy Jope)
Man-Made
Forest:
1.
Man-made:
manufactured, created, or constructed by human beings; (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2.
(Iran)
A forest which is established by the cultivation of seeds or seedlings in a
forest land or non-forest land for the purpose of establishing a forest.
"M.Zobeiri" zobeiri@nrf.ut.ac.ir
3.
(Vietnam)
Man- made forests comprise those established through funding by the Government
or non-Governmental entities such as social organisations and voluntary
individuals on forest lands. http://coombs.anu.edu.au/~vern/luat/english/CoM-17HDBT-forest-pro.txt
Hanoi, January 17th 1992
Managed
Forest
1.
Managed
- 1 : to handle or direct with a degree of skill: as a : to make and keep
compliant <can't manage her child b : to treat with care : HUSBAND
<managed his resources carefully c : to exercise executive, administrative,
and supervisory direction of <manage a business <manage a bond issue 2 :
to work upon or try to alter for a purpose <manage stress 3 : to succeed in
accomplishing : CONTRIVE <managed to escape from prison 4 : to direct the
professional career of <an agency that manages entertainers intransitive
senses 1 a : to direct or carry on business or affairs; also : to direct a
baseball team b : to admit of being carried on 2 : to achieve one's purpose (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2.
(EU)
Managed forests and other wooded land can be defined as areas managed in
accordance with a formal or an informal plan applied regularly over a
sufficiently long period (five years or more).
http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/analysis/external/supply-wood/full_text_en.pdf
3.
A
decision to protect or not do something with a stand of trees is a management
decision. Thus all forests are managed to one degree or another.
4.
Managed
forest is defined as wood that has been certified to a system formally
recognized by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and/or the Program for the
Endorsement of Forest Certification schemes (PEFC). http://www.icfpa.org/_documents/publications/ICFPA%20update%202011%20final.pdf
Mature
Stand, Forest:
1.
Mature:
2 a (1) : having completed natural growth and development : RIPE (2) : having undergone
maturation b : having attained a final or desired state <mature wine c :
having achieved a low but stable growth rate <paper is a mature industry 3 a
: of or relating to a condition of full development b : characteristic of or
suitable to a mature individual <mature outlook (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2.
A
mappable stand of trees for which the annual net rate of growth has peaked.
Stands are generally greater than 80-100 years old and less than 180-200 years
old. Stand age, diameter of dominant trees, and stand structure at maturity
varies by forest cover types and local site conditions. Mature stands generally
contain trees with a smaller average diameter, less age class variation, and
less structural complexity than old-growth stands of the same forest type.
From: Kathy_Jope@nps.gov (Kathy Jope)
3.
A
loose term for the stage at which most forest components have attained full
development, particularly in height and seed production. http://depts.clemson.edu/extfor/publications/fortp19/definitions.htm
4.
Generally
a conifer stand that has reached culmination of mean annual increment, with an
average diameter at breast height of at least 21 inches and exhibiting a low
degree of decadence; stands are both even-aged and uneven-aged in structure,
with varying degrees of understory development, and large diameter snags and
down material are present. http://www.r5.fs.fed.us/sixrivers/publications/feis/appedix/g.pdf
Modified
Forest
MODIFIED
FOREST (part syn. logged-over forest, manipulated forest) The forest cover has
been retained but has been affected by uncontrolled timber exploitation or
controlled timber harvesting (creaming, selective logging,
selection-silvicultural and other systems), or by such intensity of harvesting
of non-timber products (tapping of latex, collecting of cane, fruits etc.
including elimination, reduction or introduction of tree and other useful
species) that its structure, functions and dynamics are noticeably altered
beyond the normal effects of natural processes. http://www.itto.or.jp/policy/pds4/page5.html
Native
Forest: (See also Indigenous)
1.
Native
- : NATURAL, NORMAL 6 a : grown, produced, or originating in a particular place
or in the vicinity : LOCAL b : living or growing naturally in a particular
region : (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2.
Native
- A plant or animal originating, growing, or produced in a certain place;
Indigenous as opposed to exotic. http://www.dnr.state.mi.us/wildlife/Landowners_Guide/Introduction/Glossary.htm
3.
Native
(species) A species that has arrived and inhabited an area naturally, without
deliberate assistance by man, or would occur had it not been removed through
past management. For trees and shrubs in the UK usually taken to mean those
present after post-glacial recolonisation and before historic times. Some
species are only native in particular regions. Differences in characteristics
and adaptation to conditions occur more locally - hence 'locally native'. http://www.fsc-uk.demon.co.uk/Appendices.html
and Forestry Commission (1998).
4.
(Australia)
Native forests can be broadly classified according to their crown cover as:
woodland (tree crowns cover 20-50 per cent of the land when viewed from above);
open forest (51-80 per cent crown cover); and closed forest (81-100 per cent
crown cover). http://www.nafi.com.au/faq/statistics.html
5.
(Native
vegetation) Any local indigenous plant community containing throughout its
growth the complement of native species and habitats normally associated with
that vegetation type or having the potential to develop these characteristics.
It includes vegetation with these characteristics that has been regenerated
with human assistance following disturbance. It excludes plantations and
vegetation that has been established for commercial purposes. http://www.environment.gov.au/portfolio/esd/biodiv/strategy/gloss.html
6.
(UK)
Native Tree - Trees that colonised the British Isles after the last ice age and
before they were cut off from the rest of Europe by the rising sea levels.
Includes the island of Ireland as well as Britain. http://www.u-net.com/trees/p4.htm
7.
(UK)
Native woodlands - woods mainly or entirely of locally native species. Forestry
Commission 1998.
8.
(USA-STATE-Hawaii
1993) “Forest “Native forest” means a forest containing a range of plant
species which are endemic or indigenous to Hawaii and represents natural plant
communities appropriate to the area. http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/rules/Chap106.pdf
9.
Any
local indigenous community the dominant species of which are trees - see Forest
- and containing throughout its growth the complement of native species and
habitats normally associated with that forest type or having the potential to
develop these characteristics. It includes forests with these characteristics
that have been regenerated with human assistance following disturbance. It
excludes plantations of native species and previously logged native forest that
has been regenerated with non- endemic native species. http://www.rfa.gov.au/nfps/gloss.html
10.
Any
local indigenous community, the dominant species of which are trees and containing
throughout its growth the complement of native species and habitats normally
associated with that forest type or having the potential to develop these
characteristics. It excludes plantations of native species and previously
logged native forest. http://www.glenelg-hopkins.vic.gov.au/catchmentprofile/glossary.asp
11.
Any
locally indigenous forest community containing the full complement of native
species and habitats normally associated with that community, or having the
potential to develop these characteristics. http://www.rfa.gov.au/dfa/other_info/glossary.html
12.
Forests
containing a community of indigenous species in varying degrees if succession,
and various states of health: including trees, fungi, flowers, insects,
understory plants and a host of wildlife. Native forests should be self
sustaining by maintaining biological diversity, ecosystem resiliency, and
ecological processes. A plantation is not a native forest. Plantations or tree
farms vary in their ability to regenerate native forest ecosystems and are
established to meet human demands.(Paraphrased from http://www.nfn.org.au/about.htm#def
13.
Forests
containing indigenous species in varying degrees if succession, and various
states of health. Native forests should be self sustaining by maintaining
biological diversity, ecosystem resiliency, and ecological processes. http://www.nfn.org.au/about.htm#def
14.
Indigenous
forest types. http://www.schools.wafa.org.au/terms.htm
15.
Native
forests are what most of this country still has. Yes plantations are not native
forests, but they use native trees, so they should get some points. "Ron
Muir" muir@forestry.auburn.edu
Natural
Forest or Woodland:
1.
(Denmark 1994) Natural
forest originates from the original forest cover, i.e. a forest reproduced
naturally. Natural forest is thus a forest which has spontaneously generated
itself on the location and which consists of naturally immigrant tree species
and strains. Natural forests can be more or less influenced by culture, e.g. by
logging or regeneration techniques, but the forests must not have been subject
to regeneration by sowing or planting.
(The National Forest and Nature Agency (Skov- og Naturstyrelsen) 1994), http://www.geus.dk/departments/quaternary-marine-geol/research-themes/env-cli-res-gr-forest-def-uk.htm
2.
(Egypt
2003) Natural forests are those where most of the principal characteristics and
key elements of the native ecosystems, such as complexity, structure and
diversity are present. http://www.egyptchm.org/chm/implementation/pdf/arid_lands.pdf
3.
(EU)
Forests composed of tree species indigenous to the area http://europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm
4.
(Fiji 2009) closed natural forest (which it
defined as natural forest with crown cover by trees and/or ferns of 40–100% and
ground cover of palms and/or bamboo of over 20%)
http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=2648&no=1&disp=inline
5.
(Iran)
It is substantiated naturally, without mans' interference.
"M.Zobeiri" zobeiri@nrf.ut.ac.ir
6.
(Nicaragua)
- Draft - Bosque Natural. Agrupamiento vegetal con predominio de
especies arbóreas conocidas como autóctonas de la zona, asociadas generalmente
a una fauna silvestre y condiciones de suelos naturales con ninguna o escasa
intervención humana www.nicarao.org.ni/ja (see Borrador de la ley, CAPITULO II
DEFINICIONES) Harrie <harnic@ibw.com.ni>
7.
(Uganda
2008) Forest areas where most of the principle characteristics and key elements
of native ecosystems such as complexity, structure and diversity are present
(Sophie Higman, et al 2002) http://www.envalert.org/docs/Inventoryofcriticalissuesinforestry.pdf
8.
(UK)
Natural and semi-natural land - Land which is not being cultivated or grazed
and which has never been used for development, including scree, cliff, dunes,
marsh and beach and land reclaimed from the sea or estuaries which has not yet
been grazed or developed. This category includes such land used for recreation.
http://www.planning.detr.gov.uk/luc15/annex_b.htm
9.
(UN
FAO 2000) Natural forests are forests composed of indigenous trees, not planted
by man. Or in other words forests excluding plantations. (UN/ECE-FAO 1997, FAO
1998).
10. (UN
FAO 2005, IPCC 2006) - A
forest composed of indigenous trees. http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/lulucf/application/pdf/060830_killmann.pdf
11.
(Vietnam)
Natural forests comprise all timberlands and bamboo groves of all ages, not
excluding young regrowth under rehabilitation. http://coombs.anu.edu.au/~vern/luat/english/CoM-17HDBT-forest-pro.txt
Hanoi, January 17th 1992
12. (World
Bank 2000) Forests composed of tree
species known to be indigenous to the area. http://www.holz.uni-goettingen.de/ek/woodsat/pdf/worldbankforestry.pdf
13.
(WRI)
Natural forests are those where most of the principal characteristics
and key elements of the native ecosystems, such as complexity, structure and
diversity are present. http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/for_cou_188.pdf
14.
A
forest composed primarily of naturally established indigenous species (by
opposition to plantation) http://www.biodiv.org/Forests/Glossary.html
15.
A
forest ecosystem with most of the principal characteristics and key elements of
native ecosystems such as complexity, structure and diversity. Natural forests
lack the abundance of mature trees and freedom from human disturbance that
characterize primary forests. http://www.fscstandards.org/regions/southeast/glossary.html
16.
A
forest or forest remnant comprising indigenous species of plants (i.e., plant
species which are native to a specified area or region in the country). The
forest may include naturalised species (i.e., exotic species introduced into or
naturally colonised in a region so as to appear native or wild), provided they
are not sufficiently abundant or physiognomically dominant so as to alter the
general character of the original forest. Natural forest includes unaltered
virgin upland and lowland indigenous forest, indigenous forest which has been
slightly or significantly modified by human activity but which retains part or
most of the general composition or character of the original forest, or
indigenous forest which is being managed or exploited primarily for the
commercial production of wood. From: New Zealand Forestry Statistics 1997
(Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington, 1998)
17.
A
forest that has evolved and reproduced itself naturally from organisms
previously established, and that has not been significantly altered by human
activity. A natural forest may include, but is not equivalent to, an
"old-growth forest" http://www.forestry.utoronto.ca/ac_staff/emeritus/My%20Webs/english.htm
18.
A
stand of trees resulting from natural seed fall or sprouting. http://msucares.com/pubs/pub1250.htm
19.
A
woodland comprising trees that have not been planted by humans, and where no
human interference has occurred (Allaby 1994). Helene M Cleveland CCMAIL
<hmclevel@aec.apgea.army.mil
20.
An
area with an existing stand of naturally grown trees of dipterocarp, premium,
and other classified commercial species, as well as other naturally associated
forest flora and fauna http://www.bwf.org/laws/DAO_97-04.html
21.
An
ecosystem with a hyperbolic distribution of age classes of trees, including a
minimum of 10% mature treeshttp://fscus.org/html/standards_policies/us_regional_standards/archives/ozark_ouachita4.html
22.
