Masculine Nouns
Most masculine nouns decline like stán, by simply adding the endings as necessary. This is true of about 64% of masculine nouns, including those with suffixes –dóm, -ing, -ling, and –els.
|
Case / Number |
the/that |
this |
singular |
the/those |
these |
plural |
|
nominative |
se |
þes |
stán |
þá |
þás |
stánas |
|
genitive |
þæs |
þisses |
stánes |
þǽra |
þissa |
stána |
|
dative |
þǽm |
þissum |
stáne |
þǽm |
þissum |
stánum |
|
instrumental |
þý/þon |
þýs/þís |
stáne |
þǽm |
þissum |
stánum |
|
Accusative |
þone |
þisne |
stán |
þá |
þás |
stánas |
NOTE: Nouns like dæg, with æ and one consonant at the end, change æ to a in the plural [dagas, daga, dagum]. The word mǽg kinsman is irregular, plural either mágas (common), or mǽgas.
NOTE: Nouns like mearh drop the h ending in inflected forms, and lengthen the vowel [méares, méaras].
NOTE: The words scóh shoe, slóh slough, mire, and eoh horse don’t add ending vowels in inflected cases. So, in order, scóh is [scós, scó; pl scós, scóna, scóm, scós], slóh is [slós, sló; pl slós, slóna, slóm, slós], and eoh is [éos, éo; pl éos, éona, éom, éos].
Grammar: Use the instrumental to tell by what something is done: he áswefede synnum his ealdorscipe he destroyed his eldership by sins. Hé ríxað tornum he rules by grief.
VOCAB:
|
Animals ǽl – eel bár – boar bucc – buck bulluc – bullock cocc – cock earn – eagle eoh – horse eolh – elk fearh – pig, boar fisc – fish forsc – frog fox – fox géac – cuckoo hǽring – herring hengest – horse hund – dog hwæl – whale mearh – horse seolh – seal (animal) swertling – titlark wulf – wolf |
People beorn - warrior bydel - beadle ceorl – churl cniht – boy cyning – king dweorg – dwarf eorl – nobleman gást – spirit hæft – captive hwelp – whelp mǽg – kinsman þegn – thane þéof – thief wealh – foreigner wer – man
|
Concepts áð – oath borg - pledge céap – price coss – kiss cræft – skill, strength cwealm – death dóm – doom dream – joy, revelry fæðm – embrace fléam – flight gang – going gielp – boasting hlæst – burden hréam – cry, shout, uproar torn – grief þanc – thought wæstm – growth
|
Nature æcer – field bæst – bast béam – tree beorg - hill blóstm – blossom bóg - bough bolt – bolt bróm – broom (the plant) clam – mud clút – patch cnoll – knoll codd – cod, husk cropp – sprout forst – frost hægl – hail hærfest – autumn healm – haulm hláf - loaf horh – dirt hrím – rime hýdels – hiding place, cave mæst – mast mór – moor múð – mouth regn - rain sealh – willow slóh – slough, mire stán – stone storm – storm stréam – stream swamm – fungus |
|
Body beard – beard bearm - bosom bósm – bosom búc – stomach cnyttels – sinew earm – arm heals – neck hóf – hoof lást – footprint múð – mouth nægl – nail
|
Clothing / Accessories béag – ring, bracelet gyrdels – girdle helm – helmet hring – ring scóh – shoe séam – seam smocc – smock stæf – staff wrigels – covering
|
Buildings / Places botm – bottom byrgels – tomb ealh – temple geard – yard hám – home healh – corner hwamm – corner pearroc – park rúm – room stól – stool þorp – farm, village þrop – farm, village weall – wall
|
Other ád – funeral pile bát – boat béod - table brand – firebrand brǽð – odor brǽdels – covering, carpet brídels – birdle bydel - beadle camb – comb cassuc – sedge céac – jug céol – ship cláð – cloth cocc – cock cocer – quiver dæg – day fǽtels – vessel, tub hnæpp – cup mattuc – mattock mǽrels – mooring-rope miercels – mark nægl – nail pæð – path pott – pot ráp – rope rǽdels – riddle récels – incense sceaft – shaft sceatt – property, money smierels – ointment sticels – goad weg – way |
Pronouns
hé – he (nominative); pl híe – they
his – his (genitive); pl hira – their; (hiera, heora)
him – him (dative); pl him - them
hine – him (accusative); pl híe - them
Masculine Nouns that are also feminine and neuter
slóh – slough, mire
Masculine nouns that are also Neuter
eoh – horse
horh – dirt
Further Study
-ing, -ling: Forms nouns denoting people from adjectives
-dóm: forms nouns denoting state, condition
-oð/-að: forms a gerund (-ing form) from a verb stem
Further Nouns to Study
|
Activities campdóm – contest, war fiscnoð – fishing fiscoð – fishing fugelnoð – fowling fugeloð – fowling huntoð – hunting sǽdnoð – sowing
|
