Challah and Dinner Rolls (Not dairy-free)

The original recipe came from Swedish Saffron Pretzel Buns - King Arthur Flour/Bakers Catalogue September 2006. The recipe was initially modified to be gluten free and then many more modifications were needed to improve texture and reliability. The first attempt resulted in a product that was barely eatable. The most recent changes were suggested by a local San Jose CA baker and graduate of the California Culinary Academy. There have been a total of eight modification to get the recipe right, and I'm still working on perfections.

This recipe comes in two versions - a version with dairy and a version without. If you would like the dairy-free version, please click here.

The challah is not difficult to make. However, you should try to obtain a specialized ingredient - Expandex. The results, however, are well worth the effort because the taste and texture are extremely close to very good quality wheat-based bread. The texture of the bread makes it adaptable for a sweet dough for jam or cheese filled breakfast rolls - please click here.

Challah

Rich dinner rolls

Dry Ingredients

Amount	Measure	Ingredient
4	Cups	Gluten free flour. See preferred flour mixes below. The best combination so far is to use 2 cups of each flour mixture. If you follow this exactly, deduct 2 tablespoons of the Alternative Bread Flour and replace it with 2 tablespoons Expandex. This will result in 1 tablespoon of Expandex for each cup of flour. From trial and error, this seems to be the best amount of Expandex to use.
1/4	Cup	Potato flour (not starch) Note: Alternatively, you can use instant mashed potato buds or flakes. Grind potato flakes a Cuisinart mini mill or mortar and pestle . The result will be more grainy, and this will affect the texture of the bread a bit. If you grind your own potato flour, you will need enough potato flakes to make 1/4 cup of potato flour.
1/4	Cups	Sugar
1 to 1-1/2	teaspoons	Kosher salt
1	Tablespoon	Instant yeast
1/3	Cups	Non-fat powdered dry milk
5 - 8	Stamens	Saffron (optional) If you use saffron, fill a glass measuring cup to 1/4 with water. Place saffron in the measuring cup and heat in the microwave for 30 seconds. Water will be quite hot. Fill the measuring cup to the proper level with warm water per the wet ingredients section.
3	teaspoons	Xanthan gum or 50%-50% mix of Xanthan and Guar gums
1-1/2	teaspoon	Aluminum-free baking powder
1/2 - 3/4	cup	Raisins plumped in orange juice, brandy or water (Optional)

Liquid Ingredients

Amount	Measure	Ingredient
1	Cup	Warm water at 110° F. The exact amount of liquid ingredients is critical for keeping the bread from falling. Very wet bread dough falls. See note under Brandy, below. If making the dairy-free version, reduce the water by 2 Tablespoons if you want to make a braided bread. Keep the water at 1 Cup for a bread that you cook in a bread pan. The dairy-free dough is much stickier.
1/3	Cup	Butter or margarine. Melt in the microwave oven for 30 seconds
4		Egg whites. Reserve 1 egg yolk for glaze and mix the reserved yolk with 1 - 2 Tablespoons water
3		Egg yolks
1	teaspoon	Cider or rice vinegar
1	Tablespoon or more	Brandy. If using more than 1 tablespoon, reduce water accordingly.
1-2/3	Level Tablespoons	Honey - This is hard to measure exact amounts. The weight is 1 ounce. You can use 5 heaping 1/2 teaspoon measures, or you can scrape the Tablespoon/teaspoon measuring spoons level with a small rubber spatula.

Other Supplies

Brown rice flour for dusting pans, hands and counter tops

Butter or margarine for coating pans prior to dusting

Olive oil or flour to keep dough from sticking to your hands and the counter top where you roll out the dough snakes (Don't use both!)

Parchment paper for baking loaf challah

Mixing instructions for all breads

	Two12 compartment cupcake tins One cookie sheet lined with parchment paper for the braided challah loaf. Note that the challah loaf is not cooked on a buttered and floured pan surface
2	Mix dry ingredients in a bowl that is separate from the mixer work bowl.
3	Put all wet ingredients except butter/margarine and egg yolks into the work bowl of a mixer. Use the "paddle" not the "cage" mixer.
4	Add the dry ingredient mix 1 cup at a time while mixing on low.
5	Allow the dough to rest for 10 minutes in the bowl. This is to allow the yeast to begin to ferment with the starches in the flour. You don't want to coat the flour with butter and egg yolk because it will impede the yeast and produce a flat, unappealing result.
6	Add the melted butter and egg yolks. Mix on medium-medium high until blended - 3 to 4 minutes. Scrape down the sides half way through.