Ecosystems
dominated by trees or shrubs in an original or nearly original fashion through
natural generation. This definition includes mangroves. http://www.af.nfr.no/andre-doc/alternativ-agenda/Forests.html,http://nativenet.uthscsa.edu/archive/nl/9208/0081.html
and http://www.igc.org/habitat/treaties/at-27.htm
23.
Floresta
Natural - Formação florestal composta por espécies de ocorrência típica de
determinada região, cuja composição obedeça às características próprias da
sucessão vegetal. http://www.suzano.com.br/docs/recursos/maneucal/glossar.html
24.
Forest
area(s) being managed to protect, maintain, or restore natural composition,
structures, and functioning. http://www.silvafor.org/ecocert/sffstandardsforbc.pdf
25.
Forest
areas where most of the principal characteristics and key elements of native
ecosystems such as complexity, structure and diversity are present as defined
by FSC-approved national and regional standards of forest management. http://www.canadian-forests.com/fsc-glossary.html
and FSC glossary, printed in the Principles and Criteria document and http://forests.org/ric/good_wood/glossary.htm#anchor975359
26.
Forest
areas, including primary forest, where most or all of the principal
characteristics and key elements of native ecosystems, such as complexity,
structure, and diversity, are present given the physical parameters of climate,
geology, hydrology and successional patterns. http://www.canadian-forests.com/fsc-glossary.html
and additional FSC terms proposed in the December, 1996 FSC newsletter.
27.
Forest
composed of indigenous tree species that is considered undisturbed by human
influence. https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/i490a/teaching/M4901-430/ws_03_04/reading_materials/New_Neef_Schwarzmeier_Studie.pdf
28.
Forest
composed of indigenous tree species that is considered undisturbed by human
influence (also known as old-growth forest). http://www.peopleandplanet.net/section.php?section=1&topic=8&PHPSESSID=1a9faae006a4efebfebe57431f0ca5ac
29.
Natural
- being in accordance with or determined by nature b : having or constituting a
classification based on features existing in nature (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
30.
Natural
Forest. A forest composed of primarily indigenous (native) tree species.
Natural forest includes closed forest and open forest. It encompasses all
stands, except plantations, and include stands that have been degraded to some
degree by agriculture, fire, logging and other factors. http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~idgec/publications/reports/forest.pdf
31.
Natural
forests are forests naturally grown but not planted, either virgin forests
without any human disturbance or secondary forests with natural
generation. www.iges.or.jp/fc/ir99/4-10-lu.pdf
32.
Natural
forests contain only the original patterns of biodiversity, the native species
occurring in established seral patterns. These formations and processes have
not been impacted by humans with a frequency or intensity to change established
seral patterns. Ranil Senanayake 100232.3435@CompuServe.COM
33.
Natural
regeneration - The natural establishment of trees and other vegetation with at
least 400 woody, free-to-grow seedlings per acre, which are capable of reaching
a height of at least 20 feet at maturity. http://pilot.wash.lib.md.us/washco/forestcn.html
34.
Nature
- the inherent character or basic constitution of a person or thing : ESSENCE b
: DISPOSITION, TEMPERAMENT . 2 a : a creative and controlling force in the
universe b : an inner force or the sum of such forces in an individual. 3 : a
kind or class usually distinguished by fundamental or essential characteristics
<documents of a confidential nature <acts of a ceremonial nature 4 : the
physical constitution or drives of an organism; especially : an excretory organ
or function -- used in phrases like the call of nature 5 : a spontaneous
attitude (as of generosity) 6 : the external world in its entirety (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
35.
The
total area of forest composed primarily of indigenous (native) tree species. http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=300&theme=9
See
Exotic and Managed. If the stand is "managed" is it natural?
Normal
Forest
1.
(India)
A normal forest is an ideal forest which serves as a standard with which to
compare an actual forest so as to bring out the latter’s deficiencies for
sustained yield management. It is a forest which for a given site or given
object of management is ideally constructed as regards growing stock, age class
distribution and increment and from which the annual or periodic removal of
produce equal to the increment can be continued indefinitely without
endangering future yields (Mathur, 1968).
http://www.rmportal.net/training/content/a-move-from-minor-to-major-competing-discourses-of-non-timber-forest-products-in-india/at_download/file
Old
Forest:
1.
Old:
dating from the remote past, advanced in years or age, showing the effects of
time or use (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2.
Forested
areas that look (have physical structure) and act (have ecological processes)
as they might have been in the absence of contemporary human activity (before
the year 1850). Old forests are characterized as having: (a) A significant
number of trees that approach the biological maximum age for the species
present; (b) A complex horizontal and vertical structure, including both live
and dead vegetation, that has been shaped or maintained largely by natural
disturbances or their functional equivalents; (c) An array of plant and animal
species that are endemic to the particular region and location: and (d)
Continuity in the above characteristics over large geographic areas (hundreds
or thousands of acres). http://www.r5.pswfs.gov/hfqlg/EIS/Glossary.html
3.
Forests
more than 120 years old (Schmidt, Spencer, Hansen 1996).
4.
Forests
that have developed over one to many centuries without a major disturbance
(Franklin and Fites in their report on old growth forests in the Sierra Nevada
(1996)) Source: Beardsley_Debby/r6pnw_portland@fs.fed.us.
Source: APPENDIX I - ISSUES FOR FURTHER CLARIFICATION: EXPANDED DISCUSSIONS http://www.psw.fs.fed.us/sierra/appendix_1.html
5.
Natural
old forests represent climax or late succesion stages with slight human impact
or without any human impact. http://www.forest.ru/eng/old-growth/definitions.html
6. Old
single-story forest refers to mature forest
characterized by a single canopy layer consisting of large or old trees.
Understory trees are often absent, or present in randomly spaced patches. It
generally consists of widely spaced, shade-intolerant species, such as
ponderosa pine and western larch, adapted to a nonlethal, high frequency fire
regime. (b) Old multi-story forest refers
to mature forest characterized by two or more canopy layers with generally
large or old trees in the upper canopy. Understory trees are also usually
present, as a result of a lack of frequent disturbance to the understory. It
can include both shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant species, and is generally
adapted to a mixed fire regime of both lethal and nonlethal fires. http://www.icbemp.gov/pdfs/deis/eastside/volume1/glossary.pdf
7.
(BRUNEI-2002)
“old forest” means forest that has never been clear-felled before and also
secondary forest ( belukar tua ) estimatedto be more than 50 years
old. Brunei Legislation http://www.commonlii.org/bn/legis/fa46fr309/
Old-Growth
Forest:
1.
Future
old growth forest:
Forests contiguous to old growth forests that (1) exhibits some but not all old
growth characteristics, (2) occurs in direct association with and as an
integral part of an old growth forest, and (3) has the capacity to protect old
growth forest areas because of their forest characteristics and location. http://www.massforesters.org/old.htm
2.
(Australia-Tasmania)
Forest that is ecologically mature forest where the effects of disturbances are
now negligible. http://www.forestrytas.com.au/forestrytas/pdf_files/sustainable_forest_management/sfm_2003/glossary.pdf
and http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/Attachments/LJEM-6K32GF/$FILE/Glossary,%20Appendices,%20Index.pdf
3.
(Australia-Victoria)
Mountain and foothill eucalypt forest where the majority of the basal area is
made up of mature trees which are pre 1890s in origin and nominally 150 years
or older. All Otway old growth occurring in State forest is considered to have
a history of partial clearing or selective logging. http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/dse/nrenfor.nsf/FID/-1AAD79FB9DE8156C4A25679A0012A998?OpenDocument
4.
(Canada
- BC) - Forests on the coast > 250 years old; and forests in the interior
> 140 years old for most tree species, and > 120 years old for lodgepole
pine and deciduous species. http://www.natareas.org/abstr18.htm
5.
(Canada
- BC) Forest that contains live and dead trees of various sizes, species
composition and age class structure that are part of a slowly changing but
dynamic ecosystem. Old growth forests include climax forests, but do not
exclude sub-climax or even mid-seral forests. The age and structure of old
growth varies significantly by forest type and from one biogeoclimatic zone to
another. (Wells, et al. 1998)
6.
(Canada)
A stand dominated by mature or overmature trees that has not been significantly
influenced by human activity. The stand can contain various ages and species of
vegetation. http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/cfs/proj/sci-tech/arena/gloss_e.html#26
7.
(Finland)
A forest stand exceeding the regular cycle by 20 years. Lauri Karvonen
24.4.2000. Guidelines for Landscape Ecological Planning.
8.
(Foret
ancienne, rodal maduro). A forest dominated by mature organisms that have
originated naturally from those endemic to the forest or its surrounds, in
which the genetic, species and structural diversity have not been significantly
changed by human activity. Forestry Chronicle 70(6):669 1994.
9.
(IUCN)
- Forest that resulted from natural succession without human influence. http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/actionplans/grouse/glossary.pdf
10.
(NFPS)
- Forest that is ecologically mature and has been subjected to negligible
unnatural disturbance such as logging, roading and clearing. The definition
focuses on forest in which the upper stratum or overstorey is in the late
mature to over mature growth phases. http://www.ifa.unimelb.edu.au/issues/wa/oldgrowth.htm
11.
(Philippines)
Old Growth - forest predominantly stocked with mature trees with less than 25
percent of the mature stand volume removed by cutting. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ru12/DEFINE/DEF-ENV.HTM
12.
(Primary,
Original) Forests that have never been clear cut and that have little or no
evidence of past human activity. Such forests may have been
grazed,...experienced limited exploitation of valuable tree species, and their
floors may have been burned by Amerindians and European colonists (Duffy and
Meier 1992).
13.
(Russia) Old-growth
forests are forests originated through natural successions and have not
experienced significant human impact over a long period of time. Under
significant human impact we understand: clearcutting or intensive selective
logging; large scale human-induced fires; intensive and regular application of
chemicals such as pesticides, herbicide, fertilizers, etc.; severe industrial
pollution; forest reclamation; intensive recreation, etc. Under the long period
of time we understand the time, which exceeds the lifetime of the dominant tree
species for a particular forest type. http://www.forest.ru/eng/old-growth/index.html
14.
(Timber)
-Timber from a mature, naturally established forest (Georgia Forestry
Commission).
15.
(USA
- USFS - Monongahela NF) - Stands with large, mature, or overmature trees comprising
a plurality of the stocking... usually having a multi-layered canopy in trees
of various age classes... includ[ing] dead trees and relatively large amounts
of decaying material on the forest floor. USDA FS Monongahela National Forest -
West Virginia (1986) - http://wvnvm.wvnet.edu/~rlanden/oldgrth.htm
16.
(USA-Massachusetts)
--: An area of contiguous forest that (1) shows no evidence of significant
human, post-European disturbance that originated on site, (2) has a significant
component of older trees that are greater than fifty percent of the maximum longevity
for that particular species, (3) is at least five acres in size, and (4) has
the capacity for self-perpetuation, or (5) has the characteristics of a forest
which, when found in combination together, are indicative of an old growth
forest and which otherwise meets the criteria established by regulation by the
Secretary. http://www.massforesters.org/old.htm
17.
(USA-Nevada)
"Old growth" refers to stands of essentially undisturbed virgin
timber on which less than 25 percent of the volume has been removed by cutting,
fire or other causes. Source: NRS 528.019 http://www.leg.state.nv.us/web/99NRS/NRS-528.html
18.
(USA-USFS)
The USFS has developed Old-Growth definitions for each of the major forest
types found in the United States. These are available from the Regional Offices
of the US Forest Service. A generic definition is as follows: Ecosystems
distinguished by old trees and related structural attributes. Old growth
encompasses the later stages of stand development that typically differ from
earlier stages in a variety of characteristics which may include tree size,
accumulations of large dead woody material, number of canopy layers, species
composition, and ecosystem function. Description - The age at which old-growth
develops and the specific structural attributes that characterize old growth
will vary widely according to forest type, climate, site conditions, and
disturbance regime. For example, old-growth in fire-dependent forest types may
not differ from younger forests in the number of canopy layers or accumulation
of down woody material. However, old-growth is typically distinguished from
younger growth by several of the following attributes: 1) large trees for
species and site, 2) wide variation in tree sizes and spacing, 3) accumulations
of large-size dead standing and fallen trees that are high relative to earlier
stages, 4) decadence in the form of broken or deformed tops or bole and root
decay, 5) multiple canopy layers, and 6) canopy gaps and understory patchiness.
Old-growth is not necessarily "virgin" or "primeval."
Old-growth could develop following human disturbances. USFS 1989.
19.
(USA-Vermont)
A forest stand in which natural processes and succession have occurred over
time undisturbed by human intervention http://www.state.vt.us/anr/fpr/forestry/ucf/glossary.htm
Vermont Forest Resource Plan
20.
