PA Adoption Reunion Registry

Glossary of Terms

 

 

 

A

 

Abandonment: Although the laws of each state will define this term differently for residents of that state, these definitions almost unanimously include some combination of an unjustified failure to provide adequately for the financial support for the child and an unjustified failure to maintain, or attempt to maintain, contact or a parental relationship with the child for a certain period of time. The required time period and the precise definition of this term can vary significantly from state to state, but generally, the continuous period that is required for a legal abandonment is somewhere between 6 months and one year.

 

Adoptee: Although this term refers to a person who has been adopted, there are many adopted individuals who do not like to be referred to in this way, because they consider themselves to be every bit as much a full member of their adopted family as any other natural child would be, and therefore consider themselves to be just a regular "child," rather than an "adoptee" or an "adopted child."

 

Adoption: The official transfer through the court system of all of the parental rights that a biological parent has to a child, along with an assumption by the adopting parent of all of the parental rights of the biological parents that are being terminated and are assumed in their entirety by the adoptive parents, including the responsibility for the care and supervision of the child, its nurturing and training, it physical and emotional health, and its financial support.

 

Adoption Attorney: An attorney who is licensed to practice law in one or more states, who has the expertise and experience that is necessary to properly understand and apply the State and Federal laws pertaining to adoption matters, who is proficient in the filing, processing, and finalization of adoption matters in courts having appropriate jurisdiction, and in dealing effectively with birth parents, adoptive parents, and when necessary, members of their extended families, in matters relating directly and indirectly to adoption.

 

Adoption Records: This term refers to documents that are both public and non-public in nature that provide information about an adoption, and include and original sealed birth certificate, the court documents that relate to the processing and finalization of the adoption, and the non-public records of the adoption agency or adoption attorney that assisted in the processing and finalization of the adoption. Depending on the specific provisions of state law, these records can be subject to a rather wide variety of restriction relating to privacy.

 

Adoption Triangle or Adoption Triad: A term used to describe the three-sided relationship that exists in an adoption between birth parents, adoptive parents and the adoptee, each of which is interrelated and inter-dependent on the others.

 

Adoptive Parents: Although this term is often used to refer to both parents that are seeking to adopt, and parents that already have adopted, it is probably more commonly used to describe parents that are seeking to adopt, although since many parents will adopt on more than one occasion, they could be both an adoptive parent who has already adopted, and an adoptive parent who is seeking to adopt.

 

Agency Adoption: Adoption that is facilitated by a State Licensed Agency that provides counseling to birth parents, home studies to prospective adoptive parents, relinquishment services and post-placement programs for triad members. These Agencies may also provide Inter country and Special Needs adoption services.

 

Amended Birth Certificate: A term used to refer to the new birth certificate that is issued after an adoption is finalized, which shows the new name of the child and the adoptive parents as its parents, as though they were its biological parents. This birth certificate replaces the original birth certificate of the child when it is removed from the public record and sealed by state law.

 

Attachment: The formation by a child of significant and stable emotional connections with the significant people in its life. This process begins in early infancy as the child bonds with one or more primary caregivers. A failure by a child to establish these important connections before the age of five may result in the child having difficulties with social relationships. Sever cases can fit within the definition of "reactive attachment disorder."

 

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B

 

Biracial Adoptions: A term used to refer to the adoption of a children who have biological parents that are of different races.

Birth Father: The biological father of a child.

Birth Mother: The biological mother of a child.

Birth Parent: This is another term used to refer to the "biological parents" of a child, whether male or female, and regardless of whether the parents of the child are married to each other, or are shown as the parents of the child on its birth certificate.

Black Market Adoptions: Adoptions that do not conform to the established laws that regulate adoption, and which usually involve the payment of large sums of money to an adoption attorney, an adoption facilitator, or an adoption agency, in order to avoid the law. In many cases, all participants in a black market adoption may be subject to criminal prosecution, as well as the child being taken away and placed for adoption with other adoptive parents.