Forming instructions

7	If you are making bread braids, oil the countertop. If you are making either braids or dinner rolls, oil your hands. Note: The dough is sticky but workable.
8	For dinner rolls: Place 15 cupcake papers into cupcake cups in cupcake tins. Scoop out bits of dough and roll to make balls, approximately 1 inch in diameter or scoop out the dough, form into three balls, and roll out one ball into a 1" diameter snake. Cut into 1" lengths, and roll into a small ball. Place three balls in each compartment of the cupcake tin. You can dampen the edge touching the other two balls. For challah: Line a jelly roll pan with parchment paper. Divide dough into 3 large balls. Roll out three snakes 12" long. Braid the brad. Transfer to the jelly roll pan. If possible, place the dough against one of the long sides for extra support. Ensure that the parchment paper well covers the side of the jelly roll pan.
9	Mix egg yolk-water mixture with a whisk until frothy. Use a pastry brush, and coat with egg prior to rising. Cover with plastic wrap.
10	Allow dough to rise until doubled in bulk in your convection oven on the proofing setting or in a warm location - about an hour.
11	When the bread has risen, glaze again with the egg yolk-water mixture.
12	Optionally sprinkle with poppy seed, sesame seed, slivered almonds or cinnamon sugar .
13	Place bread in 375° F degree oven for the time indicated below or until a cake tester comes out clean or until a digital quick reading thermometer inserted into the loaf reads approximately 190° - 200° F. You will very likely need to cover the bread with aluminum foil half way through the baking process to prevent it from over-browning. Bake rolls for 15 minutes. Bake a full challah for 35 minutes You can also warm fully baked breads and rolls that have been tightly wrapped in aluminum foil for 10 -15 minutes in a 350° F oven . Alternatively, bake each five minutes less to make brown and serve bread. When you are ready to serve them, bake for 5 -10 minutes at 375° F. You can also warm fully baked bread in the oven, fully wrapped with aluminum foil. Warm at 350° F
14	Remove bread from the pans and cool on rack.

GF Flour Mix for 9 Cups¹

Amount	Measure	Ingredient
2	Cups (9 oz)	Mild navy bean flour. Alternatively you may be able to use garbanzo bean flour, Garfava or Bob's Garbanzo/Fava bean flour, but the result will yield a stronger tasting bread, and you will have to experiment with the liquid amounts.
2	Cups (9.25 oz)	Corn starch (Potato starch will give a different result. It is about 20% heavier. Maintain weight, but decrease volume if substituting.)
1-1/2	Cups (6.25 oz)	Conventional tapioca starch (Bob's Red Mill or obtain from Asian store)
1/2	Cup (2 oz)	Expandex* or tapioca starch if you don't have Expandex . Expandex will give you a properly stretchy bread while normal tapioca will give you a more crumbly result. If you don't have Expandex, then increase Xanthan-Guar gum to 4 teaspoons total. The result will not be the same.
3	Cups (12 oz)	Sorghum flour

¹Carol Fenster's basic GF flour mix, modified for higher protein and Expandex substituted for a portion of the tapioca flour. See Public Domain Carol Fenster recipe for white bread.
* Obtain from a supplier that is listed on the Expandex website. At the time of this update, Expandex could be obtained from Reinlander Bakery.

Alternative bread flour for those who are intolerant to beans

Note: We use the non-Expandex version of this flour for general baking (General baking: use 1 Cup tapioca flour, leave out Expandex). But this recipe has not been tested using the alternative flour exclusively. I suspect that the amount of water or other liquids will need to be adjusted.

Amount	Measure	Ingredient
1-1/2	Cups	Sorghum flour
1-1/2	Cups	Corn starch
1/2	Cups	Corn flour (This is Masa Harina. Bob's Red Mill has two types of corn flour, just finely ground corn and masa which is ground corn that has been treated with lime. You want masa. Also you can get masa at a Latino grocery. For the story behind corn flour, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominy )
4-1/2	Tablespoons	Expandex in a 1 Cup measure
Remainder	Cup	Conventional tapioca flour: Put 4-1/2 tablespoons of Expandex in a 1 cup measure, and then fill the rest up with conventional tapioca flour.