(Victorian
forests) - Forest which contains significant amounts of its oldest growth stage
in its upper stratum and has been subjected to any disturbance, the effect of
which is now negligible. http://www.rfa.gov.au/documents/oldgrowth/oldgrow.html#E11E3
(Woodgate et al. (1994)).
21.
A
mature or overmature forest growth more or less uninfluenced by human activity
– called also virgin forest. (Webster’s 1981).
22.
A
classification of forest stands that describes an ecologically mature
ecosystem. Where information is not available for ecological classification,
age or size of dominant trees, or both, are used. (Bolsinger and Waddell
1993)
23.
A
climax forest that has never been disturbed by man. The old growth forests can
be classified as per the age and disturbance criteria. http://www.biodiv.org/Forests/Glossary.html
24.
A
forest characterized by growth displaying successional stages that occur only
after a relatively long period of time without a catastrophic disturbance. In
Minnesota, old-growth forests probably develop after 125-150 years without a
catastrophic disturbance. (adapted from Old-growth Forests in Minnesota. A
Preliminary Report, Minnesota DNR Natural Heritage Program) http://www.greatplains.org/resource/1999/natural/natural.pdf
25.
A
forest containing old trees. (Spies 2004).
26.
A
forest dominated by mature organisms that have originated naturally from those
endemic to the forest or its surrounds, in which the genetic, species and
structural diversity have not been significantly changed by human activity http://www.forestry.utoronto.ca/ac_staff/emeritus/My%20Webs/english.htm
27.
A
forest dominated by mature trees that has not been significantly influenced by
human activity" (CCFM 1997: 124) http://www.fraserinstitute.ca/publications/critical_issues/2000/env_indic/section_07.html.
28.
A
forest or stand that (1) contains at least one, preferably several, tree
species that have attained an average age of 150 years or more in the mature
specimens; (2) has gone undisturbed by human activity for a time interval
sufficient for the establishment of old-growth characteristics, and; (3)
contains a density of at least 8 mature trees in the 150 year-old age bracket
per acre. Leverett (1991) - http://wvnvm.wvnet.edu/~rlanden/oldgrth.htm
29.
A
forest relatively old and relatively undisturbed. NOTE: (1) The term
"old" varies by the species or group of species in a stand. (2) Some
individuals believe old growth to be an uncut, virgin forest with very little
man-made disturbance, while other individuals believe an old growth forest can
be created by limiting future disturbance and creating certain characteristics
evident in uncut virgin stands and thus termed a managed old growth forest. http://weber.u.washington.edu/~robh/S-7/EcolGlos.html
30.
A
forest stand in which natural processes and succession have occurred over a
long period of time relatively undisturbed by human intervention. http://www.state.vt.us/anr/fpr/lands/mansfield/appendi.pdf
31.
A
forest stand usually at least 180-220 years old with moderate to high canopy
closure; a multi-layered, multi-species canopy dominated by large overstory
trees; high incidence of large trees, some with broken tops and other
indications of old and decaying wood ("decadence"); numerous large
snags; and heavy accumulations of wood, including large logs on the ground.
From: Kathy_Jope@nps.gov (Kathy Jope) also http://www.studyweb.com/Agriculture/
32.
A
forest that contains live and dead trees of various sizes, species,
composition, and age class structure. Old-growth forests, as part of a slowly
changing but dynamic ecosystem, include climax forests but not sub-climax or
mid-seral forests. The age and structure of old growth varies significantly by
forest type and from one biogeoclimatic zone to another. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/glossary/O.htm
and . http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/pab/publctns/frrra/app-c.htm
33.
A
forest that contains live and dead trees of various sizes, species, composition
and age-class structure. The age and structure of old growth varies
significantly by forest type and from one biogeoclimatic zone to another. http://www.interfor.com/glossary/glossary24.html
34.
A
forest that has not undergone a stand-replacing disturbance such as logging or
fire, such that succession has not occurred. http://www.eresourcesystems.com/Help/Glossary/glossary.html
35.
A
forest that is ecologically mature and has been subjected to negligible
unnatural disturbance such as logging, roading or clearing. http://www.rfa.gov.au/dfa/other_info/attachd.html.
36.
A
late stage of forest succession. Although the specific characteristics of
old-growth stands vary with species composition and history, some commonly
expected attributes in mesic forests on productive sites include–an abundance
of large trees at least 180 to 200 years old; a multi-layered, multi-species
canopy dominated by large overstory trees with moderate to high closure;
numerous trees with broken tops, snags, and large logs. http://www.rmrs.nau.edu/publications/rm_gtr_295/glossary.html
37.
A
mature forest which has not been disturbed by human activity. Also known as
virgin forest. An increasingly rare, and increasingly valued, element of the
wilderness. The lumbermen see it as something else, as evidenced in this not-so-subtle
definition from an industry web site: Old Growth Forest: Forest stands in which
the dominant cover types are mature or over-mature trees that have reached
their maximum size. No harvest has occurred among these large, old trees and
dead and fallen trees are as common as standing trees. Boundary Waters
Compendium Glossary - http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/lists/glossary/
38.
A
natural forest largely unaffected by human activities; a large proportion of
the trees will be old and/or large. http://www.forestry.sa.gov.au/pdf/glossary.pdf
39.
A
natural progression of forest growth without evidence of man's influence.
Sydney Haskell, Carmanah Forestry Society. (Wells, et al. 1998)
40.
A
primary or a secondary forest which has achieved an age at which structures and
species normally associated with old primary forests of that type have
sufficiently accumulated to act as a forest ecosystem distinct from any younger
age class. UNEP/CBD/SBSTTA 2001
41.
A
stand of mature or overmature trees relatively uninfluenced by human activity.
The stand can contain multiple layers of tree canopies, and various ages and
species of vegetation. http://www-env.ccm.emr.ca/schoolnet/issues/borealnet/n_glos/glos.htm
and http://atlas.gc.ca/legacy/schoolnet/issues/borealnet/n_glos/glos.htm
42.
A
stand or forest of mature or overmature trees hitherto uninfluenced by human
activity (IUFRO 2000).
43.
A
very old and complex forest community, usually at least 200 years old,
characterized by a mixture of species, trees of varied size and age, snags, and
extensive amounts of wood on the forest floor. http://www.nps.gov/olym/edgloss.htm
44.
An
area of old trees that has been subjected to negligible disturbance from
activities such as logging, road building and clearing for agriculture http://www.nafi.com.au/k12/ourforests/glossary.html
45.
An
ecosystem distinguished by the presence of populations of old trees that is not
necessarily in late successional condition or tree from evidence of human activity
(Spies 1997).
46.
An
undisturbed forest with trees that are more than 200 years old. It is
characterized by fallen trees, trees with broken tops and mature and dying
trees. http://www.nbs.gov/features/kidscorner/glossary.html
and http://biology.usgs.gov/features/kidscorner/glossary.html
47.
Ancient
forests. http://www.nrdc.org/reference/glossary/a.asp
48.
Any
ecosystem composed of dominant and codominant trees that are mature http://fscus.org/html/standards_policies/us_regional_standards/archives/ozark_ouachita4.html
49.
Apost-rotational
forest http://www.ameteam.ca/glossary.htm
50.
Ecologically
mature and have been subjected to negligible human-induced disturbance such as
logging, roading and clearing or, if subject to any disturbance, the effect of
which is now negligible. Oldgrowth forests are usually dominated by trees which
exhibit late-mature or senescent growth stages in the upper stratum. http://www.rfa.gov.au/rfa/vic/east/raa/esfm/gloss1.html
51.
Ecologically
mature forest that has been subject to negligible levels of disturbance such as
logging, roading and clearing. The definition focuses on forest in which the
upper stratum or overstorey is in the late mature or overmature growth phase. http://www.rfa.gov.au/dfa/other_info/glossary.html
52.
Ecologically
mature forest where the effects of disturbances are now negligible'. http://www.rfa.gov.au/documents/oldgrowth/oldgrow.html#E11E3
53.
Ecosystems
distinguish by old trees and related structural attributes. Old-growth forests
are characterized by larger tree size, high accumulations of large dead woody
material, multiple canopy layers, species composition, and ecosystem function.
The structure and function of an old-growth ecosystem will be influenced by its
stand size and landscape position and context. www.superiornationalforest.org/july4thstorm1999/Appendix%20B.doc
54.
Ecosystems
distinguished by old trees and related structural attributes. Specific
attributes vary according to forest type, climate, site conditions, and
disturbance regime. http://www.safc.org/resources/glossary.htm#definitions
55.
Forest
conditions often including multiple canopy layers, variety in tree sizes and
species, variety of tree ages including mature trees, and standing and dead
woody material. http://www.ci.boulder.co.us/bmp/Plan/glossary.htm
56.
Forest
having the following structural characteristics: 1. An abundance of old trees,
recognizable by the asymmetrical shapes, relatively long trunks free of low
branches (i.e., in-forest as opposed to open-grown shapes), deeply furrowed or
plated bark, signs of heartwood decay, large prominent root structures,
flattened crowns with protruding dead limbs, large thick limbs, and trunks
often showing a twist that develops with age; 2. Fallen logs in all stages of
decomposition, crisscrossing the forest floor and lying in and across stream
beds, covered by moss and lichens; 3. Plentiful snags (standing dead trees); 4.
Canopy gaps, large and small, formed from trees that have fallen; 5. Undulating
forest floor, expressed in randomly scattered pits and mounds where trees have
fallen over and decomposed; 6. Majority of tree species that fall into the late
successional class and a conspicuous absence of multiple-stemed trees; 7.
Minimal of signs of human disturbance. http://www.canadian-forests.com/fsc-glossary.html
and Eastern Old-Growth Forests: Prospects for Rediscovery and Recovery (M.B.
Davis (Ed.) 1996. Island Press, Washington, DC).
57.
Forest
in which the upper stratum is ecologically mature and has been subjected to
negligible unnatural disturbance such as logging, road-building and clearing http://www.epa.nsw.gov.au/soe/95/28.htm
58.
Forest
stand dominated by trees reaching natural death; the last stage in forest
succession. http://biotech.chem.indiana.edu/search/dict-search.phtml
59.
Forest
stand dominated by trees reaching natural senescence; the last stage in forest
succession. http://www.habitat-restoration.com/paeglos.htm
60.
Forest
stands well beyond the rotation age for managed forests. Canadian Pacific
Forest Products Ltd. (Wells, et al. 1998).
61.
Forest
that contains live and dead trees of various sizes, species, composition and
age class structures. Old growth forests, as part of a slowly changing but
dynamic ecosystem, including climax forests but not sub-climax or mid-seral
forests. http://www.luco.gov.bc.ca/lrmp/diamond.htm#60
62.
Forest
that has a significant proportion of the oldest discernible growth stage(s) in it's
overstory and negligible structural evidence of disturbances. http://www.privateforestry.org.au/glos_o-z.htm
63.
Forest
that is ecologically mature and has been subjected to negligible unnatural
disturbance such as logging, roading and clearing. The definition focuses on
forest in which the upper stratum or overstorey is in the late mature to
overmature growth phases. (The National Forest Policy Statement (Commonwealth
of Australia 1992) identified http://www.rfa.gov.au/documents/oldgrowth/oldgrow.html#E11E3
)
64.
Forest
which has not had significant unnatural disturbances altering its content or
structure since European settlement. http://www.schools.wafa.org.au/terms.htm
65.
Forest
which is old and structurally mature regardless of past disturbance. http://www.ifa.unimelb.edu.au/issues/wa/oldgrowth.htm
66.
Forest
which is old, structurally mature and is undisturbed, little disturbed or there
is little evidence of recent disturbance. http://www.ifa.unimelb.edu.au/issues/wa/oldgrowth.htm
67.
Forest
which is unlogged, regardless of its age or its structure i.e. virgin forest. http://www.ifa.unimelb.edu.au/issues/wa/oldgrowth.htm
68.
Forest
with uninterrupted growth of more than 175 years (mid-latitudes). http://www.yorku.ca/faculty/academic/cblanche/nats2200/n22oldgrowth.html
69.
Forests
free from disturbance for long enough (generally 150 to 200 years) to have
mature trees, physical conditions, species diversity, and other characteristics
of equilibrium ecosystems. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070294267/student_view0/glossary_m-r.html
70.
Forests
having a long, uninterrupted period of development... substantially free of
human influences or natural disturbances"... Whitney (1987) - http://wvnvm.wvnet.edu/~rlanden/oldgrth.htm
71.
Forests
that either have never been cut or have not been cut for many decades. Forests
characterized by a large percentage of mature trees. http://outreach.missouri.edu/mowin/Resources/glossary/glossaryo.html
72.
Forests which have never been
logged or developed. - http://www.themouth.org/forest/oldgro.html
73.