People æðeling – son of a noble, prince cnæpling – youth déorling – favorite, darling fóstorling – foster-child gædeling – companion geongling – youth gesibling – kinsman hæftling – prisoner héafodling – equal, companion hearding – hero, bold man ierðling – ploughman ierming – poor wretch lýtling – child needling – slave, bondman rǽpling – prisoner þéowling – slave
|
Objects bíesting – first milk of a cow after calving cásering – a coin cynedóm – kingdom féorðling – farthing, forth part hemming – shoe of hide lǽcedóm – medicine scilling – shilling silfring – silver coin
|
|
Animals hǽring – herring swertling – titlark
|
Concepts drohtað – way of life fréodóm – freedom langoð – longing, desire reccenddóm – rule, governance sweoloð – heat, burning swícdóm – deceit swoloð – heat, burning þéowdóm - service |
Other abbuddóm – abbacy drúgoð – dryness, drought ealdordóm – authority hæftedóm – captivity hláforddóm – lordship hýrling – hireling láréowdóm – office of teacher
|
Further Types of Masculine Nouns: Ending in E
|
Case / Number |
the/that |
this |
singular |
the/those |
these |
plural |
|
nominative |
se |
þes |
ende |
þá |
þás |
endas |
|
genitive |
þæs |
þisses |
endes |
þǽra |
þissa |
senda |
|
dative |
þǽm |
þissum |
ende |
þǽm |
þissum |
endum |
|
instrumental |
þý/þon |
þýs/þís |
ende |
þǽm |
þissum |
endum |
|
Accusative |
þone |
þisne |
ende |
þá |
þás |
endas |
Nouns like ende, which already end in e, do not add the e of the singular endings; in plural, the e is dropped, and the plural endings are added.
Nouns like secg, ending in cg, may add an e in the plural [secgeas, secgea, secgeum].
The noun here is declined as such: (heries, herges, heriges), (herie, herge, herige); pl (herias, hergas, herigas, herigeas), (heria, heriga, herigea), (herium, herigum);
Vocab
|
Animals bridd – young bird mycg – midge (small, two-winged gnat-like insect)
|
People bæcere – baker biddere – petitioner bócere – scribe costere – tempter créopere – cripple dréamere – musician drincere – drinker esne – servant etere – eater folgere – follower fugelere – fowler gítsere – miser godspellere – evangelist hearpere – harper hierde – shepherd hordere – steward, treasurer hwǽte – wheat hwistlere – piper lǽce – physician lǽnere – lender léasere – hypocrite léogere – liar leornere – disciple, learner mæcg – man mǽðere – mower mangere – merchant, trader méce – sword réafere – robber reccere – ruler sǽdere – sower sǽdere – sower sangere – singer scipere – sailor séamere – tailor secg – man sútere – shoe-maker tollere – tax-gatherer wrítere - writer
|
|
Nature cnyll – knell hyll – hill |
|
|
Other dynn – noise ende – end here – army hlynn – loud sound hrycg – back, ridge wecg – wedge |
|
Further Types of Masculine Nouns: Two-syllable nouns
|
Case / Number |
the/that |
this |
singular |
the/those |
these |
plural |
|
nominative |
se |
þes |
engel |
þá |
þás |
englas |
|
genitive |
þæs |
þisses |
engles |
þǽra |
þissa |
engla |
|
dative |
þǽm |
þissum |
engle |
þǽm |
þissum |
englum |
|
instrumental |
þý/þon |
þýs/þís |
engle |
þǽm |
þissum |
englum |
|
Accusative |
þone |
þisne |
engel |
þá |
þás |
englas |
Nouns such as engel, with a long stem syllable and a short middle syllable, syncopate in inflected cases.
Vocab:
|
People áðum – son-in-law bealdor – prince déofol – devil dryhten – lord ealdor – prince þegen - thane þegn – thane |
Things angel – fish-hook bíetel – mallet bolster – bolster máðum – treasure nægl – nail ofen – oven þýmel – thimble, thumbstall |
Animals fugol – bird, fowl |
Nature ǽled – fire blóstm – blossom hægel – hail hægl – hail hagol – hail ófer – shore regen – rain regn – rain
|
||
|
Body Part bósm – bosom finger – finger |
|||||
|
Other botm – bottom ellen – zeal, courage, strength engel – angel fæðm – embrace hleahtor – laughter morgen – morning wæstm – growth |
Plants brémel – bramble |
||||
Further Types of Masculine Nouns: Short-Stems O/O
|
Case / Number |
the/that |
this |
singular |
the/those |
these |
plural |
|
nominative |
se |
þes |
heofon |
þá |
þás |
heofenas |
|
genitive |
þæs |
þisses |
heofones |
þǽra |
þissa |
heofena |
|
dative |
þǽm |
þissum |
heofone |
þǽm |
þissum |
heofenum |
|
instrumental |
þý/þon |
þýs/þís |
heofone |
þǽm |
þissum |
heofenum |
|
Accusative |
þone |
þisne |
heofon |
þá |
þás |
heofenas |
These nouns, like heofon, decline like stán in the singular, but change the second vowel to e in the plural. These nouns have eo/y/a/ea/o in the first syllable, but will always have an o in the second.
