Baboon and Impala Together

"In open country," wrote Washburn and DeVore, baboon's "closest relations are with impalas."  This Web site is a place for examining the nature of that relationship.
 
Since the June 1961 Scientific American article by Sherwood Washburn and Irven DeVore quoted above, much field work has been done and much has been published.  While the social structure and behavior of both baboon and impala are now better understood, work has been focused on one species or the other.  Interaction between them has not, to the best of my knowledge, been studied. 

It would take considerable resources to define scientifically the nature of the relations between the two species.  However, with a fairly modest effort, a start can be made.  This Web page aspires to be that start: a collection of anecdotal reports that can be used by anyone interested in the voluntary association of impala and baboon
 


 Discussion
   Day
    Galli
    Rasmussen
    Busse
    Comley
    Flemix
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"Baboon" at this Web site refers to savannah baboons.
 

Sighting #1

One Morning in Tanzania

Tarangire National Park, Tanzania.  Observed by Tom Day, Marvin Cooper, Nancy Steele, and Nigel Perks.  8/13/1989

Driving along in the morning we come to an overlook. Down in the valley floor is a large open area covered with baboon and impala. Most of the baboon are sitting. The impala are frisky, running all over the place, in and around the baboon. At a superficial level, the impala and baboon seem to be ignoring each other.

Two impala males are play fighting, head to head. The clank of their horns is clearly audible to us in the still morning air. We are perhaps 75 yards away, atop a cliff.

Baboon pairs are grooming. A black infant goes to a large adult who picks it up and inspects its bottom. Youngsters wrestle and play. One female baboon presents to another. Impala run in and around them all the while.


 

Eventually there is a movement to the right, up the slope to the level we are at . Both impala and baboon participate. Our driver backs up our car, a Land Rover with roof hatches open, to a place where we'll be able to see them if they continue in a straight line.

Many baboon climb a large umbrella acacia and start feeding in it. For a while it looks like they are going to stop there. A few baboon stay on the ground and go slightly further, to the edge of the road but not into the road.

Then two male impala come forward and go down the road away from us. The baboon go into the road and follow. There's not much speed to this movement.

The leading impala are joined by two more males. The four of them get to the top of the rise, the furthest visible point on this packed dirt road from where we are. There they pause. They spend a long time looking ahead. Meanwhile one other male impala is part way down the road, off to the right, standing looking out to the right.

The column of baboon stops. Youngsters start playing. Further back down the line two baboons mate.

There is a start. All the baboon move off the road to the left. Impala move the same way. Nobody moves very far. Shortly they are back in place. We humans do not see what startled them.

Impala females well back in this slow moving procession are grazing.

The four lead impala move forward and pass out of sight. The baboon form up into an approximation of single file and follow.

We drive away down the road in the other direction.

======+++++++++++======



The impala would have been Tanzanian impala (Aepyceros melampus suara).  The baboon were probably Yellow Baboon (Papio cynocephalus).  (The preceding is a slightly edited version of Tom Day's 8/14 journal entry.)


Discussion

 
Dr. D.R. Rasmussen wrote on 12 Sept. 2002 
When we began research on baboons at Mikumi National Park
we wanted to habituate baboons to our presence but not habituate 
them so much that they would later become a nuisance and a danger
to human observers as they are at, for example, Nairobi National Park.
We therefore decided to mimic the interactions between baboons and other
species, such as impala, with which they are in frequent contact but who
are not predators. We noticed that while the impala, zebra and other species
are in a mixed group with baboons they do allow their approach but they
do not allow them to approach them too closely or to touch them. Generally
when a baboon approaches closer than 2-5 m, another species will make a
threatening gesture, such as stamping a hoof or tossing its horns. This
behavior, repeated time and time again, is apparently sufficient to train
entire baboon groups to keep a respectful distance. We therefore behaved
in a similar way. We'd stamp our feet, or snap our clip boards and as a
result we could move within a group of 130 baboons and move with the 
group day after day for years, but the baboons would not touch us or 
approach closer than our zone of personal defense.

Curt Busse wrote on 23 Sept. 2002

Baboons and impala are common throughout the Okavango Delta, Botswana.  My
impression is that these species associate with each other more than expected
by chance, and - based on their reactions to me - that impala are less
vigilant against predators when in the presence of baboons.

I observed two troops of chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in the Okavango from
June 1977 to June 1980.  Prior to this study the baboons had not been
habituated to human observers, and even during the study they gave alarm
barks to local human inhabitants in canoes or on foot, even at distances of
more than 100 meters.  All of my observations were made on foot.

Large predators, including lions, leopards, crocodiles, and spotted hyenas,
were common, and wild dogs, cheetah, and human poachers were seen on
occasion.  I witnessed lions and leopards attacking baboons, and I twice found
the remains of impala cached in trees, possibly by leopards.  I should also
mention that during the study baboons killed and ate four newborn impala.

