| The Prussian Machine - Generals |
Max von Prittwitz
und Gaffron
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Maximilian Wilhelm Gustav Moritz von Prittwitz und Gaffron (27.11.1848 - 29.3.1917) place of birth: Bernstadt, Niederschlesien (Lower Silesia) Ruthless and self-indulgent colonel general who briefly commanded the German Eighth Army at the outbreak of World War One. Prittwitz was born into a family of Silesian aristocrats. His mother was the former Elizabeth von Klaß, while his father Gustav had served as a general in the Prussian Army. Many of his contemporaries believed Max owed his command of the Eighth Army more to his courtly connections than to his military skills. He was also a cousin of von Hindenburg's wife. He was otherwise reputed to be an excellent commander during the pre-war years. Chief of General Staff von Moltke and War Minister Erich von Falkenhayn, however, supposedly considered him intellectually and militarily unfit for command, and simply wanted him out of Berlin. As a fledgling commissioned officer, Prittwitz initially served in an infantry regiment and saw action in both the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. He rose steadily through the ranks of the German military for the next forty years and was promoted to Generaloberst in 1913. As commander of the Eighth Army, von Prittwitz was tasked with defending East Prussia from an attack by the Russian First and Second Armies. On 20 August, as the Eighth Army's I. Corps had already met the invading First Army head-on at Stallupönen and Gumbinnen. and with his rear threatened by Samsonov's Second Army, Prittwitz made a fateful call to Army Headquarters in Koblenz. With two of his divisions in flight and threatened with encirclement, he notified Chief of General Staff von Moltke that his forces would have to beat a 100-mile retreat back to the Vistula River. This signified the abandonment of East Prussia, which the General Staff, many of whom were from that state, found completely unacceptable. The renowned Eighth Army 1.GSO Lt. Colonel Max Hoffmann, however, had been able to convince Prittwitz to reverse his initial decision the very next day. But these change of orders came too late for von Moltke, and due to their perceived defeatist and panicked state, both Prittwitz and his Chief of Staff Count Georg von Waldersee were replaced two weeks after mobilization. Generaloberst von Hindenburg and right-hand man Erich Ludendorff were immediately able to execute Hoffmann's plan and thus succeeded in driving the two Russian armies from German soil during the Battle of Tannenberg and Masurian Lakes. Max von Prittwitz was later desperate to explain his actions, or inaction, which had resulted in his dismissal, but he unfortunately never got this chance. He lived in retirement in Berlin for the next three years of the War, when he died of a heart attack on 29 March 1917 and was interred in Berlin's Invalidenfriedhof. He was survived by his wife Olga von Dewitz. Their only son, Erdmann von Prittwitz und Gaffron fell in battle on 23 May 1918. |
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