Vocab:
|
Nature heofon – heaven metod – Creator rodor – sky þunor - thunder
|
Things cradol – cradle daroð – dart, spear hamor – hammer sadol – saddle stapol – pillar |
|
Places eodor – enclosure
|
Animals eofor – boar hafoc – hawk heafoc – hawk heorot – stag, hart
|
Further Types of Masculine Nouns: Ending in U/W
|
Case / Number |
the/that |
this |
singular |
the/those |
these |
plural |
|
nominative |
se |
þes |
bearu |
þá |
þás |
bearwas |
|
genitive |
þæs |
þisses |
bearwes |
þǽra |
þissa |
bearwa |
|
dative |
þǽm |
þissum |
bearwe |
þǽm |
þissum |
bearwum |
|
instrumental |
þý/þon |
þýs/þís |
bearwe |
þǽm |
þissum |
bearwum |
|
Accusative |
þone |
þisne |
bearu |
þá |
þás |
bearwas |
Nouns like bearu, which end in u, change the u to w in all inflected cases.
Nouns like þéo/þéow add a w and shorten the vowel in inflected cases.
|
Case / Number |
the/that |
this |
singular |
the/those |
these |
plural |
|
nominative |
se |
þes |
þéo |
þá |
þás |
þeowas |
|
genitive |
þæs |
þisses |
þeowes |
þǽra |
þissa |
þeowa |
|
dative |
þǽm |
þissum |
þeowe |
þǽm |
þissum |
þeowum |
|
instrumental |
þý/þon |
þýs/þís |
þeowe |
þǽm |
þissum |
þeowum |
|
Accusative |
þone |
þisne |
þéo |
þá |
þás |
þeowas |
Nouns like þéo/w are: béaw, déaw, láréow, láttéow, þéaw, bríw, gíw/géow, íw/íow/éow, slíw
Vocab:
|
Nature bearu – grove déaw – dew éow – yew íow - yew íw – yew
|
People láréow – teacher (from lár, þéow) láttéow – leader (from lád, þéow) þéo – servant þéow – servant |
Animals béaw – gadfly géow – griffin, vulture gíw – griffin, vulture slíw – tench (a fish)
|
|
Food bríw – pottage, porridge |
Other þéaw – custom |
Masculine Nouns also Neuter
déaw - dew
Further Types of Masculine Nouns: Ending in E / Nationalities
|
Case / Number |
the/that |
this |
singular |
the/those |
these |
plural |
|
nominative |
se |
þes |
wine |
þá |
þás |
winas, wine |
|
genitive |
þæs |
þisses |
wines |
þǽra |
þissa |
wina, winia |
|
dative |
þǽm |
þissum |
wine |
þǽm |
þissum |
winum |
|
instrumental |
þý/þon |
þýs/þís |
wine |
þǽm |
þissum |
winum |
|
Accusative |
þone |
þisne |
wine |
þá |
þás |
winas, wine |
Nouns like wine typically decline like other nouns ending in e (ende, etc.), and -scipe nouns, but earlier texts have uninflected plurals.
Nationalities, the names of peoples, such as Dene Danes, Engle the English, Mierce Mercians, Norðhymbre Northumbrians, Seaxe Saxons, ielde men, ielfe elves, léode/líode people, stede places preserve the e plural. Seaxe and Mierce have Seaxna, Miercna in the genitive plural.
Nouns like giest decline like normal nouns.
The noun hyse is [hyssas, hyssa, hyssum, hyssas] in the plural, and ile is [illas, illa, illum, illas] in the plural. The word mete is [mettas, metta, mettum, mettas] in the plural.