Forests
with some very old trees. These forests have not been disturbed by major
hurricanes, fires, or human actions in the last 200 to 250 year . http://omega.cc.umb.edu/~conne/joel/definition.htm
74.
Generally,
a forest stand that has reached a stage of extreme maturity. http://www.dnr.state.mi.us/wildlife/Landowners_Guide/Introduction/Glossary.htm
and http://www.michigandnr.com/publications/pdfs/huntingwildlifehabitat/Landowners_Guide/Introduction/Glossary.htm
75.
Individual
trees that are beyond the age of biological maturity, or stands that contain
old growth trees as well as some large snags, and logs on the ground. http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/Extension/ssfor11.htm
76.
JANIS
- Old growth forest is ecologically mature forest where the effects of
disturbance are now negligible. http://www.ifa.unimelb.edu.au/issues/wa/oldgrowth.htm
77.
Jarrah
– unlogged (virgin) forest or forest that has been minimally disturbed by
logging and is not affected by dieback (Phytophthora cinnamomi). http://www.ifa.unimelb.edu.au/issues/wa/oldgrowth.htm
78.
Karri
– unlogged (virgin) forest that is mature and senescent. http://www.ifa.unimelb.edu.au/issues/wa/oldgrowth.htm
79.
Later
stages in forest development that are often compositionally and always
structurally distinct from earlier successional stages. Franklin and Spies
1991.
80.
Later
stages of forest development that are often compositionally and always
structurally distinct from earlier stages. Old-growth forests contain trees
that are large for their species on a site. In addition, old growth is usually
charactertized by a variety of tree sizes, abundant large snags and logs, and a
developed, but patchy understory. Old-growth typically exhibits high diversity
in structural attributes due to varied stand disturbance histories, variable
plant species mixes among sites, and interactions with adjacent stands.
Structural characteristics are dynamic and old-growth stands do not always
contain all of the attributes used to describe them. However, forests that most
clearly match the full range of structural features for old-growth will most
likely provide the full array of associated functional characteristics. (Mike
Chapel, California Board of Forestry) Source: Beardsley_Debby/r6pnw_portland@fs.fed.us
81.
Mixed-mesophytic
old-growth, includes large trees, basal area, diverse (native) understories, windthrow
mounds, snags, woody debris, etc. Martin (1992) - http://wvnvm.wvnet.edu/~rlanden/oldgrth.htm
82.
Not
synonymous with old-aged forest and must be recognized on the basis
of stand characteristics rather than age of trees. Old growth stands contain
trees of a wide range of sizes and ages and have a deep, multilayered canopy. They contain large standing dead
snags and large down dead trees and other coarse woody debris. Nutrient cycling
is low and much energy accumulates on the forest floor. http://www.arcticatlas.org/glossary/index
83.
Old
forests often containing several canopy layers, variety in tree sizes and
species, trees at least 180 to 220 years old, and standing and dead woody
material (http://www.umpqua-watersheds.org/glossary/gloss_o.html)
84.
Old
forests valuable in nature conservation terms have usually greatly exceeded the
regeneration ages stipulated in forestry data. The trees are normally of
varying sizes and species, and form multiple canopy layers, although spruce
forest at a late successional stage also qualifies. Old stumps or other minor
traces of human activity do not necessarily reduce the conservation value of a
forest. Old age and competition have increased the amount of natural removal,
and often also the amount of damage naturally suffered by the trees. The
Working Group on the Protection of Old Forests on State Lands in Southern
Finland
85.
Old
forests which often contain several canopy layers, variety in tree sizes and
species, decadent old trees, and standing and dead woody material. http://www.ci.boulder.co.us/openspace/Forest/forestgloss.htm
86.
Old
growth and ancient forests are essentially the same thing. "Ron Muir"
muir@forestry.auburn.edu
87.
Old
growth forest. A contiguous group of stands characterized overall by old-growth
trees and in the late-successional stage of development. (Helms 2004).
88.
Old
growth forests can be loosely described as forests that look largely as they
would appear if Europeans had not settled North America. They are forests that
have suffered little or no logging or grazing. http://www.earthisland.org/oldgrowth/faq.html
89.
Old
growth stand – A contiguous group of trees forming a canopy characterized by
old-growtn trees and in the late-successional stage of development (Helms
2004).
90.
Old
growth tree – A tree within approximately 20 percent of maximum observed age
for a particular species, site, and location. (Helms 2004).
91.
Old
growth, virgin forest -- (forest or woodland having a mature or overmature
ecosystem more or less uninfluenced by human activity) http://www.notredame.ac.jp/cgi-bin/wn?forestForests
which have never been logged or developed. http://www.taconic.net/sequoiainternet/forest/oldgro.htm
92.
Old
multi-story forest - a forest stand with moderate to high canopy closure—a
multi-leveled and multi-species canopy dominated by large overstory trees; high
incidence of large trees, some with broken tops and other indications of old
and decaying wood; numerous large snags; and heavy accumulations of wood,
including large logs on the ground. http://roadless.fs.fed.us/documents/feis/glossary.shtml
93.
Old
single story forest – single canopy layer consisting of large or old trees.
Understory trees are often absent, or present in randomly spaced patches. It
generally consists of widely spaced, shade-intolerant species, such as
ponderosa pine and western larch, and high frequency fire regimes. http://roadless.fs.fed.us/documents/feis/glossary.shtml
94.
Old-growth
forest i.e. ancient forest means a natural-state (or close) forest where the
amount of dead wood is tens of cubic meters per hectare. Ilkka Hanski (1999) Helsingin Sanomat
95.
Old-growth
forests are ecologically mature and have been roading and clearing or, if
subject to any disturbance, the effect of which is now negligible. Oldgrowth
forests are usually dominated by trees which exhibit late-mature or senescent
growth stages in the upper stratum. http://www.rfa.gov.au/rfa/vic/east/raa/esfm/gloss2.html
96.
Old-growth
forests are natural forests with pronounced variations in the ages of the
trees, multiple-layered vegetation, and a great abundance of old trees and large
pieces of dead wood in different stages of decay. Swedish FSC standard
97.
Old-growth
forests contain threatened ecosystems and species, or endemic species. They can
also be large landscape-level forests capable of supporting natural ecological
patterns . The Taiga Rescue Network
98.
Old-growth
stands must include at least six trees per acre that are more than 30 to
32" in diameter and more than 200 years in age. The stands must have
multilayered canopies (except within mixed evergreen forests) and hold minimal
amounts of large standing snags more than 20 " in diameter and fallen logs
at least 24" in diameter. 1986 Old-Growth Definition Task Force of the
Forest Service interim definition. http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/biology/institutes/1992/old_growth.html
99.
Old-growth
tree. The closest scientific description is that it's a tree that is beyond its
pathological rotation age--or simply a tree living beyond its maturity. http://www.accessatlanta.com/news/business/old_definition.html
100.
Places
that have been left alone for a long time, so the natural places of the planet
have taken over. Goldstein, Jessica. 2011. Old-growth forest: Nature,
uninterrupted. Art, Explained. The Washington Post. 23 October 2011. E-5.
101.
Original,
intact forest land that has not yet been significantly degraded by people. http://www.ran.org/ran/info_center/factsheets/basicfacts.html
102.
Relatively
old and relatively undisturbed by humans. Hunter (1989) - http://wvnvm.wvnet.edu/~rlanden/oldgrth.htm
103.
Stands
in primary or secondary forests that have developed the structures and species
normally associated with old primary forest of that type have sufficiently
accumulated to act as a forest ecosystem distinct from any younger age class. http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/forest/definitions.asp
104.
Stands
in which the relic trees have died and which consist entirely of trees which
grew from beneath the canopy. Oliver and Larson 1996.
105.
Stands
in which the relic trees have died and which consist entirely of trees which
grew from beneath... and which have developed in the absence of allogenic
processes". Transition old-growth "contains some trees which began
after the initial disturbance and also large and numerous younger trees of
allogenic origin". Oliver and Larson (1996) and Leverett (1996) - http://wvnvm.wvnet.edu/~rlanden/oldgrth.htm
106.
Stands
regenerated by natural succession, with a substantial amount of old trees and
deadwood, and often with an uneven age structure. http://www.forest.ru/eng/old-growth/definitions.html
107.
Stands
that are "overmature, past the point of maximum growth, etc. Leverett
(1996) - http://wvnvm.wvnet.edu/~rlanden/oldgrth.htm
108.
Stands
with a high percentage (>50%) of the canopy trees over half of the maximum
life span of the representative trees, a few trees near the maximum life span,
no recorded history or discernible signs of human disturbance, a "late
successionary" species composition, and a set of characteristics associated
with mature, nature-managed forests. Leverett (1996) - http://wvnvm.wvnet.edu/~rlanden/oldgrth.htm
109.
Stands
with canopy trees usually 150 years old or older but no fixed percentage, trees
need not be near maximum life span, but forest must possess a set of
characteristics associated with mature forest. Leverett (1996) - http://wvnvm.wvnet.edu/~rlanden/oldgrth.htm
110.
The
(usually) late successional stage of forest development. note 1- old-growth
forests are defined in many ways; generally, structural characteristics used to
describe old-growth forests include (a) live trees; number and minimum size of
both seral and climax dominants, (b) canopy conditions: commonly including
multilayering, (c) snags: minimum number of specific size, and (d) down logs
and coarse woody debris: minimum tonnage and numbers of pieces of specific
size. note 2 - old-growth forests generally contain trees that are large for
their species and site and sometimes decadent (overmature) with broken tops,
often a variety of tree sizes, large snags and logs, and a developed and often
patchy understory. note 3 - stand age, although a useful indicator of old
growth, is often considered less important than structure because (a) the rate
of stand development depends more on environment and stand history than age alone,
and (b) dominants are often multiaged. note 4 - due to large differences in
forest type, climate, site quality, and natural disturbance history (e.g. fire,
wind, and disease and insect epidemics), old-growth forests vary extensively in
tree size, age classes, presence and abundance of structural elements,
stability and presence of understory. note 5 - the minimum area needed for an
old-growth forest to be a functional ecological unit depends on the nature and
management of surrounding areas; small areas often do not contain all
old-growth elements. note 6 - an old-growth forest is commonly perceived as an
uncut, virgin forest with very little human-caused disturbance; some believe
that the time taken for stands to develop old-growth structure can be shortened
by silvicultural treatments which the area occupied by each species per unit
area is estimated by eye. note - this method is contrasted with the weight
method - synonym ocular plot estimate, plot estimate method, square-foot method
(Helms 1998). From: tnygren@juno.com (Harold T Nygren)
111.
The
forest-state that stretches from the time of dominant stand height growth
cessation, through to and including the stable forest climax. Western Canada
Wilderness Committee. (Wells, et al. 1998).
112.
The
old growth forests have been described by the adjective primeval, ancient,
wilderness, virgin, pristine while in forester's terminology they are called as
over-matured, decadent, and senescent, old growth. The old growth forests may
be defined as a climax forest that has never been disturbed by man. The old
growth forests can be classified as per the age and disturbance criteria. http://glossary.eea.eu.int/EEAGlossary/O/old-growth_forest
113.
The
seral stage after mature, which is the potential plant community capable of
existing on a site, given the frequency of natural disturbance events. In
forests of the Pacific region, old growth often begins around age 200 and
continues until a stand replacing event takes place. Depending on the frequency
and intensity of disturbances, and site conditions, old-growth forest will have
different structures, species compositions, and age distributions http://fscus.org/html/standards_policies/us_regional_standards/archives/pacificnorthwest3.html
114.
Those
mature and over-mature forests which occupy sites which have not previously
been impacted by the hand of man. Fletcher Challenge Ltd. (Wells, et al. 1998).
115.
Timber
stands with the following characteristics: large mature and over-mature trees
in the overstory, snags, dead and decaying logs on the ground, and a
multi-layered canopy with trees of several age classes. http://rredc.nrel.gov/biomass/states/bio_glossary/glossary.html
and http://www.eren.doe.gov/biopower/glossary.html#F
and http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/faqs/glossary.html#T
116.
To
most people "old growth" means big trees. The U.S. Forest Service
definition is "a forest with trees 200 years or older, snags (standing
dead trees), and down woody debris on the forest floor." http://www.forestinfo.org/Glossary.htm
117.
Uncut
virgin forest; A forest that has not undergone a stand-replacing disturbance
such as logging or a crown fire, such that succession has not occurred. http://www.fw.vt.edu/zedaker/3364/ecolterms.html
118.
Undisturbed
primary forest, typically diverse in species and age of constituents, and is a
result of competition and long-time natural selection International
Dendrological Research Institute Glossary - http://world.std.com/~jegan/idriglossary.html
119.
Very
old forests that have not been logged; closed-canopy conditions http://www.calwild.org/resources/pubs/linkages/appendF.pdf
120.