 

Bonding: The process that a child goes through in developing lasting emotional ties with it's immediate caregivers, which is seen as the first and most significant developmental task of a human being, and is central to that person's ability to relate properly to others throughout its life.

 

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C

 

Caseworker: Also sometimes referred to as "Adoption Worker" or "Adoption Caseworker" or "Social Worker." These are the individuals that prepare adoption home studies for prospective adoptive parents, assist prospective adoptive parents in obtaining their pre-adoption certification, where required, assist in provide post-placement supervision of adoptive families, once they have received their child, and counsel with adoptive families to help them adapt the changes that they undergo in their lives as the result of adoption. Some state require caseworkers to be certified, and may require certain educational credentials. The wide variety of services that are provided by adoption caseworkers are essential elements in every successful adoption.

Closed Adoptions: This is the most traditional type of adoption that is still used today, but is declining in popularity as the focus in the relationships between adoptive parents and birth parents is shifting from the lack of information and total confidentiality, to shared information and privacy. In these adoptions, the birth family and the adoptive family do not share any identifying information about themselves, and do not communicate with each other, either before or after the placement of the child. The adoptive family will, however, receive non-identifying health and other background information about the child and the birth family before the placement takes place. The birth parents may also receive non-identifying information about the adoptive parents. The adoption files will be sealed after the adoption, and typically are never made available to the adopted child.

Confidential Adoptions: A more modern and more positive term that is used to describe what has been traditionally called "closed adoptions."

Confidential Intermediary: A position or function that is created or authorized under the provisions of the adoption laws in most states, which refers to an individual who acts on behalf of either an adoptive parent, a birth parent or an adopted child, to attempt to make contact with other members of the adoption triangle, whose identity cannot otherwise be legally established or determined. The confidential intermediary, who can be either a state employee or a trained volunteer, makes contact with the other party or parties in the adoption triangle, with court or other legal approval, and determines the willingness of that party to agree to a full or partial waiver of the confidentiality provisions that would otherwise apply to the adoption.

Confidentiality: The legally required process of keeping secret; the legally and ethically required principle and practice which compels adoption attorneys, social workers, employees of adoption agencies, court personnel and other professionals to not disclose identifying or other significant information about the parties to an adoption, without legal authority and the written consent of the involved parties to do so.

Consent: Legal process through which a birth parent voluntarily agrees to make an adoption plan for their child with a specific family through an Independent Adoption.

 

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D

 

Decree of Adoption: The document that a judge signs to finalize an adoption. It formally creates the parent-child relationship between the adoptive parents and the adopted child, as though the child were born as the biological child of its new parents. It places full responsibility for the child on its new parents and changes the name of the child to the name selected by its new parents, and orders a new birth certificate to be prepared and issued for the child. If the parental rights of the biological parents of the child are being terminated by way of their voluntary consents as part of the adoption action, the Decree will also formally terminate those parental rights.

 

Department of Vital Records: The government department in each state that issues and maintains the official birth certificates and death certificates of individuals that were born or died in that state. In some states this department also administers a putative father registry. This department will bear a different name in different state, but it can be easily located in the government section of your local phone books.

 

DNA Testing: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the genetic blueprint that determines a person's biological characteristics. DNA is located in the cell of the human body. Upon conception, a child inherits one half of its DNA from its mother and one half from its father. This unique combination of DNA will match that of the biological parents of the child. For the test to take place, cheek cells are removed with a swab from the mouth of the mother, the child and the alleged father. In the laboratory, these cells are removed from the swab and tested. When a child's DNA does not match that of the alleged father, he is excluded 100% as the biological father of the child. When the child's DNA does match that of the alleged father, this means that the alleged father "could be" the father of the child, but it does not prove that he "is" the only possible father, since related individuals, such as brothers, can share DNA characteristics. However, a DNA test can prove a probability of 99% or greater for paternity.