It was not uncommon to encounter full-grown impala foraging within the
perimeter of a baboon troop.  The impala sometimes strayed toward me,
especially if I remained still or partially hidden.  One morning, while I sat
on the ground in a small woodland watching baboons, an adult impala
approached to within one meter of me.  Nose twitching, it stared at me for
perhaps 30 seconds before backing away several steps, snorting, and trotting
away.  Most of the baboons stopped what they were doing, watched the impala
scamper off, then returned to their grooming or feeding activities.

Although I maintained no systematic records on impala sightings, I would
estimate that I was within 20 m of impala on at least a dozen occasions when
in the presence of baboons.  By contrast, I cannot recall ever getting closer
than 50 m to impala when not in the presence of baboons.  The impala acted
like they did not expect to encounter humans near the baboons, and their
behavior might well reflect a greater feeling of safety around baboons.

ps: Baboons also associated with warthogs, although to a lesser extent.  More
than once I found myself uncomfortably close to a warthog.



Peter Comley of the Chobe Travel Shop  wrote on 26 Sept. 2002 
Baboons and impala are seen together frequently and it is my observation 
that impala derive a great deal of security from the alertness of the 
baboons. There is, however, a price to pay for the impala. 

On one occasion along the Chobe river in Botswana my group and I were 
watching baboons and impala feeding quietly together. The baboons were 
foraging for seeds on the ground and the impala were nibbling on new shoots 
on the bushes. The impala had dropped their young after the first rains and 
there were large numbers of very young calves around. It was a very peaceful 
scene when suddenly one of the large male baboons grabbed and killed a
young impala. The baboons literally ripped the impala calf limb from limb in 
the midst of the other impala who did not flinch. They carried on with their 
feeding as if the baboons were still eating seeds.



Relevant picture by photographer Jo Daniell


Norman Galli of Kwando Safaris, Botswana and Zambia, wrote on 29 Sept. 2002 
My experience with wildlife, having worked in this field since 1983, is that relationships between species are a lot less complicated than we think. What might at first seem to be puzzling and unexplained is actually quite simple.  In fact, it has been my experience that the answers are so simple that we totally overlook them. 

Having personally observed baboon and impala, I've concluded that there are two benefits for impala:  the baboons have a structured early warning system to detect predators, and they are generally messy feeders and drop a lot of food onto the ground from trees which the impalas feed on. In Zululand, South Africa, I have seen other antelope species with baboon and impala, such as nyala, bushbuck and kudu, especially under fig trees and the sausage trees when they flower. 

Benefits to the baboon probably revolve around the principle of safety in numbers, with the eyes, ears, and noses of the impala adding to the troop's alertness.  Baboon have a natural affinity for other species. 

Lastly, I think that if you asked most guides what are the most common species that you see regularly, you'll find both impala and baboon high up on the list. It is hardly surprising then that they spend so much time together in those habitats that they share. 
 



Gareth Flemix, Kwando Safaris camp manager at Lebala Camp in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, wrote on 9 Oct. 2002:
During my time here at Lebala, I have noticed a definite symbiotic relationship between
baboon and impala.

I have also noticed baboons interacting with other antelope species. On two occasions I
have seen a troop of baboons not far from the Camp feeding with a herd of Roan antelope.
Both of these occasions were at midday (11:00 – 12.10).  It was in an area of tall thatch
grass, Acacia tortilis, Acacia luderitzii, and sausage trees (Kigelia africana). While
the Roan were resting, I observed them rubbing and thrashing small trees, I presume for
territorial status. As soon as the Roan moved away, the Baboons rushed over to feed on
these trees and bushes.  After feeding they rested, staying in the area.  Then the Roan
returned, perhaps having gone to drink, and stayed in the shade among the Baboons.

I observed some of the adult baboons getting very close to some of the Roan. It
seemed to me that both species were comfortable in each others presence, quite
unusual for Roan, which are shy by nature to other species.


Web Resources and other Miscellany

Baboon Websites

Amboseli Baboon Research Project A complete resource, literate and thorough
Okavango Baboon Project
Baboon Gallery Neat pictures
Animal Behaviour Research Unit, Mikumi National Park, TanzaniaGood pictures and more.
Olive Baboons in Kenya
A Baboon's Life, an essay on aging and friendships
Baboon Key to Human Stress
Savanna Baboon from The Safari Companion by Richard Estes
Article on Baboon Communication and "Theory of Mind", American Psychological Association (APA)
Baboon Photos
South Africa Wildlife, a travel guide for tourists

Impala Websites

Basic facts provided by ultimate ungulate
Taxon Advisory Group of The American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA)
University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology's Animal Diversity Web Site
Black-faced impala

Research Scientists

Locations

References

[1] 1979 Rasmussen, D. R. Correlates of patterns of range use of a troop of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus). I.Sleeping sites, impregnable females, births, and male emigrations and immigrations.Animal Behaviour, 27, 1098-1112.

This page is maintained by Tom Day, Mountain View, California,  <tom-day AT comcast DOT net>

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Questions

Food for thought.

Subspecies. Is one baboon subspecies more likely to associate with impala than another?

Duration. How long do the species stay together?

Do individuals of one species identify and relate to individuals of the other?

Initiative. Do both species initiate association?