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- Questions of periodization
- Continuities and breaks; causes of changes from the previous period and within
this period
- Changes in global commerce, communications, and technology
- Changes in patterns of world trade
- Industrial Revolution (transformative effects on and differential timing in different
societies; mutual relation of industrial and scientific developments;
commonalities)
- Demographic and environmental changes (migrations: end of the Atlantic slave trade;
new birthrate patterns; food supply; medicine)
- Changes in social and gender structure (Industrial Revolution; commercial and
demographic developments; emancipation of serfs/slaves; tension between work patterns
and ideas about gender; new forms of labor systems)
- Political revolutions and independence movements; new political ideas
- United States and Latin American independence movements
- Revolutions (France, Haiti, Mexico, China)
- Rise of nationalism, nation-states, and movements of political reform
- Overlaps between nations and empires
- Rise of democracy and its limitations: reform, women, racism
- Rise of Western dominance (economic, military, political, social, cultural and artistic; patterns of
expansion; imperialism, colonialism and neocolonialism) and different cultural and political reactions
(dissent, reform, resistance, rebellion, racism, nationalism)
- Impact of changing European ideologies on colonial administrations
- Patterns of cultural and artistic interactions among societies in different parts of the world
(African and Asian influences on European art; cultural policies of Meiji Japan)
- Diverse interpretations
- What are the debates about the causes and effects of serf and slave emancipation
in this period, and how do these debates fit into broader comparisons of labor
systems?
- What are the debates over the nature of women’s roles in this period? How do these debates apply to industrialized areas, and how do they apply in colonial societies?
- What are the debates over the causes of European/British technological innovation versus development in Asia/China?

mruland@comcast.net
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Last updated June 28, 2009
© Marcella Ruland 1998-2009, All rights reserved
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