The Ban-Bari
(or, more accurately, ban-bar-i) language is a language isolate spoken
high in the Cseng mountains. While there are some influences from
the Cseng and Archaic Hjolle languages, it has remained relatively "pure"
despite external pressures. The Ban-Bari people are indigenous to
the Cseng main island, and their language is the sole survivor of the indigenous
languages spoken prior to the Cseng Colonization. It is also the
only indigenous language to have clear written attestation dating to the
era of the Colonization. It apparently was the predominant indigenous
language of that era.
It is clearly
a Kheutic language, just like Cseng and Archaic Hjolle (and to a less obvious
extent, Krzanh). In particular, it shares a lack of intransitive
verbs. However, its pronomial system is quite distinct from the Cseng
languages. Ban-Bari also lacks grammatical gender, in contrast to
Cseng. While it is structurally much simpler than Cseng, it is nevertheless
difficult to learn because it departs very significantly from Kheutic linguistic
norms in phonology and sentence structure. Without further ado, I
will now begin to sketch out the basics of the language.
Outline:
Phonology
(All the Sounds)
Phonotactics
(How to Make a Word)
Grammar
Phonology
(All the Sounds)
Ban-Bar-I phonology is
mercifully simple in comparison to Cseng. That does not mean it is
easy. In fact, Ban-Bar-I phonemes (that is, its sounds) are quite
difficult for most Europeans to tell apart. Learning pronunciation
is simplified by the highly regular structure of its phonemes. I
will start with the vowels, since these are quite simple. There are
only four:
i e a u
These have their standard IPA values - that is, they have the vowels found in the following American English words:
seen, then (or they), father, boot
There is some allophonic variation (for example, in certain situations "u" changes to an "o"-like sound), but if you stick to the above examples, you will at least be easily understood.
The following are the consonant
phonemes of Ban-Bari, neatly arranged in a table:
|
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|
|
|
| Voiceless |
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|
|
|
| Voiced |
|
|
|
|
| Voiced Aspirate |
|
|
|
|
| Prevoiced |
|
|
|
|
| Nasal |
|
|
|
|
| Fricative |
|
|
|
|
| Liquids |
|
|
Obviously, I have elected
not to use the IPA symbols for these phonemes. The the first two
rows are pronounced more or less as they are in english, and align with
standard IPA symbolism. The last three rows are also fairly straightforward;
the ñ (Spanish "enye") & "sh" (as in "ship") are only found
in a handful of dialects, and r is pronounced as in German. This
leaves the third and fourth rows, which are where Europeans run into difficulty.
The third row is a voiced
aspirate series. Pronounce it exactly as it looks - "bh" is an English
"b" with a strong puff of air after it. The overall effect is one
of muffling the consonant; if you sound like you've just run a marathon,
you've likely got it right.
The fourth row is the
most difficult, and only rarely found in human languages. Strictly
speaking, the vocal cords are activated well before the release of these
consonants. You should hear a distinct buzz before each of these
sounds is produced. (If you hum, you're prenasalizing, which is an
entirely different process.) To many people, these phonemes sound
like overdone versions of the standard voiced stops. If you're still
puzzled, just make these sounds longer versions of the regular stops -
make "bb" twice as long as "b", "gg" twice as long as "g", etc. This
will at least make you understandable.
Phonotactics (How to Put Sounds Together)
Ban-Bari avoids the Russian
habit of stringing a half-dozen consonants together in a word. The
permissible patterns are: V, CV, VC, and CVC. Thus, Ban-Bari have
a habit of turning English words like "strip" (CCCVC) into "satrip" and
Cseng "darstang" (CVCCCVC) into "darsatang" to make them fit into Ban-Bari
syllable patterns.
As to rules about variations
on a theme... The most common rule, but one you'll only get the hang
of from listening to Ban-Bari speak, is when "u" shifts to an "o" sound.
Ban-Bari use tonic stress patterns - that is, there is a high tone and
a low tone that used to establish stress patterns and sentence phrases
in Ban-Bari. When a syllable is pronounced in a high tone (i.e.,
it is "stressed"), "u" shifts to "o", or to a more "o"-like sound.
There are a few exceptions to this (very few), but don't worry about
them for now. You'll pick them up as you're exposed to the spoken
language. When in doubt, do what the Ban-Bari do.
The other common rule
is what happens when you have two identical voiced consonants in a row
- rather than producing two "d"s, or or a single lengthened consonant (like
the "long consonants" mentioned above), the two stops merge and become
a prevoiced stop. This means that in rapid speech, "id dar" and "i
ddar" are indistinugishible, as are "ab bar" and "a bbar" and so on.
This is why having the letter "dd" "bb" "jj" "gg" poses no problems - because
of this rule of pronounciation. This rule only applies if
both are (a) the same sound & (b) are "simple" stops. This means
that "id ddar" must be pronounced as separate syllables, with two
distinct "d-like" sounds.
The rest are minor rules,
many of them optional, so we'll ignore them for the sake of simplicity.
Grammar (How to String Words Together)
The most notable feature of Ban-Bar-I is its complete lack of intransitive verbs. The reason for this is that its pronomial structure precludes the existence of intransitive verbs. To make this point clearer, let's take a look at Ban-Bari pronouns.
There are thirty-six distinct
pronouns in the Ban-Bari language. This is not because pronouns have
gender (like in French), but because each pronoun is both subject and
object in one word. Fortunately, they can be categorized in the following
(large-ish) table, with the horizontal dimension being the person of the
object and the vertical dimension being the person of the subject.
| Singular | Plural | |||||||
| Person | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||
| Person | Pronoun | me | you | her, him, it | us | you (y'all) | them | |
| Singular | 1st | I | ghur | can | tai | cur | tum | yad |
| 2nd | you | indda | ggu | cele | tus | cak | yaigh | |
| 3rd | s/he or it | dhum | idi | en | mak | yet | can | |
| Plural | 1st | We | ibbar | ddu | sagh | yogh | nadh | nidh |
| 2nd | you (y'all) | mudh | yar | dhur | tes | kur | dham | |
| 3rd | they | ddam | megh | siar | bag | ned | subh | |
What is an "intransitive verb", anyway? Simply put, an intransitive verb is one that does not have an object. For example, "he ran", "he gives", "you eat" are all intransitive. "He ran with her", "he gives money", and "you eat rice" are all transitive, which means they have objects that modify the verbs (and also change the verb from habitual to stative form, but that's another issue entirely). The intransitive sentences are literally impossible to form in Ban-Bar-I, since subjects cannot stand by themselves in a grammatical Ban-Bar-I sentence. This results in sentences structured thusly:
The imperative form of a verb is the verb alone followed by ni, and the habitual aspect marked by hu:
Gar ni!
Go (now)!
Can gar hu. I go to
you (as a matter of habit).
English intransitives are more difficult to learn in Ban-Bari, since its pronomial structure precludes their existence. For verbs that exist in both states, there is no trouble. English speakers simply must remember to always use it in the transitive form. For example, "to eat" can be intransitive (as in "I eat") or transitive ("I eat food"). Mogh, "to eat", can only be transitive: