Practical RF System Design
From the Preface:
This book is about RF system analysis and design at the level that requires
an understanding of the interaction between the modules of a system so the
ultimate performance can be predicted. It describes concepts that are advanced,
that is, beyond those that are more commonly taught, because these are necessary
to the understanding of effects encountered in practice. It is about answering
questions like:
• How will the gain of a cascade (a group
of modules in series) be affected by the SWR
specifications of its modules?
• How will noise on a local oscillator affect
receiver noise figure and desensitization?
• How is the effective noise figure of a mixer
affected by the filtering that precedes it?
• How can we determine the linearity of a cascade
from specifications on its modules?
• How do we expect intermodulation products (IMs)
to change with signal amplitude and why do they sometimes change differently?
• How can modules be combined in a way
that reduces certain IMs or turn bad impedance matches into good matches?
• How can the spurious response in a frequency
conversion be visualized and how can the magnitudes of the spurs be
determined? How can this picture be used to determine filter requirements?
• How does phase noise affect system performance;
what are its sources and how can the effects be predicted?
___________________
Practical
RF System Design can now be searched* and
read on-line.
Index and frontmatter (preface, table of contents, etc.) and chapter summaries
can be read free but there is a charge to read other parts at
Wiley
InterScience on-line books.
*Various search methods are available. They are not exhaustive and they search
in other sources also.
Downloads:
The book employs many MS Excel spreadsheets and some Matlab(R) scripts to
illustrate the use of relationships that it develops. These are available as
downloads,
for further study and adaptation.
Updates: current
errata revised Fig. 2.7 spreadsheet
New Appendix D: Double Sideband Noise Figure
Expanded Example 7.8: zero
IF
|
Go to
the Practical RF System Design page by clicking ⇒ |
|
MATLAB
scripts (programs) run on Student
MATLAB and on the professional version.
Table of Contents:
Chapter 4 Nonlinearity in the Signal Path
Chapter 5 Noise and Nonlinearities
Chapter 6 Architectures That Improve Linearity
Chapter 7 Frequency Conversion
Chapter 8 Contaminating Signals in Severe Nonlinearities
Note: there are approximately 64 examples in these 9 chapters.
