Visual Propaganda During World War II: A Key Element of Communication and Persuasion on the Societies of Germany and the United States

Primary

Bytwerk, R. Nazi posters 1933-1945(German propaganda website). 

     Retrieved December 20, 2004 from   

     http://www.calvin.edu/academic/can/gpa/posters2.htm

     English translation of various posters of propaganda material derived

      from collections of Nazi Germany and the German Democratic Republic.

      Several posters were used for this web site. Photos or posters were all

     from the WWII era and were used as movie posters, for recruitment or

      other general propaganda uses.  Many of the original posters or prints

     were donated by Dr. Robert Brooks through the German Federal Archives

     in Koblenz.  

Darracott, J. (1989).  A cartoon war:  World War Two in cartoons. 

     London:  Leo Cooper.  

     Well known cartoonists of their day from several countries are included

     representing the USA, Great Britain,Germany, Australia, France, Russia,

     South America, and Japan.  The selections follow generally the general timeline

     of the war's events, illustrating differing national viewpoints.  Narratives describing

     the course of events and the propaganda effects of the cartoonist's story are

     described.  J. Darracott is an art historian with a special interest in the graphic

     arts.  He is formerly the Keeper of the Department of Art at the Imperial War

     Museum in London.

Hiemer, E.  (1938).  Der Giftpilz  Nuremberg:  Julius Streicher’s

     Publishing House. (German Propaganda Website).  Retrieved  

     December 20, 2004 from http:www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/thumb.htm

     Posters aimed generally for the child audience that showed

     anti-semitic propaganda.  

Hillman, B.  (1996).  Day 3 photo gallery 9 JCB treasure vaults

     Of Tarzana World War II projects.  Retrieved December 20, 2004

      from www.erbzine.com/mag10/1073.html

     A collection of cartoons and photos of wartime memorabilia.  

Merriam, E.  (n.d.)  World War II on the web: Propaganda.  (Lakeland

     High School).  Retrieved December 20. 2004 from www.lakeland

     schools.org/EDTECH/wwll/prop.htm

     Two World War II pictures one a photo, the other a cartoon showing opposing

      views of the same people, its ideas and concepts.

Philippe, R.  (1982).  Political graphics:  art as a weapon.  New York: 

     Abbeville Press.

     More than four hundred examples arranged by time and themes of

     political graphics. Each picture has a narrative of the characters

     involved and describe the basic historical premises of that era.  The

     author examines how the birth of printing beginning in the Renais-

     sance established the importance of the graphic image,  stimulated     

     societal awakening and effected political awareness to the scale it

     has achieved in the modern times.  

Sheftman, D.  (Fall, 2003).  Paper #1:  Contents for propaganda

     : A study of personal experience narratives. (English 1A website

     Cabrillo College).  Retrieved December 20. 2004 from

     www.sheftman.com/eng1af03/assign2/

     A propaganda poster was used for this assignment by the artist

     Glen Grohe, circa 1942.  The English assignment seeks students

Secondary

Ambrose, S.E. (1997).  AmericanHeritage new history of World War    

II.   New York: The Penguin Group.

     Author Stephen Ambrose a regarded popular historian illustrates

     a comprehensive collection or World War II's players and events

     from 1939 through 1945.  A collection of over 700 images provided

     with historical narrative, it features photographs from the front lines,

     artists copies of the images of war on canvas, and cartoonists who

     depicted the lighter side of war.

Douglas, R. (1993). ‘Great nations still enchanted’: The cartoonists’

     vision of empire 1848-1914.  London:  Routledge.

     Provided some general ideas on cartoons as a vehicle for studying the events

      and changes occurring in Europe pre WWII.  The illustrate the major changes that

     occurred after the defeat of Napoleon through the outbreak of war in 1914.  A

     final cartoon of the book illustrates an example of an unanswered question even 

    of today—in The Eternal Question, Cleveland Circa 1 August 1914; copied

      in New York Herald, 2 August 1914, in which a grandson asks his grandpa,

      “gran’pa, why do men want to kill each other?"

Dunnigan, J.F. & Nofi, A.A. (1994).  Dirty little secrets of World

     War II.  New York: William Morrow and Co., Inc.

     Both the authors have worked together since the 1960’s studying and

      publishing works on military history, defense analysis, and war game

      simulations.  The book is a useful reference describing events, mysteries,

     and little known facts that greatly shaped U.S. history from 1931 through

     1990 as a result of WWII.  

Dupuy, Col. R.E. (1969).  World War II: a compact history.  New York:

     Hawthorn Books.

     A general reference used to learn about the major events of WWII

     from the viewpoint of this author who was both a professional

     soldier and a war historian.  

Hess, S & Kaplan, M. (1975).  The ungentlemanly art: A history of

     american political cartoons.  New York:  Macmillan Publishing Co.

     A humorous description of the attributes of a cartoonist is described in this book.  

      A variety of cartoons with a narrative of events ranges in dates from 1747-1975.

      In the first chapter of the book “Them Damn Pictures" the following dialog

      illustrates the power of cartoons:  “Stop them damn pictures," demanded

      William Marcy Tweed of his henchman.  "I don't care so much what the papers

     write about me.  My constituents can't read.  But damn it they can see pictures."

Hoff, S. (1976).  Editorial and political cartooning.  New York:  Stravon

     Educational Press.

     A book examining favorites of originals and prints of famous cartoonist

     Syd Hoff of The New Yorker.  Within this book over 165 cartoonists are

     Illustrated spanning over 200 years and featuring works from countries

     all over the world.  Of importance is the books depiction of cartoons as

     a medium for social criticism and protest.         

Kee, R.  (1984).  1939:  In the shadow of war.  Boston:  Little, Brown and

     Co.

     The author of over eight books describes the course of events from the

     only public sources available: the newpaper and radio broadcasts.  The

     author takes a nontraditional approach to history as that presented in

     the history books.  The intention of this author was to provide an uncomplicated

      version into the events of the time describing both the dark and bright sides of

     the human character.  The author writes from the standpoint best summed up

     in the introduction, "that no one at the time could ever say exactly what was

     going to happen next."

Library of Congress.  (2000).  Herblock’s history:  Political cartoons from

    the crash to the millennium. 

     A collection of cartoons by renowned political cartoonist Herb Block

     of his original works spanning seventy years of history that was created

     as a catalog to accompany the exhibition of Herb Block’s cartoons in

     Library of Congress from Oct. 17,2000 to Feb 17,2001.. According to

    James Billington, the Librarian of Congress who wrote the preface of this

     book in 2000,  “The sign of a great cartoonist is the ability to effect change,

     and Herb Block has influenced politicians and altered public opinion throughout

    his career.”  

Minear, R.  (1999).  Dr. Seuss goes to war.  New York:  The New Press.

     Chronicles Dr. Seuss’s cartoons during 1941 and 1942 while he worked for

     the daily newspaper New York’s PM.  The cartoons demonstrated the dark

     side of isolationism, racism, and anti-semitism.  An interesting collection of

     works by this author that are forgotten because of what he has been most

     known for, an author of children's books.

Propaganda student handout. (n.d.)  Retrieved December 20,2004

     from http://www.turnerlearning.com/cnn/coldwar/cw_prop2.html

     Covers elements of propaganda such as the following commonly used

     techniques:  bandwagon, testimonial, fear, logical fallacies and name

     calling.  

Punch, London  (1941).  Punch and the war.  New York:  Blue

      Ribbon Books.

     One hundred twenty pages of political English cartoons over two years

     of World War II.  All black and white cartoons this book was used as a

     general reference of the events of the time.