The noun drý inflects as [gen drýs, dat drý; pl drýas, drýa, drýum, drýas]
The noun sǽ inflects as [gen sǽs, dat sǽ; pl sǽs, sǽwa, sǽm/sǽwum, sǽs]
Vocab:
|
Nature æsc – ash-tree bere – barley ciele – cold dene – valley ele – oil fyrs – furze; (a prickly evergreen shrub of the legume family) hege – hedge líeg – flame lyft – air mere – lake, pool ryge – rye sǽ - sea smíec – smoke wǽg – wave wiell – spring |
People byre – son drý - magician ent – giant giest – guest hæle – man, hero hyse – youth, son; pl hyssas þyle – orator þyrs – giant túnscipe – inhabitants of a village wine – friend |
Concepts ǽrist – resurrection dryhtscipe – sovereignty féondscipe – hostility fracodscipe – vileness fréondscipe – friendship géapscipe – deceit geférscipe – companionship gemǽnscipe – fellowship, communion gódscipe – goodness gryre – terror gylt – guilt gyte – pouring forth hláfordscipe – lordship holdscipe – loyalty hwætscipe – bravery léc – sight, looking at list – skill, cunning manscipe – humanity pliht – danger, peril prútscipe – pride swyle – swelling swylt – death wærscipe – prudence wlite – brightness, beauty
|
Other bite – bite blǽd – blast, breath blǽst – blast brine – burning bryce – breach brygd – brandishing burgscipe – township byge – curve byht – bend byrst – loss cáfscipe – activity cierm – clamor cierr – turn, change cwide – saying, speech cyme – advent cyre – choice dǽl – part drepe – stroke, blow dryre – fall dyne – din dynt – dint ege – fear feng – grasp fiell – fall fierst – period of time flyge – flight flyht – flight glǽm – gleam gripe – grasp hǽðenscipe – paganism hefe – weight hete – hate hlíep – leap hlyst – sense of hearing hrine – touch hryre – fall hwyrft – turning, circuit hyge – mind hyht – hope lǽst – track lyge – falsehood lyre – loss myne – memory ryne – course sǽl – time scyfe – shove scyte – shooting sice – sigh sige – victory sinscipe – wedlock slege – stroke, blow slide – slip slieht – slaughter slite – slit stæpe – step stede – place stenc – odor stiell – leap stige – ascent stride – stride swég – sound, noise þéodscipe – nation tyht – training, instruction wielm – boiling wrenc – trick, stratagem
|
|
Body Parts bile – beak hype – hip ile – sole of the foot; pl illas
|
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|
Animals wyrm – worm mǽw – seagull
|
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|
Things béorscipe – feast drenc – drink mene – necklace mete – food; pl mettas scenc – cup, draught sele – hall snide – incision steng – pole stice – stitch streng – string |
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Masculine Nouns that are also feminine
ǽrist – resurrection
hlyst – sense of hearing
lyft – air
sǽ - sea; [gen sǽ/sǽwe, dat sǽ/sǽwe; pl ]
sǽl - time
Masculine nouns that were originally neuter
bere – barley
ege – fear
ele - oil
hete – hate
mene – necklace
mere – make, pool
sige - victory
Further Types of Masculine Nouns: Ending in U / A inflected
|
Case / Number |
the/that |
this |
singular |
the/those |
these |
plural |
|
nominative |
se |
þes |
sunu |
þá |
þás |
suna |
|
genitive |
þæs |
þisses |
suna |
þǽra |
þissa |
suna |
|
dative |
þǽm |
þissum |
suna |
þǽm |
þissum |
sunum |
|
instrumental |
þý/þon |
þýs/þís |
suna |
þǽm |
þissum |
sunum |
|
Accusative |
þone |
þisne |
sunu |
þá |
þás |
suna |
Nouns like sunu drop the u and add the inflectional endings.
Nouns like feld simply add the inflectional endings.
The noun æppel syncopates in inflected cases, appla, applum.
Vocab:
|
Nature æppel – apple; pl appla; (also regular æpples/æples, æpplas/æplas) feld – field ford – ford lagu – sea, flood séað – pit, spring weald – forest wudu – wood
|
People bregu – prince, ruler magu – son, man sunu – son
|
Concepts abbudhád – rank of an abbot camphád – warfare cildhád – childhood cnihthád – boyhood eard – native country fulwihthád – baptismal vow geoguðhád – youth hád – rank, condition héalichád – loftiness mægdenhád – maidenhood mǽgðhád – relationship munuchád – monastic state préosthád – priesthood sidu – custom þéowhád – service werhád – manhood, male sex wífhád – womanhood
|
|
Time Periods sumor – summer winter – winter; pl wintra
|
||
|
Things gár – spear hearg – temple heoru – sword medu – mead meodu – mead spitu – spit
|
Masculine Nouns that are also neuter
æppel; pl applu, aplu
winter; neuter in pl wintru, winter
Further Types of Masculine Nouns: Umlaut
|
Case / Number |
the/that |
this |
singular |
the/those |
these |
plural |
|
nominative |
se |
þes |
fót |
þá |
þás |
fét |
|
genitive |
þæs |
þisses |
fótes |
þǽra |
þissa |
fóta |
|
dative |
þǽm |
þissum |
fét |
þǽm |
þissum |
fótum |
|
instrumental |
þý/þon |
þýs/þís |
fét |
þǽm |
þissum |
fótum |
|
Accusative |
þone |
þisne |
fót |
þá |
þás |
fét |
Nouns like fót, umlaut in the dative/instrumental singular, and in the nom/acc plural. Only tóð, mann, wífman are like it.