Virgin
and old, second-growth forests containing trees that are often hundreds,
sometimes thousands, or years old. http://www.gsu.edu/~mstnrhx/ecogloss.htm
and http://ecology.org/biod/library/glos_NS.html
121.
Virgin
timber. http://rredc.nrel.gov/biomass/forest/tim_glossary/t_glossary.html#O
Most
definitions of old growth forest suggest they are mature forests that are
losing productivity. In a sense, old growth forests are "degraded"
forests. They are also managed forest in the sense that a decision may have
been made to spare the trees.
Original Forest:
Original
- 1 : of, relating to, or constituting an origin or beginning
(http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
That
estimated to have covered the planet about 8,000 years ago, before large-scale
disturbance by modern society began. (http://www.wri.org/ffi/lff-eng/)
(WCMC)
Original forest is defined as the post-glacial forest cover which existed around
7000 years ago and is derived from maps of potential vegetation. http://www.panda.org/downloads/forests/wcmcflrmapping.pdf
Using
Webster's definition, an area recently afforested would be considered an
original forest.
Patch
Forest
Patch
forest comprises coherent forest regions that are too small to contain core
forest. http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1un144n10086417/fulltext.pdf
Perforated
Forest
Perforated
forest defines the boundaries between core forest and relatively small
perforations http://www.springerlink.com/content/j1un144n10086417/fulltext.pdf
Plantation
forests (Forest Cultures) –
1.
(AFF
2011) Forest plantations – a subset of all planted forests – are defined as
forests of introduced species and in some cases native species, established
through planting or seeding, with few species, even spacing and/or even-aged
stands. African Forest Forum.
http://www.afforum.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=43&Itemid=
2.
(Artificial
crop, artificial stand ~ man-made forest) - A stand raised artificially, either
by planting or by direct sowing (South 1998).
3.
(Colombia)
Plantación Forestal: Es el bosque originado por la intervención directa del
hombre. (Decreto 1791 octubre 4 de 1996. Ministerio del Medio Ambiente).
"Gerardo Lozano" <glozano@impsat.net.co
4.
(Egypt
2003) Plantations are areas which result from the human activities of planting,
sowing or intensive silvicultural treatments, and lack most of the principal
characteristics and key elements of native ecosystems. According to FSC,
certified plantations should decrease the pressures on natural forests, have
diversity in composition in species and age classes, preferentially choose
native over exotic species, serve to improve soil function, fertility and
structure, and have some proportion of their area managed for the restoration
of natural forest cover http://www.egyptchm.org/chm/implementation/pdf/arid_lands.pdf
5.
(EU)
Forest crop established by seeding or planting nursery-raised stock http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm
and http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/forests/en/en4_6.htm
6.
(Georgia)
Stand of seeded or planted wood species. Source: Forest Code (June, 1999) Kate
Metreveli, Head of the WB Forestry, Project Preparation Unit. kattimet@geo.net.ge
7.
(Great
Lakes - St. Lawrence Region (Canada)) Tree-dominated vegetated areas in which
human intervention, through planting or intensive silvicultural treatments, has
yielded conditions in which only a few of the characteristics of the indigenous
natural forest ecosystem remain. [Draft standards for the Great Lakes - St.
Lawrence Region (Canada) http://www.web.net/fscca/s5.htm
8.
(Indonesia
- 2002) Forest stands established by planting and/or seeding in the process of
afforestation or reforestation. They comprise either introduced species (all
planted stands) or intensively managed stands of indigenous species.
Plantations may be established to provide wood products (timber, pulp) or such
agricultural crops as oil palm and coconut. http://www.globalforestwatch.org/common/indonesia/sof.indonesia.english.low.pdf
9.
(Morocco
and Yemen) Plantation (Arabic : Ard Mushajjarah, French : Platation, Spanish :
Plantacion) - Land planted artificially (by man) with forest trees (regular
spacing) Mohammed Ellatifi, m.ellatifi@ellatifi.8m.com
10.
(Nicaragua)
- Draft - Bosque de Plantaciones: Son los que se realizan por medio de la
reforestación. www.nicarao.org.ni/ja (see Borrador de la ley, CAPITULO II
DEFINICIONES) Harrie <harnic@ibw.com.ni>
11.
(South
Africa) Single species (usually either pine or eucalyptus), regular spacing,
even-aged stands. http://www.polity.org.za/govdocs/green_papers/forest1.html#t1.1
12.
(Timber)
- The most intensive form of forest management. It is characterized by
monocultures of fast-growing tree species (e.g. poplar, Pinus radiata,
eucalyptus), short rotation lengths (< 60 years), stand regeneration by
planting, application of soil fertilization and tillage, pest control and other
measures aimed at increasing timber yields. Plantations are a transitional form
between forestry and agricultural land use. Most afforestation takes the form
of this type of management. http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/WBGU/wbgu_sn1998_voll_engl.html
13.
(UK)
Woodland where the current trees have been planted. Often includes naturally
regenerating trees as well. Includes former semi-natural woodlands restocked by
planting [Source: THE UK FORESTRY STANDARD. The Government's Approach to
Sustainable Forestry, EDINBURGH: FORESTRY COMMISSION, 1998 http://www.forestry.gov.uk/standard.html
and http://www.forestry.gov.uk/standard.pdf
14.
(Ukraine)
Forest stands created by planting of seedlings, saplings of trees or shrubs or
by sowing of their seeds'', i.e. it here this means only origination of stands,
not intensity of management. [Source: State Standard of Ukraine, DSTU 2980-95
``Forest plantations. Terms and definitions'', being in force since 01.01.96.
From: "Maksym Polyakov" mpoliak@pcomp.usau.kiev.ua Date: Sat, 28
Mar 1998 21:09:08 +0200 (UKR)]
15.
(UN
FAO 2000) Forest stands established by planting and/or seeding in the process
of afforestation or reforestation which are either of introduced species (all
planted stands) or intensively managed stands of indigenous species, which meet
all the following criteria: one or two species at plantation, even age class,
regular spacing.. (UN/ECE-FAO 1997 and FAO 1998)
16. (UN
FAO 2005) Planted forest - Forest/other wooded land in which trees
have been established through planting or seeding. Includes all stands
established through planting or seeding of both native and introduced species. http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/lulucf/application/pdf/060830_killmann.pdf
17. (UN
FAO 2005, IPCC 2006) - Forest/other
wooded land of introduced species and in some cases native species, established
through planting or seeding. 1. Includes all stands of introduced species
established through planting or seeding. 2. May include areas of native species
characterized by few species, even spacing and/or even-aged stands 3.
Plantation forest is asub-set of planted
forest. http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/lulucf/application/pdf/060830_killmann.pdf
18.
(UN
FAO) A forest established by planting and/or seeding in the process of
afforestation or reforestation. It consists of introduced species or, in some
cases, indigenous species. (http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y0900e/y0900e11.htm#P1_7)
19.
(USA Pacific Coast region) - Tree-dominated areas
substantially lacking in natural forest attributes (e.g., structure, and
species composition native to the area) and that usually require human
intervention. A "planted forest" is not necessarily a
"plantation," since it may attain natural forest attributes. In the
Pacific Coast region, any of the following characteristics may indicate that a
forest is a plantation (though not necessarily one that is certifiable):
Cultivation of exotic species, Use of even-aged silviculture for forest types
that do not regenerate naturally through stand-replacing events, Use of
even-aged silviculture with rotations of less than 60 years, Use of even-aged
regeneration units larger than those specified under criterion 9.2, Systematic
use of and reliance on chemical herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers,
Single-species plantings on sites normally occupied by multiple-species
forests, and Regular, periodic stand treatments intended to eliminate natural
ingrowth of native trees and associated ground vegetation. [Draft standards for
the Pacific Coast Region (US) From: David South
<dsouth@sofserv.forestry.auburn.edu Date: Wed, 17 Jun 1998 16:45:07
-0500]
20.
(USA)
Areas dominated by trees planted on a regular and generally consistent row and
plant spacing. Stands are planted for the purpose of producing a crop of
timber, Christmas trees, or other products. Examples include planted hardwood
and softwood timber stands. [Source: http://biology.usgs.gov/fgdc.veg/standards/appendix3.htm]
21.
(WAF
2004) - Type of forest that is artificially established and cultivated for
industrial, conservation and agroforestry purposes (usually fast-growing
species planted). http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Publications/files/book/BK0073-04.PDF
22. (World
Bank 2000) Established artificially by
afforestation on lands previously non-forested within living memory, or
established artificially by reforestation on land that was forested, by
replacement of the indigenous species with a new and essentially different
species or genetic variety. . http://www.holz.uni-goettingen.de/ek/woodsat/pdf/worldbankforestry.pdf
23.
(WRI)
Plantations are areas which result from the human activities of
planting, sowing or intensive silvicultural treatments, and lack most of the
principal characteristics and key elements of native ecosystems. According to
FSC, certified plantations should decrease the pressures on natural forests,
have diversity in composition in species and age classes, preferentially choose
native over exotic species, serve to improve soil function, fertility and
structure, and have some proportion of their area managed for the restoration
of natural forest cover. http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/for_cou_188.pdf
24.
A
forest crop established by artificial, either by sowing or planting. Canadian
Council of Forest Ministers
25.
A
forest stand established by the planting of trees either native or exotic
species elected for their wood-producing properties and managed intensively for
timber. http://www.rfa.gov.au/rfa/vic/east/raa/esfm/gloss2.html
26.
A
forest that has been planted as a crop for eventual harvest. Most plantation
forests are replanted following harvest for second and subsequent rotations in
perpetuity. http://www.forestenterprises.co.nz/cfi/investmentstructure.htm
27.
A
forest which has been planted by people with species occurring naturally
(native species plantation) or not (exotic species plantation) in that country.
http://www.biodiv.org/Forests/Glossary.html
28.
A
group of planted trees grown in the form of an agricultural crop http://www.nafi.com.au/k12/ourforests/glossary.html
29.
A
large area of trees usually planted specifically for harvesting. http://www.timberlands.co.nz/environment/manual/chap_16.pdf
30.
A
plantation forest may be afforested land or a secondary forest established by
planting or direct seeding. A gradient exists among plantation forests from
even-aged, single species monocultures of will probably also reflect the
capability of the plantation forest to maintain "normal" local
biological diversity. http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/forest/definitions.asp
31.
A
planted forest of either native or exotic species. Small plantation may be
called blocks or woodlots. http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/web/root/domino/infseries/infsheet.nsf/3b1939c497704dc14a25652e0039a43b/962f757481adad504a25679c000c7c44?OpenDocument
32.
A
stand of trees resulting from planting or artificially seeding a harvested
area. http://www.r5.fs.fed.us/sixrivers/publications/feis/appedix/g.pdf
33.
All
forests established by planting or seeding in the processes of afforestation
and reforestation. http://greenplanet.eolss.net/EolssLogn/mss/C09/E4-27/E4-27-08/E4-27-08-04/E4-27-08-04-TXT.aspx#Glossary_
34.
An
area of managed forest where the trees have been planted, rather than grown
naturally through regeneration (NGGIC 1997). http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/ncas/files/strategic/glossary.html
35.
An
artificially forested area established by planting or direct seeding. It is
usually made up of a single species. http://msucares.com/pubs/pub1250.htm
36.
Crops
of trees artificially established, primarily for specific commercial purposes. http://www.af.nfr.no/andre-doc/alternativ-agenda/Forests.html, http://www.igc.org/habitat/treaties/at-27.htm
and http://nativenet.uthscsa.edu/archive/nl/9208/0081.html
37.
Floresta
Plantada - Formação florestal composta por espécies exóticas e/ou nativas,
plantadas com objetivos específicos. http://www.suzano.com.br/docs/recursos/maneucal/glossar.html
38.
Forest
areas lacking most of the principal characteristics and key elements of native
ecosystems as defined by the Forest Stewardship Council -approved national and
regional standards of forest stewardship, which result from the human
activities of either planting, sowing or intensive silvicultural treatments
(South 1998). http://www.metla.fi/archive/forest/1994/07/msg00035.html.
PRINCIPLES AND CRITERIA FOR FOREST STEWARDSHIP. Revised March 1996, edited
October 1996 and http://biodiversityeconomics.org/business/topics-101-07.htm
39.
Forest
established artificially on lands that did not previously contain forests. http://www.peopleandplanet.net/section.php?section=1&topic=8&PHPSESSID=1a9faae006a4efebfebe57431f0ca5ac
40.
Forest
established artificially on lands that did not previously contain forest (afforestation)
or on lands that were previously forested (reforestation). https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/i490a/teaching/M4901-430/ws_03_04/reading_materials/New_Neef_Schwarzmeier_Studie.pdf
41.