 

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E

 

Extended Family: The relatives of an individual, both by blood and by marriage, other than its immediate family, such as aunts, uncles, grandparents and cousins.

F

Finalization: The point in time when the court grants the Petition to Adopt of the adoptive parents and takes the necessary action to formally make the child a legal member of their family.

Finalization Hearing: A court hearing where in most states an adoption becomes final. Usually, the adoptive parents and the child to be adopted go to court with the adoption caseworker, and their lawyer if it is an independent adoption, and provide testimony to the court regarding the appropriateness of the adoption. If the judicial officer is satisfied that all legal requirements have been met, and that the adoption would be in the best interests of the child, the Decree of Adoption will be signed, finalizing the adoption, and the Certificate of Adoption will be signed and transmitted to the Department of Vital Records, so that the child's new birth certificate can be created and properly issued.

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G

 

Genealogy: A term referring to the study of the history of past and present members of a particular family, which usually includes the preparation of a "family tree" or pedigree chart, showing the past and present members of the family joined together by a series of lines that help in ascertaining their relationship to each other, and the location, documentation and recording of a family history, including stories about the personal lives of individual members of the family, sometimes even including pictures of these individuals or family groups.

 

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H

 

Home Study: A process whereby an individual or couple undergo a study by a licensed public or private agency to assure the well-being of the child in the home and the readiness of the family to adopt.

 

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I

 

Identifying Information: Information about birthparents or adoptive parents or an adopted child, which either on its own, or in a combination with other information, discloses, or could lead to the discovery of, the identity of these individuals, such as last names, addresses, phone numbers, drivers' license numbers, social security numbers or even birth dates.

 

Immediate Family: A term that is generally used to refer to the smallest unit of a family that an individual lives with, which usually includes a father, a mother and siblings.

 

Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978 (ICWA): ICWA is a Federal law that takes precedence over the local adoption laws of every state and gives Native American Indian Nations and Tribes, including the Alaskan Aleuts, the right to control adoptions that involve their tribal members, the children of their tribal members, those individuals that could become tribal members, or even those individuals that a tribe would otherwise give appropriate recognition to under the terms of ICWA, even though the required tribal affiliation has not yet been formally established. In any instance where the provisions of any state law might conflict with ICWA, ICWA will always prevail. ICWA recognizes that the role of Indian tribes is critical in the placement of Indian children, and provides that tribes have a legal interest in their children that is even greater than the competing legal interests of the biological parents of the child. ICWA also provides that an Indian child has an independent right to grow up with an active knowledge of its cultural roots and an opportunity to be involved in its Indian culture and heritage. ICWA applies to cases that involve both voluntary and involuntary terminations of parental rights, as well as to the adoption of Indian children or their placement in foster care.

 

Infertility: The inability to conceive and/or bear children by natural means.

 

International Adoptions: These adoptions involve children who were born in a country other than where the adoptive parents reside or are citizens, or who are citizens of a country other than where they live. These adoptions not only involve the normal state and federal laws that apply to all domestic adoptions, but they also are impacted by the laws of foreign countries and international treaties, but also require immigration approvals from the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service.

 

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J

 

We're sorry, but there are no terms currently listed in the glossary under that letter. If you know of one that should be in the glossary, email PARR and let us know so that we may update the website.

 

K

 

We're sorry, but there are no terms currently listed in the glossary under that letter. If you know of one that should be in the glossary, email PARR and let us know so that we may update the website.

 

L

 

Legal Publication: Within our constitutionally based legal system, in order for substantial personal rights (like parental rights), of constitutionally protected individuals (like birthparents), to be terminated or destroyed in a legal proceeding (like an adoption), the affected individuals must be given adequate notice of the legal proceeding, and a reasonable opportunity to present evidence and witnesses in their own defense. The law requires that the most reasonably effective means of providing that notice under the circumstances be used to give this required notice to the party whose rights are in jeopardy of being lost or destroyed. Personal service is the preferred means of providing this notice. When personal service is not possible because the affected individual cannot be located, especially when that is the result of this individual hiding, the law allows the required notice to be published in a newspaper of general circulation that services the last know location of that individual. If this is done correctly, this publication will constitute valid legal notice.