Vocab:
People
mann – man
wífmann – woman
Body Parts
fót – foot
tóð - tooth
Further Types of Masculine Nouns: Ending in ð
|
Case / Number |
the/that |
this |
singular |
the/those |
these |
plural |
|
nominative |
se |
þes |
hæle, hæleð |
þá |
þás |
hæleð |
|
genitive |
þæs |
þisses |
hæleðes |
þǽra |
þissa |
hæleða |
|
dative |
þǽm |
þissum |
hæleðe |
þǽm |
þissum |
hæleðum |
|
instrumental |
þý/þon |
þýs/þís |
hæleðe |
þǽm |
þissum |
hæleðum |
|
Accusative |
þone |
þisne |
hæleð |
þá |
þás |
hæleð |
Only hæle and mónað decline like this. Mónað has the inflected forms [gen móneðes/mónðes; dat móneðe/mónðe; pl gen móneða/mónða, dat móneðum/mónðum].
Vocab:
People
hæle, hæleð – hero, man
Time Periods
mónað – month
Further Types of Masculine Nouns: Family Terms
|
Case / Number |
the/that |
this |
singular |
the/those |
these |
plural |
|
nominative |
se |
þes |
bróðor |
þá |
þás |
bróðor, bróðru |
|
genitive |
þæs |
þisses |
bróðores |
þǽra |
þissa |
bróðra |
|
dative |
þǽm |
þissum |
bréðer |
þǽm |
þissum |
bróðrum |
|
instrumental |
þý/þon |
þýs/þís |
bréðer |
þǽm |
þissum |
bróðrum |
|
Accusative |
þone |
þisne |
bróðor |
þá |
þás |
bróðor, bróðru |
Only bróðor declines like this. Fæder is typically undeclined in the singular (or may have genitive es) and declines like stán in the plural [fæderas, fædera, fæderum, fæderas].
A collective plural gebróðru brethren also exists.
Vocab:
People
bróðor – brother
fæder – father
gebróðru - brethren
Further Types of Masculine Nouns: Nouns ending in -nd
|
Case / Number |
the/that |
this |
singular |
the/those |
these |
plural |
|
nominative |
se |
þes |
fréond |
þá |
þás |
fríend, fréond, fréondas |
|
genitive |
þæs |
þisses |
fréondes |
þǽra |
þissa |
fréonda |
|
dative |
þǽm |
þissum |
fríend, fréonde |
þǽm |
þissum |
fréondum |
|
instrumental |
þý/þon |
þýs/þís |
fríend, fréonde |
þǽm |
þissum |
fréondum |
|
Accusative |
þone |
þisne |
fréond |
þá |
þás |
fríend, fréond, fréondas |
Nouns like fréond include féond, téond, góddónd (and other –dónd compounds), and the collective plurals gefíend, gefríend. The second dative form, and the second/third plural forms are alternate forms that occurred later. The first forms are normal and regular.
Nouns like wígend do not umlaut like fréond. This is every other noun ending in nd. Alternate plurals include wígende (adj-based) and wígendas (noun-based).
Vocab:
ágend – owner
beswícend – deceiver
éhtend – persecutor
féond – enemy; pl fiend
fréond – friend; pl fríend
galend – enchanter
gefíend – enemies
gefríend – friends
góddónd – benefactor; pl góddénd
hǽlend – Savior, Jesus
helpend – helper
hettend – enemy
hlystend – listener
lǽstend – doer
líðend – sailor, traveler
metend – measurer
nergend – Savior
nerigend – Savior
reccend – ruler
rídend – rider
scéotend – warrior
secgend – speaker
sellend – giver
sémend – arbitrator
tǽlend – reprover
wealdend – ruler
wígend – warrior
wrecend - avenger
Further Types of Masculine Nouns: Weak Nouns / Ending in -a
|
Case / Number |
the/that |
this |
singular |
the/those |
these |
plural |
|
nominative |
se |
þes |
guma |
þá |
þás |
guman |
|
genitive |
þæs |
þisses |
guman |
þǽra |
þissa |
gumena |
|
dative |
þǽm |
þissum |
guman |
þǽm |
þissum |
gumum |
|
instrumental |
þý/þon |
þýs/þís |
guman |
þǽm |
þissum |
gumum |
|
Accusative |
þone |
þisne |
guman |
þá |
þás |
guman |
Nouns like guma simply add –n throughout the singular and nom/acc pl. The genitive is formed by dropping the a, and adding –ena.
Nouns like fréa are few, and the only difference is the genitive and dative plural. The genitive is fréana (without e), and dative is fréam (without u) or fréaum. Like fréa are fléa, gefá, ge/féa, léo, rá, twéo, and wéa
The noun Swéon Swedes simply adds an a in the genitive plural, and um in the dative plural.