Forest
plantation is one established by planting or/and seeding in the process of
afforestation or reforestation. It consists of introduced species or, in some
cases, indigenous species. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html
42.
Forest
stands established by planting or/and seeding in the process of afforestation
or reforestation. They are either: - of introduced species (all planted
stands), or - intensively managed stands of indigenous species which meet all
the following criteria: one or two species at plantation, even age class,
regular spacing. Excludes: stands which were established as plantation but
which have been without intensive management for a significant period of time.
These should be considered semi-natural (UN-ECE/FAO 1997).
43.
Forest
stands that have been established artificially to produce a forest product
crop. They are either on lands that previously have not supported forests for
more than 50 years (afforestation), or on lands that have supported forests
within the last 50 years and where the original crop has been replaced with a
different one (reforestation) (Brown et al. 1986).
44.
Forests
established artificially, either by afforestation on land which has not carried
forest within living memory or by reforestation of land which carried forest
before but where the indigenous species are replaced with a new species or
genetic variety http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm
45.
Forests
or woods that have been planted. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/hcou-4ubj75
46.
Forests
that are planted as a crop. - http://www.forestenterprises.co.nz/cfi/investmentstructure.htm
47.
Include
contiguous areas of planted trees occupying areas greater than one hectare. http://www.srs.fs.fed.us/pubs/ja/ja_parks002.pdf
48.
Intensively
managed stands of either native or exotic trees species, created by the regular
placement of seedlings or seed. http://www.rfa.gov.au/dfa/other_info/glossary.html
49.
Plantation:
a usually large group of plants and especially trees under cultivation (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
50.
Plantations
area describes forest stands established artificially by afforestation and
reforestation for industrial and non-industrial usage.
http://earthtrends.wri.org/searchable_db/variablenotes_static.cfm?varid=304&theme=9
51.
Plantations.
Forest stands established artificially by afforestation and reforestation for
industrial and nonindustrial usage.
http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~idgec/publications/reports/forest.pdf
52.
Planted
Forests - These forests have been established by planting or sowing on barren
land, grassland, land cleared of secondary forest or scrub, land cleared of
primary or modified forest. http://www.itto.or.jp/policy/pds4/page5.html
53.
Planted
stand of trees (WESTVACO)
54.
Plot
of land occupied by fast-growing or `technical' forest species with the aim of
producing timber with short rotation or producing bark, (willow) withes, seeds,
grafts etc. our term <[forest] plantation can be translated to English as --
[forest] plantation, -- seed orchard.... [From: "Maksym Polyakov" mpoliak@pcomp.usau.kiev.ua Date: Wed, 17
Jun 1998 11:20:37 +0300 (MSD)]
55.
This
category includes artificial forests created by sowing or planting trees and
forest stands improved by introduction of valuable tree species. Forest
plantations are divided into two categories: plantations with closed crown
canopy (registered as forest), and plantations which did not yet form closed
crown cover. (ref. Forest stock, Forest plantation which did not yet for closed
crown cover). Minimum mapping unit 0.5 ha. http://ewg.gecp.virginia.edu/ewg_forest_us/general/glossary.htm
56.
Tree
Plantations, are simplified tree dominated ecosystems that have suppressed
natural succession patterns. They have a poor capacity to mature into natural
forest systems and lie on lands cleared of native vegetation. Often, they
contain elements of exotic species. Tree plantations vary from the industrial
monocultures to diverse home gardens. Tree plantations do not have the capacity
to mature into natural forest systems. Ranil Senanayake 100232.3435@CompuServe.COM
57.
Tree-dominated
areas substantially lacking in natural forest attributes (e.g. structure and
species composition native to the area) that usually require human intervention
in order to be maintained. A "planted forest" is not necessarily a
"plantation" since it may be part of a management regime that
maintains most natural forest attributes indigenous to the area. The Pacific
Coast Working Group of FSC-US
58.
Tree-dominated
vegetated areas in which human intervention, through planting or intensive
silvicultural treatments, has yielded conditions in which only a few of the
characteristics of the indigenous natural forest ecosystem remain. (defined by
FSC A.C.) http://fscus.org/html/standards_policies/us_regional_standards/archives/pacificnorthwest3.html
59.
Trees
usually of a single species planted on cleared land for the purpose of growing
a product such as wood. http://schools.wafa.org.au/terms.htm
Pioneer
species:
Aggressive
species, tolerant to minimal habitat harsh, all competing initially for
sunlight and growth room. http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/5974/
Primary
(Woodland) Forest:
1.
Primary
- 1 a : first in order of time or development : PRIMITIVE <the primary stage
of civilization b : of or relating to formations of the Paleozoic and earlier
periods 2 a : of first rank, importance, or value : (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2. (AMEC definition derived from World Bank)
“This forest is relatively intact 'natural forest' and essentially unmodified
by human activity. The forest shows no signs of fire, logging in the form of
infrastructure such as railways or canals. Local people may be present in
sufficient low numbers or under take activities that leave the forest in
near-natural condition. The forest does not have adjacent activities that in
the near future might essentially modify the natural forest cover, or leave the
forest in other than near-natural condition. Some of these primary forest areas
are critical habitats if they occur in existing 'protected areas' and or in
areas that are being proposed for Protection Forest status under provincial
land use planning legislation.” (2005) http://eyesontheforest.or.id/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=5
3.
(EU)
Relatively intact natural forest which has remained essentially unmodified by
human activity for the past 60-80 years http://europa.eu.int/comm/dg08/forests/en/en4_6.htm,
http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/forests/en/en4_6.htm and
http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1985&page=670
4.
(IISD
1999) A forest in a mature succession phase, whose structure and composition
have resulted from unrestrained ecological processes rather than from human activity.
http://www.iisd.org/pdf/wcfsdsummary.pdf IISD 1999.
5.
(Indonesia)
Primary forest - Areas covered by original virgin forests under dry or not
permanently inundated conditions. Source: D.C. Schwaar, Land capability
appraisal Indonesia, AGL/INS/72/011 Working Paper No.5, FAO 1973 http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/landuse/clsys/Indonesia.htm
6.
(Nicaragua)
- Draft - Bosque Primario: Bosque relativamente intacto que esencialmente no ha
sido modificado por la actividad humana durante los últimos 60 a 80 años.
www.nicarao.org.ni/ja (see Borrador de la ley, CAPITULO II DEFINICIONES) Harrie
<harnic@ibw.com.ni>
7.
(Thailand)
Forest which are in a close or natural unidusturbed state. The report of
Thailand's National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990 "Wilailak
Pangtawaong" wpangtaw@deqp.go.th
8. (UN
EP 2003) A forest that has never been
logged and that has developed following natural disturbances and under natural
processes, regardless of its age. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=usdafsfacpub
9.
(UN
FAO 2005, IPCC 2006) - Forest/Other
wooded land of native species, where there are no clearly visible indications of
human activities and the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed.
Includes areas where collection of non-wood forest products occurs, provided
the human impact is small. Some trees may have been removed. http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/lulucf/application/pdf/060830_killmann.pdf
10.
(World
Bank 1999) Relatively intact forest
that has been essentially unmodified by human activity for the past sixty to
eighty years. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1999/09/17/000178830_98101901520841/Rendered/INDEX/multi0page.txt
11. (World
Bank 2000) Relatively intact forest
that has been essentially unmodified by human activity for the past 60 to 80
years. . http://www.holz.uni-goettingen.de/ek/woodsat/pdf/worldbankforestry.pdf
12.
A
climax forest comprising primary or climax species, i.e. a forest that either
has not been severely disturbed or has fully recovered from disturbance by a
secondary succession - John Morrison john.GISLAB@WWFUS.ORG
13.
A
forest ecosystem with the principal characteristics and key elements of native
ecosystems such as complexity, structure, and diversity and an abundance of
mature trees, relatively undisturbed by human activity. Human impacts in such
forest areas have normally been limited to low levels of hunting, fishing and
harvesting of forest products. Such ecosystems are also referred to as
"mature," "old-growth," or "virgin" forests. http://www.fscstandards.org/regions/southeast/glossary.html
14.
A
forest in a mature succession phase whose structure and composition have
resulted from unrestrained ecological processes rather than from human
activity. http://iisd1.iisd.ca/wcfsd/wcfsdsummary.pdf
15.
A
forest largely undisturbed by human activities. http://www.wri.org/wri/biodiv/gbs-glos.html#OPQ
16.
A
forest occupying a site that has been continuously forested* even though it may
have been clear-felled, provided that the clear-felling does not break the
forest continuity (i.e. the forest regenerated or was replanted) (Allaby
1994).
17.
A
forest that has never been logged and has developed following natural
disturbances and under natural processes, regardless of its age. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html
18.
A
forest that has never been logged and has developed following natural
disturbances and under natural processes, regardless of its age. It is referred
to "direct human disturbance" as the intentional clearing of forest
by any means (including fire) to manage or alter them for human use. Also
included as primary, are forests that are used inconsequentially by indigenous
and local communities living traditional lifestyles relevant for the
conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. In much of Europe,
primary forest has a different connotation and refers to an area of forest land
which has probably been continuously wooded at least throughout historical
times (e.g., the last thousand years). It has not been completely cleared or
converted to another land use for any period of time. However traditional human
disturbances such as patch felling for shifting cultivation, coppicing, burning
and also, more recently, selective/partial logging may have occurred, as well
as natural disturbances. The present cover is normally relatively close to the
natural composition and has arisen (predominantly) through natural
regeneration, but planted stands can also be found. However, the suggested
definition above would include other forests, such as secondary forests. http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/forest/definitions.asp
19.
A
forest that has never been logged or disturbed. http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/glossary/indexp.shtml
20.
An
ecosystem characterized by an abundance of mature trees, relatively undisturbed
by human activity. Human impacts in such forest areas have normally been
limited to low levels of hunting, fishing and harvesting of forest products,
and, in some cases, to low density, shifting agriculture with prolonged fallow
periods. Such ecosystems are also referred to as "mature,"
"old-growth" or "virgin" forests. (further details will be
addressed by FSC-approved national and regional standards of forest
stewardship) PRINCIPLES AND CRITERIA FOR FOREST STEWARDSHIP. Revised March 1996,
edited October 1996, http://www.canadian-forests.com/fsc-glossary.html,
and http://www.fscus.org/html/about_fsc/who_we_are/glossary_of_terms.html#p
21.
An
old-growth or ancient forest, that has kept recycling for thousands of years. http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/5974/
22.
Areas
where the primary lot pattern consists of lots of record (as defined by the
Multnomah County zoning code for Commercial Forest Use-zoned areas) in excess
of 40 acres and where there are few existing residences. Primary forest lands
may include smaller lots of record which do not by themselves meet the
definition, but which are isolated from other smaller lots of record by lands
which do meet the definition of primary forest lands. The second, which shall
be designated as COMMERCIAL FOREST - 2, consists of the remainder of the
Commercial forest Use-zoned areas. Secondary forest lands are defined as areas
consisting of contiguous lots of record less than 40 acres, many of which have
existing residences. Secondary forest lands may include larger lots of record
which by themselves do not meet the definition, but which are isolated from
other larger lots of record by lands which do meet the definition of secondary
forest lands http://www.multnomah.lib.or.us/lup/WestHills/WHHome.html
23.
Forest
in an undisturbed or virgin state. http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem2900.pdf
24.
Forest
in its natural state, unmodified by human activity (i.e., with negligible
impact from human gathering activities, including the rare cutting of isolated
timber trees). This refers to forest structure, and not to its fauna, or its
size. Hunting may have removed certain species (e.g. large mammals), but the
forest stand remain undisturbed. (2005) http://eyesontheforest.or.id/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=5
25. Forest
that has never been harvested or otherwise disturbed at a large scale by
humans. http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/forestry/Look/assessment/11.pdf
26.
Forest
that has remained undisturbed for a long time and has reached a mature
condition. http://www.arkive.org/pitcher-plant/nepenthes-ovata/glossary-and-references.html
27.
Intact
forest that has been essentially unmodified by human activity for the past
sixty to eighty years. http://www.wrm.org.uy/actors/WB/1994policy.html
28.
Land
which has never been anything other than woodland since the end of the last Ice
Age, although it may have been regularly harvested. . http://www.woodland-trust.org.uk/glossary/indexfr.htm
The Woodland Trust Glossary
29.
One
that has not been disturbed by anthropogenic action such as grazing, logging,
road building, chemical deposition, or by frequent fires. A "primary
forest" is also of sufficient size that it is capable of regenerating all
the endogenous species that inhabit or dwell there. From: John Foster "J.
Foster" borealis@mail.wellsgray.net
30.
PRIMARY
FOREST (syn. pristine, virgin, or old growth forest) Forest which has never
been subject to human disturbance, or has been so little affected by hunting
and gathering that its natural structure, functions and dynamics have not
undergone any unnatural change. http://www.itto.or.jp/policy/pds4/page5.html
31.
