Ban-bar-i

    The Ban-Bari (or, more accurately, ban-bar-i) language is a language isolate spoken high in the Cseng mountains.  While there are some influences from the Cseng and Archaic Hjolle languages, it has remained relatively "pure" despite external pressures.  The Ban-Bari people are indigenous to the Cseng main island, and their language is the sole survivor of the indigenous languages spoken prior to the Cseng Colonization.  It is also the only indigenous language to have clear written attestation dating to the era of the Colonization.  It apparently was the predominant indigenous language of that era.
    It is clearly a Kheutic language, just like Cseng and Archaic Hjolle (and to a less obvious extent, Krzanh).  In particular, it shares a lack of intransitive verbs.  However, its pronomial system is quite distinct from the Cseng languages.  Ban-Bari also lacks grammatical gender, in contrast to Cseng.  While it is structurally much simpler than Cseng, it is nevertheless difficult to learn because it departs very significantly from Kheutic linguistic norms in phonology and sentence structure.  Without further ado, I will now begin to sketch out the basics of the language.


Outline:
Phonology (All the Sounds)
Phonotactics (How to Make a Word)
Grammar

Mini-dictionary
 

Phonology (All the Sounds)
 
    Ban-Bar-I phonology is mercifully simple in comparison to Cseng.  That does not mean it is easy.  In fact, Ban-Bar-I phonemes (that is, its sounds) are quite difficult for most Europeans to tell apart.  Learning pronunciation is simplified by the highly regular structure of its phonemes.  I will start with the vowels, since these are quite simple.  There are only four:

        i    e    a    u

These have their standard IPA values - that is, they have the vowels found in the following American English words:

        seen, then (or they), father, boot

There is some allophonic variation (for example, in certain situations "u" changes to an "o"-like sound), but if you stick to the above examples, you will at least be easily understood.

    The following are the consonant phonemes of Ban-Bari, neatly arranged in a table:
 

 
Bilabials
Dentals
Palatal
Velar
Voiceless
p
t
c
k
Voiced
b
d
j
g
Voiced Aspirate
bh
dh
jh
gh
Prevoiced
bb
dd
jj
gg
Nasal
m
n
(ñ)
ng
Fricative
 
s
(sh)
h*
Liquids
l
r**
* /h/ is in fact a glottal fricative, with [x] as an allophone in free variation.
** r is actually IPA [R]

    Obviously, I have elected not to use the IPA symbols for these phonemes.  The the first two rows are pronounced more or less as they are in english, and align with standard IPA symbolism.  The last three rows are also fairly straightforward;  the ñ (Spanish "enye") & "sh" (as in "ship") are only found in a handful of dialects, and r is pronounced as in German.  This leaves the third and fourth rows, which are where Europeans run into difficulty.
    The third row is a voiced aspirate series.  Pronounce it exactly as it looks - "bh" is an English "b" with a strong puff of air after it.  The overall effect is one of muffling the consonant; if you sound like you've just run a marathon, you've likely got it right.
    The fourth row is the most difficult, and only rarely found in human languages.  Strictly speaking, the vocal cords are activated well before the release of these consonants.  You should hear a distinct buzz before each of these sounds is produced.  (If you hum, you're prenasalizing, which is an entirely different process.)  To many people, these phonemes sound like overdone versions of the standard voiced stops.  If you're still puzzled, just make these sounds longer versions of the regular stops - make "bb" twice as long as "b", "gg" twice as long as "g", etc.  This will at least make you understandable.