Vocab:
Nature
blóstma – blossom
cleofa – cleft, cave
léoma – ray of light
móna – moon
scua – shadow
scuwa – shadow
stela – stalk
steorra – star
telga – branch
People
ǽrendra – messenger
andsaca – adversary
bana – slayer
béna – suppliant; (a person who supplicates; petitioner)
boda – messenger
bylda – builder
cnapa – boy
cuma – guest, stranger
eafora – son
féða – band of infantry
flíema – fugitive
flota – sailor
fréa – lord
freca – warrior
gefá – foe
geféra – companion
gehola – protector
gerúna – councilor
gesaca – adversary
geþofta – companion
guma – man
híwan – members of a household; pl noun
hunta – hunter
lida – sailor
nefa – nephew
óretta – warrior
scaða – foe, enemy
slaga – slayer
Swéon – Swedes; gen Swéona, dat Swéonum
swica – deceiver
þearfa – pauper
wita – sage, wise man
wítega – prophet
wyrhta – worker
Animals
apa – ape
assa – ass
bera – bear
blanca – horse
bucca – he-goat
crabba – crab
dogga – dog
dora – bumble-bee
fléa – flea
fola – foal; (a young horse, mule, donkey, etc.; colt or filly)
frogga – frog
hana – cock
hara – hare
léo – lion
oxa – ox; pl also exen, œxen
ryðða – mastiff
scréawa – shrew-mouse
snaca – snake
spearwa – sparrow
Body Parts
gealla – gall
hafela – head
maga – stomach
sefa – mind, heart
swéora – neck
þúma – thumb
Things
ácumba – oakum; (loose, stringy, hemp fiber gotten by taking apart old ropes; used in caulking boat seams, etc.)
besma – besom; (a broom, esp. one made of twigs tied to a handle)
besema – besom; (a broom, esp. one made of twigs tied to a handle)
ǽra – strigil; (instrument of bone/metal used by Greeks & Romans to scrape skin during a bath)
beorma – barm, yeast
cnotta – knot
bolla – bowl
Food
bita – bit, morsel
cruma – crumb
sopa – sup
Concepts
anda – envy
bróga – terror
byrga – surety
dwolma – chaos
féa – joy
fruma – beginning
geféa – joy
gewuna – custom
inca – grudge
óga – terror
swíma – giddiness
trega – grief, affliction
twéo – doubt
wéa – woe
wela – prosperity
wræcca – exile
wræccea – exile
Other
áglǽca - monster
anga – goad
boga – bow
cofa – chamber
dropa – drop
fana – banner
gára – corner
gealga – gallows
geréfa – reeve
haca – hook
loca – enclosure
naca – boat
nama – name
plega – play
pohha – pouch, bag
prica – prick, point
rá – roe
rima – rim
sáda – cord, snare
scanca – shank
scucca – demon
spáca – spoke of a wheel
staca – stake
Variant Gender Nouns
Masculine Nouns that are also feminine and neuter
slóh – slough, mire
Masculine nouns that are also Neuter
æppel; neuter in pl applu, aplu
déaw – dew
eoh – horse
horh – dirt
winter; neuter in pl wintru, winter
Masculine Nouns that are also Feminine
ǽrist – resurrection
hlyst – sense of hearing
lyft – air
sǽ - sea; [gen sǽ/sǽwe, dat sǽ/sǽwe; pl ]
sǽl - time
Masculine Nouns that were originally neuter; (bere, ege, hete, mene, sige were –ru plurals originally)
bere – barley
ege – fear
ele - oil
hete – hate
mene – necklace
mere – make, pool
sige - victory
Masculine Adjectives
There are two types of adjective declension: strong and weak. Strong forms look like the endings of the definite article, and are used when there is no definite article to determine case. Strong forms are used in the predicate (after wesan, weorðan) in the positive and superlative, and before a noun not preceded by se, þes, or mín.
Weak forms are used after se, þes, and possessive pronouns (mín, þín, his, hire, user, ure, etc.)
|
Case / Number |
Singular |
Plural |
||
|
strong |
weak |
strong |
weak |
|
|
nominative |
blind |
blinda |
blinde |
blindan |
|
genitive |
blindes |
blindan |
blindra |
blindra, blindena |
|
dative |
blindum |
blindan |
blindum |
blindum |
|
instrumental |
blinde |
blindan |
blindum |
blindum |
|
Accusative |
blindne |
blindan |
blinde |
blindan |
Adjectives declined for masculine nouns have no ending in the nominative, just like nouns. The rest of the endings match almost exactly the endings of the article. Notice the dative is always um, and the weak forms are always –an in the singular if the noun is not the subject.
