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- Questions of periodization
- Continuities and breaks; causes of changes from the previous period and within
this period
- Changes in trade, technology and global interactions: e.g. the Columbian Exchange, the
impact of guns, changes in shipbuilding, and navigational devices
- Knowledge of major empires and other political units and social systems
- Aztec, Inca, Ottoman, China, Portugal, Spain, Russia, France, Britain, Tokugawa, Mughal
- Characteristics of African kingdoms in general (Kongo, Benin, Oyo, Dahomey, Ashanti, Songhay)
- Gender and empire including the role of women in households and in politics
- Slave systems and slave trade
- Demographic and environmental changes: diseases, animals, new crops, and comparative
population trends
- Cultural and intellectual developments
- Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
- Comparative global causes and impacts of cultural change (e.g. African
contributions to cultures in the Americas)
- Major developments and exchanges in the arts (e.g., Mughal, the Americas)
- Creation of new religions (Vodun, Zen, Sikhism, Protestantism)
- Diverse interpretations
- What are the debates about the timing and extent of European predominance in
the world economy?
- How does the world economic system of this period compare with patterns of interregional trade in the previous period?

mruland@comcast.net
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Last updated June 28, 2009
© Marcella Ruland 1998-2009, All rights reserved
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