The understanding of analog and digital signals is fundament=
al to
the understanding of communications. Both types of signals, one naturally
occurring and the other machine-made, allow communications across a medium =
from
transmitter to receiver. However, the methods of transmission vary greatly
between the two, as well as the advantages and trade-offs due to the
characteristics of both.
An analog signal is a naturally occurring signal with –
relative to digital signals – smooth transitions with respect to time.
Using analog signals, “data are represented by continuously variable,
measurable, physical quantities, such as length, width, voltage, or
pressure” (The American
Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, n.d.).
The analog signal is an exact replication of the signal transmitted, with
variations and subtleties intact. Given the proper medium without filtratio=
n,
this exact replica arrives to the receiver.
A sine wave is a graphical representation of the characteris=
tics
of analog signals. These characteristics include frequency, amplitude,
wavelength, and phase, which determine the colors we see, the pressure we f=
eel,
or the sounds we hear, if we are capable of detecting them at all. Figure 1=
is
a typical representation of a sine wave.
![](3D"AnalogDigital_files/image002.gif")
Figure 1
A sine wave’s frequency characterizes the “measu=
rement
of the number of times that a repeated event occurs per unit of time”=
(Wikipedia, n.d.). The period is
typically one second, and the frequency represents the number of times the
event happens within that second. Figure 2 demonstrates the measurement of
frequency, showing four events, or cycles, within one second. The unit of
measurement for frequency is the hertz, and this signal is 4 hertz.
![](3D"AnalogDigital_files/image004.gif")
Figure 2
A signal’s wavelength is inversely proportional to the
signal’s frequency: as frequency increases, wavelength decreases. Fig=
ure
3 demonstrates this dynamic. The waveform on the left is a higher frequency
than the one on the right. As such, the waveform on the left has a shorter
waveform. If seen as spent energy, the waveform on the left, the higher
frequency, expends more energy in the same space of time as the waveform on=
the
right. This visualization helps explain the differences between higher and
lower frequencies, inasmuch as lower frequencies travel further and are less
prone to interference from obstacles, whereas higher frequency signals have=
a
shorter effective range, and are more susceptible to interference. Higher
frequencies, however, are capable of carrying more information, and in a
tighter direction than lower frequencies.
![](3D"AnalogDigital_files/image006.gif")
Figure 3
A sine wave’s amplitude determines the strength, or lo=
udness,
of the signal: as amplitude increases, signal strength increases. Typically,
the unit of measurement for amplitude is voltage, measured from the top pea=
k of
the signal to the bottom, and expressed as volts
peak-to-peak. Figure 4 shows two signals, the one on the left being lou=
der
than the one on the right.
![](3D"AnalogDigital_files/image008.gif")
Figure 4
A sine wave’s phase determines the wave’s positi=
on in
time as compared to another wave. Phase shifts occur naturally, as signals
bounce off objects and collide with the original signal, causing two or more
identical signals approaching the receiver at slightly different times, whi=
ch
is undesirable. However, some transmissions purposely induce phase shifts i=
n a
carrier signal to modulate a signal. Figure 5 demonstrates two signals, shi=
fted
in time by ninety degrees.
![](3D"AnalogDigital_files/image010.gif")
Figure 5
Analog signals have the ability to convey all aspects of nat=
urally
occurring transmissions, whether those aspects are intentional or not.
“The ability to capture the subtle nature of the real world is the si=
ngle
advantage of analog techniques” (Computer
Desktop Encyclopedia, n.d.). Intentional variations of an analog signal
convey the differences between an amateur pianist and a concert pianist: th=
ey
play the same notes, but one has a timing and rhythm that sets him or her
apart. Unintentional variations appear as noise caused from the environment=
or
transmission medium. When replicated, the noise is part of the signal, and =
goes
along for the ride, limiting the ability to create analog recordings.
“A digital system is one that uses discrete numbers,
especially binary numbers, or non-numeric symbols such as letters or icons,=
for
input, processing, transmission, storage, or display, rather than a continu=
ous
spectrum of values” (Wikipe=
dia,
n.d.). When discrete binary digits, or on and off values, define a sign=
al,
external noise becomes irrelevant; the signal either exists or it does not.
Whereas a sine wave represents an analog signal, with smooth transitions fr=
om
one point in time to another, a square wave represents a digital signal. Fi=
gure
6 is a diagram of a digital signal, showing the abrupt switch from on to off
and on again.
![](3D"AnalogDigital_files/image012.gif")
Figure 6
Due to their simplistic characteristics, digital signals are
easier to compress, manipulate, and transmit across a medium without the
degradation associated with analog signals. However, accurate duplication of
analog signals requires a great number of digital bits. Increasing the digi=
tal
resolution, by increasing the number of bits used, increases the accuracy o=
f a
re-produced analog signal. However, increasing the number of bits also
increases the complexity, bandwidth, and processing required.
Current electronic signals transmit using analog, digital, or
combination of both technologies. Analog signals accurately reflect the nat=
ural
world, with all variations and complexities present. Accurately reproducing=
and
transmitting analog signals is problematic as noise intrudes on the signal.
While digital signals have the advantage of excluding unwanted noise, they
require high bandwidth and processing power for a high degree of resolution=
. In
the final analysis, both forms of signals serve their intended purpose, and
understanding the strengths and weaknesses of both is important to
understanding modern communications.
Computer Desktop Encyclo=
pedia
(n.d.). Analogue. Retrieved Jun=
e 29,
2006, from http://www.answers.com/topic/analog=
The American Heritage&re=
g;
Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (n.d.). Analogue. Retrieved June 28, 2006, from http://www.answers.com/topic/analog
Wikipedia (n.d.). Digital. Retrieved June 29, 2006, =
from http://www.answers.com/topic/digital-1
Wikipedia (n.d.). Frequency. Retrieved June 28, 2006=
, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency
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