Adjectives like blind are normal long-stems (those with a short vowel and more than one consonant, or a long vowel and one consonant), and include adjectives ending in the suffixes -cund, -feald, -fæst and -léas.
Adjectives ending in doubled consonants, like eall or dynn, simplify before other consonants (ealne, etc.)
Adjectives like glæd change æ to a before vowel endings (singular glæd, glades, gladum, glade, glædne; pl glade, glædra, gladum, glade), and keep the æ before consonant endings. Adjectives like glæd are bær, blæc, hræd, hwæt, læt, smæl, sæd, wær, any short stem adjective, and those ending in the suffixes –lic, -sum. For adjectives, see the adjective lesson, lesson 4.
Complete Vocabulary for Masculine Nouns:
VOCAB:
| Animals | People |
|
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|
ǽl – eel apa – ape assa – ass bár – boar béaw – gadfly bera – bear blanca – horse bridd – young bird bucc – buck bucca – he-goat bulluc – bullock cocc – cock cocc – cock crabba – crab dogga – dog dora – bumble-bee earn – eagle eofor – boar eoh – horse eolh – elk fearh – pig, boar fisc – fish fléa – flea fola – foal; (a young horse, mule, donkey, etc.; colt or filly) forsc – frog fox – fox frogga – frog fugol – bird, fowl géac – cuckoo géow – griffin, vulture gíw – griffin, vulture hǽring – herring hafoc – hawk hana – cock hara – hare heafoc – hawk hengest – horse heorot – stag, hart hund – dog hwæl – whale léo – lion mǽw – seagull mearh – horse mycg – midge (small, two-winged gnat-like insect) oxa – ox; pl also exen, œxen rá – roe, roebuck ryðða – mastiff scréawa – shrew-mouse seolh – seal (animal) slíw – tench (a fish) snaca – snake spearwa – sparrow swertling – titlark wulf – wolf wyrm – worm
|
áðum – son-in-law ágend – owner andsaca – adversary ǽrendra – messenger æðeling – son of a noble, prince bana – slayer bæcere – baker bealdor – prince béna – suppliant; (a person who supplicates; petitioner) beorn - warrior beswícend – deceiver biddere – petitioner bócere – scribe boda – messenger bregu – prince, ruler bróðor – brother bydel - beadle bylda – builder byre – son ceorl – churl cnæpling – youth cnapa – boy cniht – boy costere – tempter créopere – cripple cuma – guest, stranger cyning – king déofol – devil déorling – favorite, darling dréamere – musician drincere – drinker drý - magician dryhten – lord dweorg – dwarf eafora – son ealdor – prince éhtend – persecutor ent – giant eorl – nobleman esne – servant etere – eater fæder – father féða – band of infantry féond – enemy; pl fiend flíema – fugitive flota – sailor folgere – follower fóstorling – foster-child fréa – lord freca – warrior fréond – friend; pl fríend fugelere – fowler gædeling – companion galend – enchanter gást – spirit gebróðru - brethren gefá – foe geféra – companion gefíend – enemies gefríend – friends gehola – protector geongling – youth gerúna – councilor gesaca – adversary gesibling – kinsman geþofta – companion giest – guest gítsere – miser góddónd – benefactor; pl góddénd godspellere – evangelist guma – man hæft – captive hæftling – prisoner hæle – man, hero hæle, hæleð – hero, man hǽlend – Savior, Jesus héafodling – equal, companion hearding – hero, bold man hearpere – harper helpend – helper here – army hettend – enemy hierde – shepherd híwan – members of a household; pl noun hlystend – listener hordere – steward, treasurer hunta – hunter hwǽte – wheat hwelp – whelp hwistlere – piper hýrling – hireling hyse – youth, son; pl hyssas ierðling – ploughman ierming – poor wretch lǽce – physician lǽnere – lender lǽstend – doer láréow – teacher (from lár, þéow) láttéow – leader (from lád, þéow) léasere – hypocrite léogere – liar leornere – disciple, learner lida – sailor líðend – sailor, traveler lýtling – child mæcg – man mǽðere – mower mǽg – kinsman magu – son, man mangere – merchant, trader mann – man méce – sword metend – measurer needling – slave, bondman nefa – nephew nergend – Savior nerigend – Savior óretta – warrior rǽpling – prisoner réafere – robber reccend – ruler reccere – ruler rídend – rider sǽdere – sower sangere – singer scaða – foe, enemy scéotend – warrior scipere – sailor séamere – tailor secg – man secgend – speaker sellend – giver sémend – arbitrator slaga – slayer sunu – son sútere – shoe-maker Swéon – Swedes; gen Swéona, dat Swéonum swica – deceiver tǽlend – reprover þearfa – pauper þegen - thane þegn – thane þegn – thane þéo – servant þéof – thief þéow – servant þéowling – slave þyle – orator þyrs – giant tollere – tax-gatherer túnscipe – inhabitants of a village wealdend – ruler wealh – foreigner wer – man wífmann – woman wígend – warrior wine – friend wita – sage, wise man wítega – prophet wrecend - avenger wrítere - writer wyrhta – worker