 

Legal Guardian: A person who has the legal responsibility for providing the care and management of a person who is incapable, either due to age (very young or even very old, or to some other physical, mental or emotional impairment, of administering his or her own affairs. In the case of a minor child, the guardian is charged with the legal responsibility for the care and management of the child and of the minor child's estate. A legal guardian will be under the supervision of the court and will be required to appear in court to give periodic reports about the status of the child and its estate.

 

Life Book: A pictorial and written representation of the life of a child, which is designed to help the child better understand make sense of its unique background and history. Although there is no required content for a life book, some information that it might include would be information about birthparents, other members of the extended birth family, birthplace and date. The life book might be put together by a social worker, foster and/or adoptive parents or even the birthparents or members of the birthparents' extended family.

 

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M

 

Maternity Home: A group residency environment where a pregnant women who is considering placing her unborn child for adoption can live until her child is born. The number of homes has decreased substantially over the past three decades, and existing homes often have a waiting list of women. The women who live in a maternity home may pay a small fee or no fee to live in the home and they often apply for public assistance and Medicaid payments. In many situations, in addition to birthing classes and counseling that are provided at the group home, the women that live in maternity homes may also be involved in some type of vocational or educational programs, such as a program allowing her to complete high school or her GED.

 

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N

 

Non-Identifying Information: Health and other family background information which is commonly exchanged or otherwise made available to the other members of the adoption triad, but which does not include identifying information, such as names, addresses, birth dates and telephone numbers.

Non-Relative Adoption: A term used to refer to the adoption of a child by adoptive parents who are not biologically related to the child.

Notice of Hearing: This is the document that contains the details about when and where the adoption finalization hearing will take place in an adoption, and states that anyone that objects to the adoption should appear at that hearing to voice that objection. This Notice must be delivered or served on all individuals that are legally required to be given notice of the hearing, or properly published in the newspaper for those involved individuals who cannot be located.

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O

 

Open Adoption: An adoption process in which birth parents meet and know · the adoptive parent(s). Ongoing contact could range from periodic pictures and letters to regular visits.

 

Open Records: Accessibility to own adoption records by each member of the triad. This includes access to identifying information.

 

Original Birth Certificate: The birth certificate issued at the birth of a child and before an adoption takes place.

 

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P

 

Paternity: The identity of the biological father of a child.

 

Petition to Adopt: This is the document that is filed with the court on your behalf to commence you adoption action. It states the legal basis on which you think you should be able to adopt this child, why the court has jurisdiction to grant the adoption, your qualifications to adopt this child and the name that you want to be given to your child when the requested adoption becomes final.

 

Placement: This term is used to describe the point in time when your child comes to live with you in your home.

 

Private Adoption Agency: These licensed agencies can have a non-profit, not-for-profit or for-profit legal and tax status, and can be either general in their scope, or can develop an expertise and focus in a certain type of adoption, such as international adoptions, the adoption of foster children, or the adoption of children with special needs or those with a certain ethnic background.

 

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Q

 

We're sorry, but there are no terms currently listed in the glossary under that letter. If you know of one that should be in the glossary, email PARR and let us know so that we may update the website.

 

R

 

Relative Adoptions: A term used to refer to an adoption where the adoptive parents are already biologically related to the child in some way.

 

Relinquishment: Legal process by which birth parents voluntarily terminate their parental rights in order to free their child for adoption through a licensed agency.

Reunion: A term used to refer to a personal meeting between an adoptee and one or more of its birth relatives.

Reunion Search: An attempt, usually by birthparent, adopted person, or adoptive parent, but sometimes by a volunteer or paid consultant acting on behalf of one of these individuals, to locate and make a connection between a birthparent or birthparents and the biological child.