Primary
forest is defined as relatively intact forest that has been essentially
unmodified by human activity for the previous 60 to 80 years.
http://www.worldtwitch.com/citigroup.htm
32.
Relatively
intact forest that has been essentially unmodified by human activity for the
past sixty to eighty years; an ecosystem characterized by an abundance of
mature trees. Human impacts in such forests have been limited to low levels of
artisanal hunting, fishing, and harvesting of forest products, and, in some
cases, low density migratory agriculture (World Bank 1991). http://www.wrm.org.uy/actors/WB/1991policy3.html
33.
Relatively
intact forest that has been essentially unmodified by human activity for the
past sixty to eighty years https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/i490a/teaching/M4901-430/ws_03_04/reading_materials/New_Neef_Schwarzmeier_Studie.pdf
34.
The
forest area that is still very dense and undisturbed. This type of forest
includes tropical evergreen forest, tropical rain forest, and some dense mixed
deciduous forest. http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1997/ts5/ts5007pf.htm
35.
Woodland
occupying a site which has been continuously wooded (in Britain since the last
ice advance) even though it may have been clear-felled, provided that the
clear-felling does not break the woodland continuity [i.e. the woodland
regenerated or was replanted] (Allaby 1994). Helene M Cleveland CCMAIL hmclevel@aec.apgea.army.mil
36.
Woodland
that has had continuous cover of native trees throughout history http://www.tnw.org.uk/Note17.html
37.
Woodland
unaffected by any human influence or activity. it is the original ‘wildwood'
growing naturally following the end of the last ice age around 13,000 years
ago. http://www.peakdistrict-nationalpark.info/place/glossary.html
Primeval
Forest:
1.
Primeval
of or relating to the earliest ages (as of the world or human history) : ANCIENT,
PRIMITIVE <100 acres of primeval forest which has never felt an ax -- Mary
R. Zimmer (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2.
Ice
Age forests - Bonnicksen (2000)
See
"old-growth" forest. http://www.nps.gov/olym/edgloss.htm
See
note at end of "original" forest.
Pristine
Forest:
1.
Pristine
- 1 : belonging to the earliest period or state : ORIGINAL <the hypothetical
pristine lunar atmosphere. 2 a : not spoiled, corrupted, or polluted (as by
civilization) : PURE <a pristine forest b : fresh and clean as or as if new
<pristine hard-backs in uniform editions to fill our built-in bookcases --
Michiko Kakutani (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2.
"Pristine"
forests gives the idea of no human interaction. "Ron Muir"
<muir@forestry.auburn.edu
3.
Stands
that had been undisturbed by humans (Beardsley_Debby/r6pnw_portland@fs.fed.us).
See
note at end of "original" forest.
Reference
Forest:
''Reference
historic forest'' means the way a whole forest appeared spreading over a
landscape, with all of its diversity, at or about the time it was first seen by
European explorers. http://www.calforests.org/foundation_what_the_experts_say-422-Restoration_Forestry.htm
Regrowth
forest -
Native
forest containing a substantial proportion of trees that are in the younger
growth phase and are actively growing in height and diameter. Regrowth forests
may contain scattered individuals or small occurrences of ecologically mature,
or old growth, trees. http://www.rfa.gov.au/dfa/other_info/glossary.html
Secondary
(Woodland) Forest:
1.
Secondary:
1 a : of second rank, importance, or value b : of, relating to, or constituting
the second strongest of the three or four degrees of stress recognized by most
linguists <the fourth syllable of basketball team carries secondary stress c
of a tense : expressive of past time 2 a : immediately derived from something
original, primary, or basic (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2.
(Europe)
-Forest land where there has been a period of complete clearance by humans with
or without a period of conversion to another land use. Forest cover has
regenerated naturally or artificially through planting. http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/forest/definitions.asp
3.
(Indonesia)
A secondary forest (or second-growth forest) is a forest or woodland area which
has re-grown after a major disturbance such as fire, insect infestation, timber
harvest or windthrow, until a long enough period has passed so that the effects
of the disturbance are no longer evident. It is distinguished from an
old-growth forest (old growth or primeval forest), which have not undergone
such disruptions, as well as third-growth forests that result from severe
disruptions in second growth forests. http://indonesiaforest.co.cc/secondary_forest.html
4.
(Indonesia)
Secondary forest - Areas of mature natural forests extending over abandoned wild
shifting cultivation zones (Landang liar) and ever lands formerly occupied by
primary forests seriously damaged by fires. Source: D.C. Schwaar, Land
capability appraisal Indonesia, AGL/INS/72/011 Working Paper No.5, FAO 1973 http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/landuse/clsys/Indonesia.htm
5.
(Nicaragua)
- Draft - Bosque Secundario: Area boscosa que se desarrolla una vez que
la vegetación original ha sido eliminada por actividades humanas y/o fenómenos
naturales y se encuentra en período de sucesión secundaria.
www.nicarao.org.ni/ja (see Borrador de la ley, CAPITULO II DEFINICIONES) Harrie
<harnic@ibw.com.ni>
6.
(syn.
pioneer forest) Forest which has developed by secondary succession on
deforested land, such as land abandoned after shifting or settled agriculture,
or after pasture. http://www.itto.or.jp/policy/pds4/page5.html
7.
(Thailand)
secondary forest : forest which have been logged or cleared for other purposes,
and are regrowing but not fully regrown. These forests would be expected to
have significantly lower biomass densities than undisturbed forests of the same
type. The report of Thailand's National Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990.
"Wilailak Pangtawaong" wpangtaw@deqp.go.th .
8. (UN
FAO 2005, IPCC 2006) - Forest
regenerated largely through natural processes after significant human or
natural disturbance of the original forest vegetation. 1. The disturbance may
have occurred at a single point in time or over an extended period; 2. The
forest may display significant differences in structure and/or canopy species
composition in relation to nearby primary forest on similar sites. http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/lulucf/application/pdf/060830_killmann.pdf
9.
(World
Bank 1999) Forest that is subject to
a light cycle of shifting cultivation or to various intensities of logging but
that still contains indigenous trees and shrubs http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1999/09/17/000178830_98101901520841/Rendered/INDEX/multi0page.txt
10. (World
Bank 2000) Forest subject to a light
cycle of shifting cultivation or to various intensities of logging, but that
still contains indigenous trees and shrubs. . http://www.holz.uni-goettingen.de/ek/woodsat/pdf/worldbankforestry.pdf
11. (WWF)
Forest that is regenerating after
a greater or lesser degree of disturbance, often by selective logging or
agriculture; characterized by a lack of large trees and a large proportion of
pioneerspecies. http://www.worldwildlife.org/what/wherewework/congo/WWFBinaryitem2900.pdf
12.
(Regrowth)
Young forests that have regenerated after a previous forest has been cleared
(often in Latin America on abandoned former pastures). http://greenplanet.eolss.net/EolssLogn/mss/C12/E1-02/E1-02-15/E1-02-15-TXT.aspx#Glossary
13.
A
forest that has been logged and has recovered naturally or artificially. Not
all secondary forests provide the same value to sustaining biological
diversity, or goods and services, as did primary forest in the same location. http://www.biodiv.org/programmes/areas/forest/definitions.asp
14.
A
new forest no more than 50 years or so claiming back disturbed areas, either by
human intervention or natural causes, such as fires, floods. http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/5974/
15.
A
woodland occupying a site that has not been wooded continuously throughout
history [in Britain since the last ice advance]. It may be the product of
natural succession or of planting on formerly unwooded land. In the tropics, secondary
woodland [forest] is pure or regrowing following clear-felling; it contains
fewer species than primary forest (Allaby 1994). Helene M Cleveland CCMAIL hmclevel@aec.apgea.army.mil
16.
Following
the first clearing (i.e., clearing of primary forests), the forest biomass may
not recover fully to its original density during the fallow period, but instead
reaches a reduced level, referred to as a secondary forest. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/guidelin/ch5ref3.pdf
17.
Forest
containing fast-growing trees which flourish after disturbance. http://www.asiaforestnetwork.org/pub/pub29.pdf
18.
Forest
regenerating naturally after intense/drastic human and/or natural disturbance
of the original forest vegetation, and involving a major change in canopy
species composition from that of primary forests growing on similar site
conditions in the area. Secondary forest can be said to have reverted to
primary forest when canopy species composition approaches that of primary
forest growing on similar site conditions in the area. http://www.biodiv.org/Forests/Glossary.html
19.
Forest
that has been subject to a light cycle of shifting cultivation or to various
intensities of logging, but which still contains indigenous trees and shrubs http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/forests/en/en4_6.htm
20.
Forest
that has regenerated naturally after clearcutting, burning or other land
clearing activities. From the Glossary of Terms pp200 – 204 of Indigenous
Forestry – Sustainable Management (Ministry of Forestry and the New Zealand
Farm Forestry Association Inc., January 1998).
21.
Forest
that is subject to a light cycle of shifting cultivation or to various
intensities of logging but that still contains indigenous trees and shrubs. http://www.wrm.org.uy/actors/WB/1991policy3.html
and https://www.uni-hohenheim.de/i490a/teaching/M4901-430/ws_03_04/reading_materials/New_Neef_Schwarzmeier_Studie.pdf
22.
Forest
that is subject to various intensities of logging, or to a long cycle of
shifting cultivation, but that still contains indigenous trees and shrubs. http://www.wrm.org.uy/actors/WB/1994policy.html
23.
Forest
which, after destruction of the original vegetation (primary forest) as a result
of human activities (e.g. land clearing, anthropogenic fire), regenerates
naturally, and is thus composed mainly of natural vegetation in early
successional stages. Though often associated specifically with the tropics, the
term is not limited to these: boreal and temperate forests left to natural
regeneration after clearcutting are also secondary forests. http://www.awi-bremerhaven.de/WBGU/wbgu_sn1998_voll_engl.html#Heading67
24.
Forests
regenerating largely through natural processes after significant human or
natural disturbance, and which differ from primary forests in forest
composition and/or canopy structure. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/deforest/deforest.html
25.
Natural
forest growth after some major interference (for example, logging, serious
fire, or insect attack). http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1985&page=672
26.
Second
growth -- (a second growth of trees covering an area where the original stand
was destroyed by fire or cutting) http://www.notredame.ac.jp/cgi-bin/wn?forest
27.
Secondary
forests are forests regenerating largely through natural processes after
significant human and/or natural disturbance of the original forest vegetation
at a single point in time or over an extended period, and displaying a major
difference in forest structure and/or canopy species composition with respect
to nearby primary forests on similar sites. Chokkalingam, Unna; Jong ,Wil De
2001. Secondary forest: a working definition and typology. International
Forestry Review 3(1), 2001. http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/secondaryforests.pdf
and http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/articles/AChokalingam0101.pdf
28.
The
ecosystems that regenerate from a substantial disturbance (flood, fire, land
clearing or extensive and intensive logging) characterized by a scarcity of
mature trees and an abundance of pioneer species and a dense understory of
saplings and herbaceous plants. Although secondary forests frequently peak in
terms of biomass accumulation well-within one felling cycle, the transition to
primary forests usually requires several rotation lengths, depending upon the
severity of the original disturbance. Irreversible transformation of the
underlying soil and nutrient cycle brought about by chronic or intense use may
render it impossible for the original, primary forest type to return. (further
details will be addressed by FSC-approved national and regional standards of
forest stewardship). PRINCIPLES AND CRITERIA FOR FOREST STEWARDSHIP. Revised
March 1996, edited October 1996 http://www.metla.fi/archive/forest/1994/07/msg00035.html
and http://www.fscus.org/html/about_fsc/who_we_are/glossary_of_terms.html#s
29.
The
forest area that is rather cleared, includes some type of mixed deciduous
forest, dry dipterocarp forest, and forest area that is abandoned due to
deforestation. Normally, it has lower density of tree and also the size of the
trees is considerable smaller. http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1997/ts5/ts5007pf.htm
30.
Those
woodlands growing on previously non-wooded sites. most woodland, even ancient woodland , maybe secondary in
nature as the site is likely to have been cleared at some time in the past,
usually for agriculture. plantations and shelterbelts are also secondary
woodlands. http://www.peakdistrict-nationalpark.info/place/glossary.html
31.
Woodland
formed on sites since 1600 AD which have formerly been under farmland, moorland
or some other non woodland use. http://www.angelfire.com/on3/wildberks/Glossary.htm
32.
Woodland
growing on a site that has either formerly been woodland or has been cleared at
some time http://www.tnw.org.uk/Note17.html
33.
Woodland
occupying a site that has not been wooded continuously since the last ice age.
It may be a product of natural succession or of planting on formerly unwooded
land http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/herts/reserves/glossary.html#Acid
34.