|
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| Body Parts | |||||||||||||
|
beard – beard bearm - bosom bile – beak bósm – bosom búc – stomach cnyttels – sinew earm – arm finger – finger fót – foot gealla – gall hafela – head heals – neck hlyst – sense of hearing hóf – hoof hrine – touch hrycg – back, ridge hype – hip ile – sole of the foot; pl illas lást – footprint maga – stomach múð – mouth nægl – nail scanca – shank, shin, leg sefa – mind, heart swéora – neck þúma – thumb tóð - tooth |
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| Things | |||||||||||||
|
ácumba – oakum; (loose, stringy, hemp fiber gotten by taking apart old ropes; used in caulking boat seams, etc.) ád – funeral pile ǽra – strigil; (instrument of bone/metal used by Greeks & Romans to scrape skin during a bath) angel – fish-hook bát – boat béod - table beorma – barm, yeast béorscipe – feast besema – besom; (a broom, esp. one made of twigs tied to a handle) besma – besom; (a broom, esp. one made of twigs tied to a handle) bíesting – first milk of a cow after calving bíetel – mallet boga – bow bolla – bowl bolster – bolster brǽdels – covering, carpet brand – firebrand camb – comb cásering – a coin céac – jug céol – ship cláð – cloth cnotta – knot cocer – quiver cradol – cradle cynedóm – kingdom daroð – dart, spear drenc – drink fǽtels – vessel, tub fana – banner féorðling – farthing, forth part gár – spear haca – hook hamor – hammer hemming – shoe of hide heoru – sword hnæpp – cup lǽcedóm – medicine máðum – treasure mǽrels – mooring-rope mattuc – mattock medu – mead mene – necklace meodu – mead mete – food; pl mettas naca – boat nægl – nail ofen – oven pohha – pouch, bag pott – pot ráp – rope récels – incense sáda – cord, snare sadol – saddle sceaft – shaft sceatt – property, money scenc – cup, draught scilling – shilling sele – hall silfring – silver coin smierels – ointment snide – incision spáca – spoke of a wheel spitu – spit staca – stake stapol – pillar steng – pole stice – stitch streng – string þýmel – thimble, thumbstall
|
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| Buildings/Places | |||||||||||||
|
botm – bottom byrgels – tomb cofa – chamber ealh – temple eodor – enclosure geard – yard hám – home healh – corner hearg – temple hwamm – corner loca – enclosure pearroc – park rúm – room stól – stool þorp – farm, village þrop – farm, village weall – wall
|
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| Clothing/Accessories | |||||||||||||
|
béag – ring, bracelet gyrdels – girdle helm – helmet hring – ring scóh – shoe séam – seam smocc – smock stæf – staff wrigels – covering
|
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| Activities | |||||||||||||
|
campdóm – contest, war fiscnoð – fishing fiscoð – fishing fugelnoð – fowling fugeloð – fowling huntoð – hunting sǽdnoð – sowing
|
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| Other | |||||||||||||
|
botm – bottom ellen – zeal, courage, strength engel – angel fæðm – embrace hleahtor – laughter ófer – shore wæstm – growth abbuddóm – abbacy áglǽca - monster bite – bite blǽd – blast, breath blǽst – blast brǽð – odor brídels – birdle brine – burning bryce – breach brygd – brandishing burgscipe – township bydel - beadel byge – curve byht – bend byrst – loss cáfscipe – activity cierm – clamor cierr – turn, change cwide – saying, speech cyme – advent cyre – choice dǽl – part drepe – stroke, blow dropa – drop drúgoð – dryness, drought dryre – fall dyne – din dynn – noise dynt – dint, blow, strike, bruise, stripe ealdordóm – authority ende – end feng – grasp fiell – fall flyge – flight flyht – flight gára – corner gealga – gallows geréfa – reeve glǽm – gleam gripe – grasp hete – hate hlíep – leap hlynn – loud sound hryre – fall hwyrft – turning, circuit hyge – mind hyht – hope lǽst – track lyge – falsehood miercels – mark myne – memory nama – name pæð – path plega – play prica – prick, point rǽdels – riddle rima – rim ryne – course scucca – demon scyfe – shove scyte – shooting sice – sigh sige – victory sinscipe – wedlock slege – stroke, blow slide – slip slieht – slaughter slite – slit stæpe – step stede – place stenc – odor stiell – leap stige – ascent stride – stride swég – sound, noise þéaw – custom þéodscipe – nation tyht – training, instruction wecg – wedge weg – way wielm – boiling wrenc – trick, stratagem |
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