Agreements about the conclusions presented here and
throughout the remaining articles of this WEB site are contingent on the
acceptance of a new concept. Questioning
theories, technology, and scientific advancement is an unending job for
scientific community. In the process,
many facts are gathered; some factual and difficult to understand and some are
mathematical forms containing question marks.
Here for evaluation is a new energy concept. It begins with a simple algebraic manipulation
of a quantum characteristic of an atomic particle. It is a welcome simple solution and it answers
long awaited queries. The new concept is the answer to combining electromagnetic, gravity (
Quantum physics combined wave and particle concepts in physics. It is a synthesis of when to treat an electron as a particle and when to treat it as a wave. The Shroedinger wave equation replaces F = ma for atomic level particles. It is the basis for treating and defining electrons in an atom’s structure. Some probability and some causality are involved. It was the big break through of the twentieth century and answered questions that Classical Physics was unable to answer. A comprehensive study of quantum physics is necessary. This article will consider those quantum concepts germane to an understanding of the new energy concept.
There are many complex laws of physics presented in simple forms. A prime example is Ohm’s Law V = IR. This equation holds for good conductors under usual environmental conditions. It is an oversimplification of a more useful and detailed form of the equation which can be derived from Maxwell’s equations, namely J = σε (This is Ohm’s Law at a point where J is current density, σ is conductivity and ε is electric field intensity).
The wave-particle concept developed by DeBroglie is a challenge. It is difficult to understand because according to the uncertainty principle space and time are not defined when considering a single quantum. Quantum theory has evaded most of the difficulties involved by using statistics and probability of configuration. At any given time a single electron, photon or any atomic particle can be thought of as a separate entity. As an example, even though the Shroedinger wave equation replaces F = ma for particles (electron behavior) at the atomic level, the mathematics presented below is quite simple and easy to understand. It connects a quantum concept, a photon, into a particle world of Einstein.
E = mc2 = hf (single quantum) E is energy
mc(c) = hf m is mass
mc = hf/c c is speed of light
mc = h/λ h is Planck’s constant
λ= h/p λ is wavelength and p is momentum
The above example and derivation is our connection in the real world to television.
Some of the complex solutions are the Einstein’s relativity theories (75 tensor equations) and the Shroedinger wave equation (which can only be solved for the hydrogen atom-one electron). The solutions to the Shroedinger equations for atoms of many electrons are approximations. The lists go on ad infinitum. The challenges confront scientists on a daily basis and require great understanding. In these cases, historical development of the physics concepts forms the needed understanding. In their review, they find that many new discoveries and changes in the laws have transpired. It is found that other questions (his/her own) arise which present a challenge and must be investigated. If they do not agree with popular opinion, an evaluation by his or her peers is necessary.
Although quantum physics connects the electromagnetic
forces and weak forces, scientists are still pursuing a way to connect gravity
(the gravity of Einstein) to a unified field theory. It is hard to understand how gravity
according to the General Relativity Theory (GRT) of Einstein connects with
particles at the atomic level. A new
approach in this book, which is developed from an atomic level concept from
Quantum Physics, solves the problem. It
connects electric, magnetic and the gravity force field of
According to the uncertainty principle, one cannot define
the position for an atomic particle (electron).
Quantum physics has evaded most of the difficulties involved by using statistics
and probability of configuration for the many atoms, photons, electrons
etc. In the next section 2.4, a special
energy state is presented for an electron and it is completely general because
it doesn’t care about the electron’s positioning. At the atomic level there is an implicit property
that relates to gravity (
The new vision is another of the simple solutions. It can begin by considering an isolated energy
state (a single energy state) for an electron in an atom. Is this something novel? Not really, DeBroglie
did it when he developed the accepted wave/particle concept. The Bohr magneton
for an electron is an isolated energy state (solutions to the Shroedinger equation produce Eigen
values that are isolated energy states for the electron). The Bohr magneton offers
insight into the atom and its energy levels (R-values) by pinpointing the
electron’s gravity (
Proportional to both the orbital and the spin angular momenta of the electron in an atom are magnetic moments M. These are expressed in terms of the Bohr magneton where M = he/4πm is a single quantum and an isolated energy state. h is Planck’s constant, e is electronic charge and m is mass of the electron. Energy is E = MB, where: B is magnetic vector potential (applied externally) or produced implicitly because of an electron traveling in its orbit.
Substituting: E = MB = he/4πm B
A simple algebraic manipulation of this energy equation results in the following:
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E = he/R2
divided by m/R2 times B, R (distance to the nucleus) (1) |
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e/R2 = e-electric field, m/R2 = G (definition), and B is magnetic vector potential |
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Equation (1) transforms to a field energy equation; it is an isolated energy state. |
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E = h eB/G new
energy equation (2) |
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Equation (2) is a field energy equation and has the
potential of unifying al forces because
it combines electric field, magnetic vector potential, gravitational force
field (
G in equation (2) is a gravity force field at the atomic
level for the electron and its force is negligible at the atomic level when
compared to other forces in the atom. It is a significant factor when
considered universally because the transition of an electron to a new R-value
in an atom is predetermined, predictable, and necessary for atom
stability. This energy equation relates
to an electron wave (Poynting Vector-energy at a
point) and it is an
inverse function of
There are questions: How can the above concept be justified and can the energy equation derived from a quantum concept apply universally and be consistent with the physics world today? According equation (2), it contains ε-electric field intensity, B-magnetic vector potential, and G-gravity force field. These are all vector fields and can combine with like vectors. The atom’s characteristics will change subject to the electric field, magnetic field, or gravitational force field of the medium in which it exists. Therefore, the new energy equation applies universally. The results address energy conversion as a direct function of wave energy and an inverse function of gravity force field. It is the connection to the macroscopic world.