Preface
Glossary and Symbols
1 Introduction
1.1 System Design Process
1.2 Organization of the Book
1.3 Appendixes
1.4 Spreadsheets
1.5 Test and Simulation
1.6 Practical Skepticism
1.7 References
2 Gain
2.1 Simple Cases
2.2 General Case
2.2.1 S
Parameters
2.2.2 Normalized Waves
2.2.3 T Parameters
2.2.4 Relationship Between S and T Parameters
2.2.5 Restriction on T Parameters
2.2.6 Cascade Response
2.3 Simplification, Unilateral Modules
2.3.1 Module Gain
2.3.2 Transmission Line Interconnections
2.3.2.1 Effective Power Gain
2.3.2.2 Power Delivered to the Load
2.3.2.3 Phase Variation due to Reflection
2.3.2.4 Generalization to Bilateral Modules
2.3.3 Overall Response, Standard Cascade
2.3.3.1 Gain
2.3.3.2 End Elements in the Cascade
2.3.3.3 Phase
3.3.3.4 Cascade Calculations
2.3.4 Combined with Bilateral Modules
2.3.5 Lossy Interconnections
2.3.6 Additional Considerations
2.3.6.1 Variations in SWRs
2.3.6.2 Reflections at Interconnects
2.3.6.3 Parameters in Composite Modules
2.4 Non-Standard Impedances
2.5 The Use of Sensitivities to Find Variations
2.6 Summary
3 Noise Figure
3.1 Noise Factor and Noise Figure
3.2 Modules in Cascade
3.3 Applicable Gains and Noise Factors
3.4 Noise Figure of an Attenuator
3.5 Noise Figure of an Interconnect
3.6 Cascade Example
3.7 Expected Value and Variance of Noise Figure
3.8 Impedance-dependent Noise Factors
3.8.1 Representation
3.8.2 Constant Noise Circles
3.8.3 Relation to Standard Noise Factor
3.8.4 Using the Theoretical Noise Factor
3.8.5 Summary
3.9 Image Noise, Mixers
3.9.1 Effective Noise Figure of the Mixer
3.9.2 Verification for Simple Cases
3.9.3 Examples of Image Noise
3.10 Extreme Mismatch, Voltage Amplifiers
3.10.1 Module Noise Factor
3.10.2 Cascade Noise Factor
3.10.3 Combined with Unilateral Modules
3.10.4 Equivalent Noise Factor
3.11 Using Noise-Figure Sensitivities
3.12 Mixed Cascade Example
3.12.1 Effect of Some Resistor Changes
3.12.2 Accounting for Other Reflections
3.12.3 Using Sensitivities
3.13 Gain Controls
3.13.1 Automatic Gain Control
3.13.2 Level Control
3.14 Summary
5 Noise and
Nonlinearity
5.1 Intermodulation of Noise
5.1.1 Preview
5.1.2 Flat Bandpass Noise
5.1.3 Second-Order Products
5.1.3.1 DC Term
5.1.3.2 Density
5.1.3.3 Effect of a Signal with the Noise
5.1.3.4 Crystal Video Receiver with Preamplification
5.1.4 Third-Order Products
5.1.4.1 Density Spectrum
5.1.4.2 Third-Order Terms an Input Frequencies
5.1.4.3 NPR Measurement
5.2 Composite Distortion
5.2.1 Second-Order IMs (CSO)
5.2.2 Third-Order IMs (CTB)
5.2.3 Example, CSO and CTB
5.3 Dynamic Range
5.3.1 Spurious-Free Dynamic Range
5.3.2 Other Range Limitations
5.4 Optimizing Cascades
5.4.1 Combining Parameters on One Spreadsheet
5.4.2 Optimization
5.5 Spreadsheet Enhancements
5.5.1 Look-up Tables
5.5.2 Using Controls
5.6 Summary
9 Phase Noise
9.1 Describing Phase Noise
9.2 Adverse Effects of Phase Noise
9.2.1 Data Errors
9.2.2 Jitter
9.2.3 Receiver Desensitization
9.3 Sources of Phase Noise
9.3.1 Oscillator Phase Noise Spectrums
9.3.2 Integration Limits
9.3.3 Relationship between Oscillator Sj and Lj.
9.4 Processing Phase Noise in a Cascade
9.4.1 Filtering by Phase-Locked Loops
9.4.2 Filtering by Ordinary Filters
9.4.3 The Implication of Noise Figure
9.4.4 Transfer from Local Oscillators
9.4.5 Transfer from Data Clocks
9.4.6 Integration of Phase Noise
9.5 Determination of the Effect on Data
9.5.1 Error Probability
9.5.2 Computing Phase Variance, Limits of Integration
9.5.3 Effect of the Carrier-Recovery Loop on Phase Noise
9.5.4 Effect of the Loop on Additive Noise
9.5.5 Contribution of Phase Noise to Data Errors
9.5.6 Effects of Low-Frequency Phase Noise
9.6 Other Measures of Phase Noise
9.6.1 Jitter
9.6.2 Allan Variance
9.7 Summary
Appendix C: Conversion Arithmetic
C.1 Receiver Calculator
C.2 Synthesis Calculator
Appendix E: Example of Frequency Conversion
Appendix F: Some Related Formulas
F.1 Decibels
F.2 Reflection Coefficient and SWR
F.3 Combining SWRs
F.3.1 Summary of Results
F.3.2 Development
F.3.3 Maximum SWR
F.3.4 Minimum SWR
F.3.5 Relaxing Restrictions
F.4 Impedance Transformations in Cables
F.5 Smith Chart
Appendix G: Types of Power Gain
G.1 Available Gain
G.2 Maximum Available Gain
G.3 Transducer Gain
G.4 Insertion Gain
G.5 Actual Gain
Appendix H: Formulas Relating to IMs and Harmonics
H.1 Second Harmonics
H.2 Second-Order IMs
H.3 Third Harmonics
H.4 Third-Order IMs
H.5 Definition of Terms
Appendix I: Changing the Standard Impedance
I.1 General Case
I.2 Unilateral Module
Appendix L: Power Delivered to the Load
Appendix M: Matrix Multiplications
Appendix N: Noise Factors, Standard and
Theoretical
N.1 Theoretical Noise Factor
N.2 Standard Noise Factor
N.3 Standard Modules and Standard Noise Factor
N.4 Module Noise Factor In a Standard Cascade
N.5 How Can This Be?
N.6 Noise Factor of an Interconnect
N.6.1 Noise Factor with Mismatch
N.6.2 In More Usable Terms
N.6.3 Verification
N.6.4 Comparison with Theoretical Value
N.7 Effect of Source Impedance
N.8 Ratio of Power Gains
Appendix P: IM Products in a Mixer
Appendix R is not included in the book.
It is available on the Wiley web site.
Appendix
R: Reflections and Mismatches in Interconnects
R.1 Reflections
R.2 Mismatches
R.2.1 Procedure
R.2.2 Comments
R.2.3 Example
R.2.3.1 Eighth Wavelength Line
R.2.3.2 Unknown Interconnect Length
Appendix S: Composite S Parameters
Appendix T: Third-Order Terms at Input Frequency
Appendix V: Sensitivities and Variance of Noise Figure
Appendix X: Crossover Spurs
Appendix Z: Nonstandard Modules
Z.1 Gain of a Chain of Modules Relative to Tested Gain
Z.2 Finding the Maximum Available Gain of a Module
Z.3 Interconnects
Z.4 Equivalent S Parameters
Z.5 S Parameters for a Cascade of Nonstandard Modules
References
If you came from the home page, it should still be
there. Otherwise, you can open the
home page.