Phonotactics (How to Put Sounds Together)

    Ban-Bari avoids the Russian habit of stringing a half-dozen consonants together in a word.  The permissible patterns are: V, CV, VC, and CVC.  Thus, Ban-Bari have a habit of turning English words like "strip" (CCCVC) into "satrip" and Cseng "darstang" (CVCCCVC) into "darsatang" to make them fit into Ban-Bari syllable patterns.
    As to rules about variations on a theme...  The most common rule, but one you'll only get the hang of from listening to Ban-Bari speak, is when "u" shifts to an "o" sound.  Ban-Bari use tonic stress patterns - that is, there is a high tone and a low tone that used to establish stress patterns and sentence phrases in Ban-Bari.  When a syllable is pronounced in a high tone (i.e., it is "stressed"), "u" shifts to "o", or to a more "o"-like sound.  There are a few exceptions to this (very few), but don't worry about them for now.  You'll pick them up as you're exposed to the spoken language.  When in doubt, do what the Ban-Bari do.
    The other common rule is what happens when you have two identical voiced consonants in a row - rather than producing two "d"s, or or a single lengthened consonant (like the "long consonants" mentioned above), the two stops merge and become a prevoiced stop.  This means that in rapid speech, "id dar" and "i ddar" are indistinugishible, as are "ab bar" and "a bbar" and so on.  This is why having the letter "dd" "bb" "jj" "gg" poses no problems - because of this rule of pronounciation.  This rule only applies if both are (a) the same sound & (b) are "simple" stops.  This means that "id ddar" must be pronounced as separate syllables, with two distinct "d-like" sounds.
    The rest are minor rules, many of them optional, so we'll ignore them for the sake of simplicity.


Grammar (How to String Words Together)

    The most notable feature of Ban-Bar-I is its complete lack of intransitive verbs.  The reason for this is that its pronomial structure precludes the existence of intransitive verbs.  To make this point clearer, let's take a look at Ban-Bari pronouns.

Pronouns

    There are thirty-six distinct pronouns in the Ban-Bari language.  This is not because pronouns have gender (like in French), but because each pronoun is both subject and object in one word.  Fortunately, they can be categorized in the following (large-ish) table, with the horizontal dimension being the person of the object and the vertical dimension being the person of the subject.
 
 

Singular Plural
Person 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
Person Pronoun me you her, him, it us you (y'all) them
Singular 1st I ghur can tai cur tum yad
2nd you indda ggu cele tus cak yaigh
3rd s/he or it dhum idi en mak yet can
Plural 1st We ibbar ddu sagh yogh nadh nidh
2nd you (y'all) mudh yar dhur tes kur dham
3rd they ddam megh siar bag ned subh
 
Verbs

    What is an "intransitive verb", anyway?  Simply put, an intransitive verb is one that does not have an object.  For example, "he ran", "he gives", "you eat" are all intransitive.  "He ran with her", "he gives money", and "you eat rice" are all transitive, which means they have objects that modify the verbs (and also change the verb from habitual to stative form, but that's another issue entirely).  The intransitive sentences are literally impossible to form in Ban-Bar-I, since subjects cannot stand by themselves in a grammatical Ban-Bar-I sentence.  This results in sentences structured thusly:

    The next question, of course, is, "What if you need something more specific than a pronomial form?"  The answer is that Ban-Bari word order requires that the object of the verb always occur first in the utterance, leading to a basic OSV sentence structure.  The following examples are all grammatical versions of "Mary is leaving John." The following mean the same thing as the above, but with one twist: The astute will note that these are passive voice constructions.  These are grammatically correct only in that they get the point across, but are not considered the "best" way to say them.  The correct way to express the passive voice is to mark the subject with the causative particle, ha: Only children use ja in passive voice, mistaking ja for a subject marker.  In fact, it marks Meri as the one doing the action; it is necessary only if the subject follows the pronomial form.  (The fact that ja is actually an active participle is indicated by its use as a verb marker.)  This is to prevent confusion with Jan idi Meri gar ja, which is actually "Mary left him/her for John" (literally, "in John's direction").

The imperative form of a verb is the verb alone followed by ni,  and the habitual aspect marked by hu:

Gar ni!             Go (now)!
Can gar hu.    I go to you (as a matter of habit).

    English intransitives are more difficult to learn in Ban-Bari, since its pronomial structure precludes their existence.  For verbs that exist in both states, there is no trouble.  English speakers simply must remember to always use it in the transitive form.  For example, "to eat" can be intransitive (as in "I eat") or transitive ("I eat food").  Mogh, "to eat", can only be transitive:


last updated 07.Nov.98, 12:44 CST

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