The derivation of Einstein’s famous equation is in the Prologue.
mc2
= m0c2 + ½ mv2
½ m0v2
is kinetic energy, 1/2mv2 = E = (m – m0)c2
= Δmc2.
Δmc2 is radiant energy, ½ mv2 is kinetic energy (KE), and potential energy (PE) is zero for a particle. For our case it can be stated that PE + KE + RE (radiant energy) = constant and the difference in the two worlds is whether PE ~ 0 or RE ~ 0. A man walking around on earth has PE and KE, but he radiates very little. An electron moving very fast has KE and RE but it PE is negligible.
Using equation 2 of the previous section and applying
this same reasoning to an energy system on earth and that on the moon, the
energy conversion of the two systems is inversely proportional to the
gravitational force field. Consider
hitting a golf ball two hundred yards on earth and its required positive work
force. The golf ball hit on the moon
with the same force resulted in a more efficient energy conversion. PE + KE + RE = a constant. In this case, the golf ball slows on earth
because of the friction of the atmosphere (RE) and gravity. PE of the golf ball on earth was more than
on the moon. KE on the moon was greater
than on earth because of less loss to RE and gravity. This example is one of many, which confirms
the credibility of the new energy equation and demonstrates that energy
conversion is inversely proportional to
To justify our new equation a comparison is in order. It begins again by considering an isolated energy state for an electron in an atom. Its result is necessary as a comparison and proof for that equation. Repeating consideration of section 2.4 is necessary.
There are magnetic moments M associated with an electron moving in an atom that are proportional to both the orbital and spin angular momenta for an electron in a particular shell. The Bohr magnetron expresses isolated energy states for the electron. The magnetic moment times the magnetic vector potential (B field intrinsic or extrinsic to the atom) is an energy term that relates to energy changes at the atomic level.
Bohr Magnetron M = he/m
Where: h is Planck's constant divided by 2p, e
is electronic charge, and m is electron mass.
And Energy E = MB = he/m times B
An electron wave can be thought of as an isolated energy state that is capable of moving (or positioning itself) in a shell about the atom. The following is a review to demonstrate electron wave movement.
Bohr Magneton can also be expressed as E = he2pR2f/mc.
Intrinsic B = pR2ef/c = iA, c is SOL (by definition this is the electron movement in an orbit about the nucleus) and “i” is current due to the electron moving around the nucleus. A is the area of the orbit, and f = w/2p, w is due to a combination of spin and angular frequency of rotation.
Differentiating E with respect to R, dE/dR = 2he2pfR/mc
dE/dR = e2wRl, where l = h/mc (3)
2pR = nl, where n = 1, 2, 3, etc. (Bohr’s third postulate-more later)
In the next section identical results to Equation 3 via another differentiation.
Next, it is necessary to review the derivation for the new energy equation developed in section 2.5 above. Equation (2) is an isolated energy state. In all cases of dealing with energy properties of an electron, isolated energy states are a beginning point.
E = h eB/G (2)
It combines electric field, magnetic vector potential and gravitational force field in a unified energy equation.
Does this new equation agree with previous knowledge of particulate isolated energy states of an electron equation 3, section 2.5? Consider equation (2) and differentiate it with respect to R. If it has truly not changed anything, the result will be the same as equation (3) in section 2.5.
dE/dR = dE/de de/dR + dE/dB dB/dR + dE/dG dG/dR
Solving from (2) above:
(a) dE/de = hB/G, (b) dE/dB = he/G, (c) dE/dG = -heB/G2
Solving continued:
(d) de/dR =
-2e/R3 (e) dB/dR = 2PRef/c, (f) dG/dR = -2m/R3
Combining (a) through (f): dE/dR = h [B/G (-2e/R3) + e/G (2PRef/c) + -eB/G2 (2m/R3)]
B/G = pR4ef/mc, e/G = e/m, eB/G2 = pR4e2f/m2c
and substituting, dE/dR = h[-2pRfe2/mc + 2pRfe2/mc + 2pRfe2/mc]
dE/dR = h/mc times e2Rw = le2Rw
The result of
this differentiation is identical to the previously derived dE/dR
(equation 3 of Section 2.5). Section 2.5
approach was straight forward and a simple differentiation. The second approach although complex using
partial derivatives was necessary to stress the validity of the energy equation
expressed as a combination of fields and a force field. A quasi-classical/quantum concept converts
for an isolated energy state and incorporates the field equations of Maxwell
and
Our new energy concept includes an electromagnetic wave
and
Present day physics has been successful in explaining the
world of the atom and all electromagnetic forces but thus far, it has failed to
describe the gravitational force (according to Einstein). The new concept developed here provides a new
vision requiring further investigation of existing concepts. The
energy equation E = heB/G
is complete because it can explain electromagnetic, gravity and nuclear forces
and connects
The new energy equation: Photon E = heB/G = mc2
The energy equation is in agreement with black holes as a
reality. Infinite gravity results in
zero energy. There is a connection to
Einstein’s works,
The remaining articles will expand on the new energy
concept and possible applications. It
will answer questions about the SOL, time and distance measurements, Einstein’s
relativity and measurements, Doppler and gravity shifts, and observations of
the universe. The new energy concept
presents causality for gravity at the atomic level in a new light. In the remaining articles,