Woodland
that is growing on a site that was not previously wooded, for example,
woodlands on previous industrial sites, agricultural land or demolished
building sites. http://www.leeds.gov.uk/fol/edu_gloss.html
Semi-natural
forests, woodlands
1.
(UK)
Woodland with natural characteristics (predominantly native species of trees,
ground plants and animals) where wood production is not a primary objective;
this term is used rather than natural because the woodland may have originally
been planted or have been managed for wood production in the past http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/ForestStats2006.nsf/byunique/glossary.html
2. (UN
FAO 2005) - Forest/ other wooded land
of native species, established through planting, seeding or assisted natural
regeneration. 1. Includes areas under intensive management where native species
are used and deliberate efforts are made to increase /optimize the proportion
of desirable species, thus leading to changes in the structure and composition
of the forest. 2. Naturally regenerated trees from other species than those
planted/seeded may be present. 3. May include areas with naturally regenerated
trees of introduced species. 4. Includes areas under intensive management where
deliberate efforts, such as thinning or fertilizing, are made to improve or
optimise desirable functions of the forest. These efforts may lead to changes
in the structure and composition of the forest. http://unfccc.int/files/methods_and_science/lulucf/application/pdf/060830_killmann.pdf
3.
A
forest that has a different species composition from natural forests in the
area http://fscus.org/html/standards_policies/us_regional_standards/archives/ozark_ouachita4.html
4.
A
stand which is composed predominantly of native trees and shrub species which
have not been planted. Also, a forest which has developed gradually or
accidentally, as its location or site quality was not suited for intensive
exploitation or production-oriented management (e.g. in mountainous regions).
This kind of reconstruction of the natural forest cover can be or has been
achieved by using various silvicultural practices e.g., natural regeneration or
selective thinning and in some cases also planting. [Source: Definitions used
in the Helsinki Process - http://www.mmm.fi/english/minkonf/criteria.htm
]
5.
A
stand which is composed predominately of native trees and shrub species which
have not been established by artificial regeneration methods. Semi-natural
forests do not include forest land that is "undisturbed" by man
(South 1998).
6.
Forest
areas where some of the principal characteristics and key elements of native
ecosystems, such as complexity, structure and diversity are present, given the
physical parameters of climate, geology, hydrology and successional patterns. http://www.canadian-forests.com/fsc-glossary.html
and additional FSC terms proposed in the December, 1996 FSC newsletter
7.
Semi
natural forests can be defined as neither a forest undisturbed by man nor a
plantation as defined separately. They represent mainly managed forests
modified by man through silviculture and assisted regeneration. http://www.biodiv.org/Forests/Glossary.html
8.
Semi
natural woodland may or may not be ancient but must contain a significant
number of native species of tree and ground flora that would be expected on a
given soil type. It will also have been subject to a low intervention
management policy allowing natural conditions to develop. http://www.leeds.gov.uk/fol/edu_gloss.html
9.
Woodland,
believed to be natural (not planted), mainly made up of native species . the woodland may have
been modified by humans e.g. coppiced , but retains significant nature
conservation interest. many semi-natural woodlands have only survived as they
occur on land unsuitable for farming such as steep sided limestone dales, rocky
boulder strewn slopes beneath gritstone edges or very wet areas. nearly all
habitat sites in britain are generally regarded as semi-natural rather than
truly natural. http://www.peakdistrict-nationalpark.info/place/glossary.html
Virgin
Forest:
1.
Virgin
- FRESH, UNSPOILED; specifically: not altered by human activity <a virgin
forest (http://www.m-w.com/dictionary)
2.
Usullied
or untouched; fresh, in a pure or natural state - http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Andes/7292/Terms.html
3.
(Bolivia)
BOSQUE VIRGEN: Aquel que no ha sufrido, por extracción de sus componentes,
alteraciones en su composición. Source: Luis Castello faopaf@caoba.entelnet.bo
Adjunto sírvase encontrar la versión no oficial y premilinar del Glosario
Forestal elaborado por el Proyecto de Apoyo a la Coordinación e Implementación
del Plan de Acción Forestal para Bolivia
4.
(Timber)
-Timber from an original forest that has not been previously disturbed or
influenced by human activity (26) http://rredc.nrel.gov/biomass/forest/tim_glossary/t_glossary.html#O
5.
(UKRAIN-2008)
“Virgin forest” (or “primary forest”) means the natural forest virtually
uninfluenced by human activity means forest where there are no records of human
direct activities on them; http://www.carpathianconvention.org/NR/rdonlyres/F1E5FF02-9457-4FD8-A272-721F097788A6/0/DraftProtocolonSustainableForestManagement.pdf
6.
A
forest never logged. http://www.nrdc.org/reference/glossary/a.asp
7.
A
forest that hasn't been affected by humans at all. http://www.nps.gov/olym/edgloss.htm
8.
A
forest where the hand of man has never yet set foot (Richard St. Barbe Baker,
"My Life, My Trees").
9.
A
mature or overmature forest essentially uninfluenced by human activity. http://gfagrow.org/glossary.htm
10.
A
natural forest virtually uninfluenced by human activity. http://www.fs.fed.us/mrnf/faq/glossary.htm
11.
According
to Korpel (1995) the virgin forest is a “forest whose composition, development,
growth and other life processes are driven by the ecological parameters,
primarily by the climate characteristics“ http://notulaebotanicae.ro/nbha/article/viewFile/3308/3147
12.
An
area of old-growth trees that never has been harvested by humans. http://www.dnr.state.md.us/Forests/Education/gloss.html and
http://www.landhelp.info/FramifyGlossary.php
13.
An
eastern forest characterized as being unaltered by European settlers, a forest
in its original state. USFS 1997.
14.
Any
area in which there has been virtually no human disturbance (e.g. burning,
cutting, grazing) of the original vegetation before European settlement [USA].
NOTE: In other countries, this term may defined as an area containing very
little introduced species, with very little human disturbance. http://weber.u.washington.edu/~robh/S-7/EcolGlos.html
15.
Čermak
(1910) defines virgin forest as “a forest which looks like it was never touched
by a human“, http://notulaebotanicae.ro/nbha/article/viewFile/3308/3147
16.
Forest
in its natural state, untouched by man. http://www.paperonline.org/cfm/default.cfm
17.
Forest
that has never been disturbed by people, regardless of the age of its trees. http://omega.cc.umb.edu/~conne/joel/definition.htm
18.
Forest
that have an absence of human effect - i.e. necessarily bases on a zero degree
of human anthropogeny. (Sheingauz and Karakin 1999)
19.
Forests
are those undisturbed by humans, and may not necessarily be old-growth. http://www.metla.fi/archive/forest/1995/10/msg00206.html
20.
Forests
that have never been interfered with by man. http://www.orf.at/orf/tv.sales/documentaries/page_29a.htm
21.
Fragments
or integral closed forest woodlands, having stable evolutionally formed
mechanisms of self-supporting and self-reproduction, and existing on the
occupied territory for more than 2-3 life periods of native forest former
(draft Memorandum - Khabarovsk Conference, 1999).
22.
Large
forests that have been uncut, unused and undisturbed by man. http://www.ohiokids.org/ohc/nature/glossary/glossaryt-x.html
23.
Leibundgut
(1993) describes such forest as “a forest untouched by humans, with enormous trees,
great volume of trunk, and hardly passable floor space with much dead wood“, http://notulaebotanicae.ro/nbha/article/viewFile/3308/3147
24.
Myths.
Falls under the same heading as pristine forests. All forest have been impacted
by humans in some way on this continent. Indians are humans and did do land
management practices such as prescribed burning and harvesting of wood products
(birch bark for birch bar canoes). "Ron Muir" muir@forestry.auburn.edu
25.
Natural
woodland uninfluenced by human activity (E, 180 http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/forests/glossary.htm
26.
Original
natural forest unmodified by human intervention. From the Glossary of Terms
pp200 – 204 of Indigenous Forestry – Sustainable Management (Ministry of
Forestry and the New Zealand Farm Forestry Association Inc., January
1998).
27.
Rubner (1960) considers virgin forest to be
“forest vegetation which belongs to the climatic climax stage of vegetation in
terms of development and growth“. http://notulaebotanicae.ro/nbha/article/viewFile/3308/3147
28.
Undisturbed
natural forest, virtually uninfluenced by human activities, and usually
containing old-growth trees if the site has been free of natural disturbances. http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/Extension/ssfor11.htm
29.
Untouched
forest - An area that has never been disturbed by human intervention, and is
showing natural development in structure and dynamics. The soil, climate,
entire flora and fauna and the life processes have not been disturbed or
changed by timber management, cattle grazing, or other direct or indirect
anthropogenic influences. . [Source: Definitions used in the Helsinki Process -
http://www.mmm.fi/english/minkonf/criteria.htm]
30.
Virgin
- refers to a long period of development, untouched by humans, and lacking any
visible evidence of disturbance. http://wvnvm.wvnet.edu/~rlanden/oldgrth.htm
31.
VIRGIN
AREA: Any area in which there has been virtually no human disturbance (e.g.,
burning, cutting, grazing) of the natural vegetation.. http://www.fw.vt.edu/zedaker/3364/ecolterms.html
32.
Vrgin
forest or primary forest - A natural, ancient forest that has been around
for thousands of years and that hasn’t been harmed by logging, mining,
road-building, or development. More than three-fourths of the Earth’s primary
forests have already been destroyed due to humankind’s activities. http://kids.ran.org/kidscorner/rainforests/wordup.html
See
note at end of "original" forest.
Working
Forest
1.
(Canada-British
Columbia 2003) “Working Forest” is defined as all Crown forest land in the
province that is outside of protected areas and parks. http://archive.ilmb.gov.bc.ca/slrp/lrmp/policiesguidelinesandassessements/workingforest/docs/Working_Forests_Jan22_Rev_web.pdf
Other
Definitions
Biologically
Important Forest
is a forest that has remained in a natural or close to natural state, which is
considered a key area for the protection of forest-dependent species that need
a certain amount and quality of suitable habitat to survive and maintain vital
populations. The criteria for the selection of biologically important forests
areas are defined on purely ecological bases. The general BIF criteria, used
first in the Baltic Forest Mapping (Kurlavicius et al. 2004) were as follows:
1. Little or no signs of human influence; 2. Average age of stand more than X
years; 3. Uneven age/canopy structure; presence of very old trees of previous
tree generations; 4. Considerable amount / long continuum of dead wood of
different types, rich flora of wood rotting fungi; 5. Large blocks of
unfragmented forests; 6. Forests on steep slopes; 7. Endangered vegetation
types; 8. Rare forest-dependent species present; 9. Rare broadleaved tree
species present in the dominating canopy layer; 10. Forests after large-scale
natural disturbance and natural regeneration; 11. Small water courses; surface
springs, flooded areas; 12. Limited access areas. http://www.hcvnetwork.org/resources/assessments/BRFM%20report_English_low%20resolution.pdf
Closed
Forest. Where trees cover a high
proportion of the ground and where grass does not form a continuous layer on
the forest floor (e.g. broadleaved forests, coniferous forests, bamboo
forests). http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~idgec/publications/reports/forest.pdf
Gazetted
forest is defined
as depleted forest http://www.lfpdc.lsu.edu/publications/working_papers/wp29.pdf
Open
Forest. A mixed forest/grassland with at least 10 percent tree cover and a
continuous grass layer on the forest floor. http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~idgec/publications/reports/forest.pdf
Rain
Forest The term rain forest is used here broadly, to cover tropical evergreen
forests at low elevations where the annual rainfall is greater than 2500 mm
(true rain forests), and the much more extensive moist deciduous tropical
forests, also at low altitudes, where the annual rainfall is 1000 – 2500 mm. http://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/bioversityDocs/About_Us/Hosted_Services/Rain_Forest_Management_for_Wood_Production.pdf
Savanna
Forest - is more or less leafless during the dry season, rarely evergreen, is
xerophilous in character, usually, often much less than 20 m high, park-like,
very poor in underwood, lianes and epiphytes, rich in terrestrial herbs,
especially grasses. Sohimper (1903) http://ia700508.us.archive.org/14/items/savannaafforesta034784mbp/savannaafforesta034784mbp.pdf
Thorn
Forest, - "Thorn forest, as regards foliage and average height, resembles
navanna forest, but is more xerophilous, is very rich in underwood and in
slender-stemmed lianes, poor in terrestrial herbs, especially in grasses, and
usually has no epiphytes. Thorn plants are always plentiful." Used loosely
and in the African context the term. Sohimper (1903) http://ia700508.us.archive.org/14/items/savannaafforesta034784mbp/savannaafforesta034784mbp.pdf .
3.
DISCUSSION
To
be developed
4.
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Press.
Bolsinger,
Charles L.; Waddell, Karen. 1993. Area of old-growth forests in California,
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