Reunion Registry: Large databases that contain both identifying and non-identifying information about birth parents, adoptive parents, adoptees and adoptions, which are searched under controlled conditions in an attempt to establish a link between adoptees and members of their biological families. These registries exist in a wide variety of formats, both on and off the Internet, are maintained by a variety of private and public entities and will contain information that has been entered either on a cooperative and voluntary basis by the involved individuals or on a blanket basis by the entity that maintains the registry.

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S

 

Search and Consent Procedures: Procedures that are sanctioned under State law, that authorize a public or private agency to assist a searching party to locate another party to an adoption, in order to determine if the party being sought would be agreeable to the release of identifying information about them to the searching party, or would be willing to agree to a personal meeting with the searching party. If consent to the disclosure of identifying information, or a consent to a face-to-face meeting is given, the disclosure of the requested information may then be authorized by the court. In some states counseling is required before information of this type can be released.

Semi-Open Adoptions: A form of adoption that is intentionally designed to be a combination of a more traditional closed adoption and a more progressive open adoption, with the emphasis being on the "privacy" of all parties, rather than on "confidentially." Direct communication after the adoption is more limited, in the fashion that is agreed by the parties to be beneficial for everyone. Last names, addresses, and telephone numbers are usually not exchanged, while the sharing of photographs or other information for an agreed frequency and duration is common. All communication takes place through a third party, which is usually an adoption agency, an adoption attorney or a designated intermediary.

Severance of Parental Rights: In some states the term that is used is the "termination of parental rights." This is the process of involuntarily taking away the parental rights of a parent that has abandoned a child, has without just cause failed to support a child, has neglected or abused a child, has stood by and allowed others to neglect or abuse a child, or who because of extended incarceration in prison, will be unavailable to properly parent or nurture the child during its formative years. Once the parental rights of both parents of a child have been severed, the child will become available for adoption by another family.

Special Needs: Refers to children who are physically, developmentally or emotional disabled, a sibling group and-all others who might remain in foster care should no adoptive family be available.

Statutes: Laws, including both state and federal laws.

Surrender: In the context of an adoption, this is a term that is used to refer to a voluntary, as opposed to an involuntary, termination of parental rights by a biological parent of a child that is to be adopted, when the parent signs a formal written Relinquishment or a Consent to Adoption document, which usually takes place in the presence of witnesses and/or a Notary Public.

Surrogate Mother: A woman who carries and gives birth to the child of another woman, who is usually infertile, by way of a pre-arranged legal contract. Surrogacy arrangements have a variety of accompanying legal issues and are not legally permitted or recognized in all states.

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T

Traditional Adoption: This term is most often used to refer to a domestic infant adoption in which confidentiality of the birthparents and the adoptive parents is preserved. It is the equivalent to a closed adoption.

U

 

We're sorry, but there are no terms currently listed in the glossary under that letter. If you know of one that should be in the glossary, email PARR and let us know so that we may update the website.

 

V

Voluntary Reunion Registry: This term refers to a totally voluntary reunion registry system, which allows those adoptees, birthparents and biological siblings, who are willing to do so, to register themselves in a voluntary registry of adoptees and birth relatives.

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W

 

We're sorry, but there are no terms currently listed in the glossary under that letter. If you know of one that should be in the glossary, email PARR and let us know so that we may update the website.

 

X

 

We're sorry, but there are no terms currently listed in the glossary under that letter. If you know of one that should be in the glossary, email PARR and let us know so that we may update the website.

 

Y

 

We're sorry, but there are no terms currently listed in the glossary under that letter. If you know of one that should be in the glossary, email PARR and let us know so that we may update the website.

 

Z

 

We're sorry, but there are no terms currently listed in the glossary under that letter. If you know of one that should be in the glossary, email PARR and let us know so that we may update the website.

 

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